Fear can play a strong role in grieving. Whether anticipatory and fearful of a future event, or fear that cripples one while grieving to express or reach out, or fear that becomes maladaptive with other types of losses, it needs addressed. This video looks at how fear can affect grieving. Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification
Behavioral Psychology is a branch of counseling and techniques that emphasize the direct role social experiences and learning play a role in behavior. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is an offshoot from it. Behavior Therapy focuses on how current behaviors are affected through previous learning experiences and how they shaped the current behavior. Behavior Therapy is concerned less with the subconscious and how it played a role in one’s current behavior but more so how past experiences, learning, and how classical and operant conditioning formed one’s individual behavior. Like many schools of thought, it adheres to a strict conceptual model for its approach but for many therapists, it is integrated with other schools of thought to meet the needs of the client. Among the many psychological schools, Behavior Therapy is the most empirically based approaches despite its limitations if used as the only lens to examine human behavior. It perspective is a critical piece of understanding individuals and helping them find productive change and healing. For that reason, it and many of its techniques are widely applied with other Psychoanalytic and Rogerian therapies.
Please also review AIHCP’s Behavioral Health Certifications, including Grief Counseling, Crisis Counseling, Trauma Informed Care, Anger Management, Stress Management, as well as Spiritual Counseling and Christian Counseling.
Behavioral Therapy emerged in the Mid 20th Century and continues to adapt and add key components from the original thought. Key pioneers and founders of Behavioral Therapy include Joseph Wolpe, Hans Eysenck, B.F. Skinner, Arnold Lazarus, Albert Bandura and David Meichenbaum (Tan, 2022). Traditional Behavior Therapy is based on behavior being conditioned by one’s learning and social environment. Classical conditioning as well as operant conditioning play large roles in how behavior evolves within a person.
Classical conditioning is based off IvanPavlov and his studies on canine responses to stimuli. In classical conditioning, the dog salivates in response to the treat or food. The salivation is referred to the unconditioned response or natural response to the food or unconditioned stimuli. The UCR to the UCS is a natural response to something that occurs subconsciously within any living creature. Pavlov however incorporated a conditioned stimuli next to the unconditioned stimuli to help provoke a conditioned response. He added the ringing of a bell during dinner time for the dogs. The dogs continued to salivate and eat due to the food, but later when the food was removed, the ringing of the bell still conditioned a response of salivating. A CR emerged due to the CS. This illustrated that living things can be conditioned and behavior changed at neural level over time.
Operant conditioning also played a role for Wolpe, Skinner and other early behavioral therapists. Operant conditioning looks to alter behavior through consequences. Behaviors that are reinforced with pleasant stimuli or reward, or even the absence of negative stimuli constitute positive/negative reinforcement of it. These consequences look to maintain or increase a certain behavior. Behaviors that are met with punishment and negative stimuli look to eliminate or reduce a certain behavior (Tan, 2022).
Behavior modification became a key component in changing a person way of thinking and acting. Skinner even took this a step farther than most and indicated that all behavioral events and modifications determine what a person will or shall do, even to the extent of denying free will (Tan, 2022). Obviously, this was an extreme outlook and narrows human behavior only to present stimuli and events without considering the numerous other things at play. Nonetheless, one cannot deny the profound effect environment and stimuli plays within the role of behavior and decision making.
As the school of thought developed, cognitive and other elements would become important tenets in Behavior Therapy.
Behavioral Therapy employs a broad range of techniques and therapies. First and foremost, the therapist is more so in control than in Rogerian therapies and other Person-Centered Therapies. The therapist takes a central role. The client proposes the “what” while the therapist presents the “how”. Hence, there is far less concern with the therapist-client relationship. Although not disregarded, especially when integrated, the emphasis of healing and change is more so in the techniques and the now instead of focusing on a relationship or probing into the past.
To help understand the client, behavioral assessment is the first and key stage in helping the client. This involves targeting the “what” of the problem and identifying symptoms and problems of the client (Tan, 2022). Counselors propose operant conditioning as a key element of change. They utilize positive and negative forms of reinforcement to help the client change. Some cases involve complete extinction of any positive or negative. If dealing with a child’s temper tantrum, extinction would be utilized as a way to completely to ignore the outburst and when the child is again calm to implement positive reinforcement. Punishment or aversive control can also be utilized to produce change. Positive punishment adds an adverse stimulus, while negative punishment removes something positive. A child may be forced to do a choir or with positive punishment associated with undesired behavior, while negative may involve grounding a child or taking away a privilege. In some cases though, punishment and extinction can also cause unwanted desires in anger and aggression. Because of this, positive reinforcement is seen as the best psychological tool in promoting healthy change (Tan, 2022).
Another technique utilized in Behavior Therapy is Token Economies. This technique is a positive reinforcing strategy based on reward of token which has a symbolic value for something that can earned through good behavior. This is a common technique used in schools which keep track of desired performance and behavior with recognition and reward.
Modeling represents another utilized strategy to help foster change. In modeling, the client observes another person’s behavior and the consequences surrounding it. Bandura listed certain ways modeling can be utilized in changing behavior. He first emphasized teaching which includes simple observation and application of the model. Second, in therapy, prompting involves the client performing a certain behavior that was observed. Motivating a client through modeling involves focus on the reward of the other person and hence motivating the client to replicate the behavior. Reducing anxiety involves watching the model perform an anxious deed to be replicated by the client. Maybe this involves the model dealing with something that is a phobia for the client. Finally, live modeling involves replicating the behavior or acting it out in therapy under the guidance of the counselor (Tan, 2022).
In addition, Behavior therapies also look to incorporate certain social skill and assertiveness training. In this, the therapist helps the client understand their current behavior and why he or she responds in certain situations and how to respond differently, utilizing a variety of modeling and rehearsal techniques. In this way, Behavior Therapy works closely with a variety of management techniques to work on behaviors that need changed, included areas of anger, assertiveness, as well as stress management. In addition, the counselor looks to help the client meet goals and self directed change. Bandura believed strongly in the self efficacy of a client to successfully implement change in one’s life (Tan, 2022). In meeting goals, self talk and other cognitive ways to help someone through a situation is encouraged. Meichenbaum employed stress inoculation training, as a type of exposure therapy to stress itself and how one responds to stress. This CBM (Cognitive Behavior Modification) was also utilized by the military to help soldiers in stressful situations (Tan, 2022).
Behavior Therapy also focuses heavily on relation strategies which serve to relax the central nervous system and the reactions to stress and distress. They employ a wide variety of exercises involving breathing, guided meditation and progressive muscle relation to face and deal with stress, emotions and trauma (Tan, 2022). Mindfulness is also employed in a variety of stress management strategies.
Another key tool used in Behavior Therapy involves systematic desensitization. Wolpe believed that exposures to phobias or traumas can help an individual modify current behavioral reactions and recircuit reactions to them. Utilizing the SUD scale (Subjective Units of Discomfort), the therapist gradually exposes the client to a phobia or issue. For example, a person who fears a spider will be begin to be introduced to issues surrounding the spider with the therapist documenting the SUD scale input between 1 to 100 with 100 being the most anxious. Minimal dosing with the word, moves forward to a picture, then it progresses to dead specimens to alive specimens to eventual complete exposure and touching (Tan, 2022). Wolpe referred to this as counterconditioning a certain behavioral response with a new and healthy response. Other forms are more intense. Flooding involves exposure without the feared stimuli or its consequences but at a higher maximum level. One modern utilization of this is EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing). This technique has gained popularity in therapies facing trauma and has proved to be effective way for many clients to face trauma and phobias itself (Tan, 2022).
Behavior Therapy has evolved to include many multi-dimensional aspects, included mindfulness as well as cognitive therapies. It is a very successful type of therapy but like all therapies when utilized singularly, it can miss important aspects of healing regarding the past, or unresolved memories. Yet despite this, it still possesses a comprehensive approach to multiple issues. It helps the person gain autonomy and confidence through goals and freedom to reset one’s mindset to produce new desired behaviors.
Please also review AIHCP’s Healthcare Certification Programs and see if they meet your academic and professional goals.
Patient Centered Therapy: Access here
Existential Therapy: Access here
Tan, S-Y. (2022). Counseling and psychology: A Christian perspective (2nd Edition). Baker Academic.
Cherry, K. (2025). “How Behavioral Therapy Works”. Very Well Mind. Access here
Gillette, H. (2025). “Your Guide to Understanding Behavioral Therapy”. PsychCentral. Access here
“Joseph Wolpe’s Contributions to Psychology: Pioneering Behavioral Therapy” (2024). Neurolaunch. Access here
The pain of a breakup and divorce has many levels of loss and secondary losses. While each can be horrible for a person, different individuals have different experiences for a variety of reasons. This video takes a closer look at the multiple factors in relationship loss and grief.
Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification
They say the only two certain things in life are death and taxes. Death is indeed definite. Ironically though is part of life. Every breath and heart beat is determined from then on and into the future the very moment a the infant takes its first breath outside the womb and its first heartbeat within it. Every day brings one closer to death but when living, the inevitability of death is rarely focused on or discussed. Death anxiety is a cultural norm. The myth and fear that one should not speak about such fearful things as to summon it remains fixed in society. The moment of death is shunned while birth is celebrated. Even those of faith, still fear its grasps despite the hope of a better world to come. Due to the unknown and fear, death subjects become taboo or too morbid to discuss in some families as if the grim reaper is outside the door itself.
Obviously such fears of death, or to even discuss the critical part of our entire existence is not healthy. Death and loss occurs everyday and eventually death finds one’s family and friends. Those who flee death are less prepared, while those who study it and discuss it understand its implications. This does not guarantee one escapes the pain of loss associated with death of a friend or loved one, but it does recognize the reality which is crucial in understanding and coping with loss.
With every death, there is pain and loss experienced within a family, community, or culture. It is unavoidable because with death comes change. The change of no longer sharing a life with someone or being able to speak with someone or experience that person’s friendship. Death of a loved one brings emptiness and sadness, but these are not adverse or pathological reactions to be dismissed, rejected, or hidden. They are instead natural responses to losing someone that is loved. The reactions of death and loss are a result of love. Without love or attachment to someone, then there is no grief. There may be the simple statement of regret for that family, or person, or at a communal level or national level, a sense of anger and injustice, but true loss and pain is directly correlated with a more intense connection. Connection and attachment correlate with the degree of adjustment and pain in loss.
Every loss is unique and one cannot judge a mere relationship or assume connection with every type of death one experiences within a family or community. Different deaths have different meanings for people and how they react. One could lose a parent and be devastated over the loss, while someone estranged to a parent one never knew may feel no connection or intense pain. One may lose a pet that was the center of one’s world, while another may just see a pet as a pet. In other cases, one may be deeply struck by losing a grandparent, while others may not even know their grandparent.
In this blog, I preface that while we will discuss types of deaths, this is a general guide to reactions and common feelings. It in no way attempts to say this is the way one will feel if this person or that person dies. This should be seen as a general map of the more common grief reactions based on healthy connections without extraordinary circumstances. So, very well, the reader may connect to one point, but completely disagree with his or her own experience in the next. So, consider these different types of grief to different types of deaths as a general review.
Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification and see if it matches your academic and professional goals.
Accidental qualities are the unique elements that make deaths different for different people experiencing them. One could classify a particular relational death but the accidental and subjective aspects the story can increase emotional intensity or decrease. Some can complicate normal trajectory of grieving into complicated and prolonged grief disorders itself. Here are some things to consider as accidental qualities
Sudden Death or Expected Death
This is a huge factor in complications in grieving for some. While complicated grief is less common than normal grieving, complications are tied to sudden deaths at a higher level. Sudden death also brings more shock and awe and denial than other types of death. It is the sudden call on the phone at night with the horrible news. It is the call that one wishes was a nightmare and forever changes one’s life. One can be at work, or dinner, or at an event and the sudden news forever shatters the person. Sudden death can also create and imprint upon the person a fearful death anxiety. Unexpected death makes one question one’s own mortality.
Likewise, expected death while not as abrupt can bring about different reactions. If someone is very elderly, or if someone is terminal, the death is expected. One in fact is experiencing anticipatory grief and may be grieving already before the death occurs. The death can be seen as a relief for caregivers, or for family members who see the deceased as free from suffering. Some may experience guilt for this reprieve but they should not allow it to overtake them. Others may feel the intense pain of choosing to take a person off life support or a particular drug. The choices of palliative care can be a painful one for a family. Family should openly discuss their feelings when someone terminal or elderly finally passes. Again, this loss could be far more intense for a child who dies of cancer, as opposed to an elderly person in palliative care. Does this mean the loss is painless or not deserving to be experienced based on these things? Obviously, one is more tragic, but one should not be felt to pretend to be happy merely because one is finally relieved of suffering. There is an ambiguous as well as bitter sweet feeling when one loses an elderly family member over a stretch period of time.
Tragic Loss
A tragic loss usually coincides with a sudden loss but also includes a horrible death scene, or way the person died. This could involve war, a murder, or a tragic violent act. This can lead the survivor into a deep sense of mourning and anger. In addition, successful suicides can deeply hurt with with additional emotions of anger, guilt, or increased suicidal thoughts oneself. Tragic loss does not necessarily mean complications for the survivors, but it can lead to it.
Ambiguous Loss
Some family losses remain ambiguous and one never experiences closure. These deaths involve unrecovered bodies in war, or acts of nature. In addition, mourning a person who is kidnapped or loss leaves a person with a perpetual what if scenario. One cannot grieve death for fear of accepting it or even worst a horrible situation existing for a loved one.
Estranged Family Relationship
Estranged family relationships can intensify or lessen the impact of a loss. In some cases, when a family member who passes is estranged, there can be a feeling of anger, guilt, or a mixture of sadness and anger. Whether the justification for estrangement was legitimate or not, it can lead to an array of issues at the funeral with other family members who may feel estranged members are not welcome.
Abuse and Trauma
Abuse leaves trauma and when an abusive family member dies there may exist sadness, but also joy and justification. Some may feel a mixture of these feelings. Abuse can also make the abused feel guilty for the death of the abuser.
Emotional Connection
How attached to someone is essential to the equated pain, suffering and adjustment. Some individuals are closer to siblings or cousins than others. Some have a deeper connection to a friend than a different friend. So the mere title of the relationship does not always entail the emotional response. The more attached and connected to a person emotionally, physically, spiritually and financially, the more intense the change. Loss always equals change which equals grief.
Age of the Griever
Children grieve differently than adults. Those with mental issues also express grief differently. It is important to be aware of the age of the griever and their relationship with the deceased to fully understand their ability to understand death, much less express it in a healthy way.
Family Support
Support or no support plays a large role in reaction to loss. One who loses a spouse and has no other family or friends can experience deeper loneliness and pain. Those with support can share their grief and also receive additional care in funeral planning and post funeral life.
One can consider numerous other accidental qualities to even add to this list which make every death for someone unique and different in their grieving journey
This is considered objectively to be the most painful loss despite subjective accidental qualities. Losing a child has its own accidental qualities that have a strong universal impact on any healthy parental relationship with the child. Again, the way it occurred suddenly in an accident, or in a cancer ward, shapes different experiences, but the emptiness, pain, and life long mark upon the heart never leaves. Losing a child in the womb, at birth, in infancy, adolescence, or young adult are all horrible in their own unique ways for the parent. It is singularly the most destructive change agent in a person’s life. The universal component captures the essence of unnatural. Children bury their parents, not the other way around. So while, some situations may give different perspectives on the loss, the grim reality remains a parent has buried his or her child. This type of loss that individuals like to avoid to even think about. The intense anxiety that the thought itself produces in the mind is painful enough. The intrusive image, or even conversation usually is immediately dismissed abruptly. One can then only imagine the nightmare and pain a parent carries in his or her heart when this loss occurs within any accidental possibilities. The nature of itself is horrible enough to keep one awake at night.
Losing a parent is considered objectively to be the second most painful loss. Again, without a variety of accidental qualities, this loss ties oneself to one’s very existence. The caregiving and connection over life itself bonds the child to the parent. This attachment matures and changes throughout life to different needs. Obviously a child who loses a parent experiences a far greater blank in life. The pain of growing up without the parent and experiencing the parent in one’s life into adulthood. For adults who lose their parents, there is still a pain but it does follow a logical and natural course of burying an elderly parent. This too can have complications in whether the parent suddenly passed away or was terminal. Grievers may feel they are no orphans to the world when the final piece of source of physical existence no longer remains. For many, this emptiness comes sooner while others are blessed to experience this pain far later, but whether sooner or later, the loss of a parent leaves a deep emptiness and existential question of self. It also shifts one responsibility. One becomes, in adulthood, the new patriarch or matriarch of the family and with that new responsibilities and worries.
For many, the loss of a grandparent is something that occurs in younger adulthood. Again, it can strike at any age which also creates different responses. For some, a grandparent may have raised them while others may have rarely seen the grandparent. Grandparents usually represent the first experience of death at a intimate and closer level of relationship for individuals. It introduces the person to the reality of death and that everyone will eventually die. For others, a grandparent represents unconditional love. In many cases, one represents reprieve from harder discipline that comes from parents. They are sources of wisdom, family history, and wit them dies a certain era and part of one’s life. Some may even feel guilt for not seeing them enough, which is a natural reaction and not one that should be allowed to fester.
Losing a sibling, especially, at a younger age, or in a sudden and horrible accident can have great impacts on an individual. For many, siblings, as well as cousins, are a a loss a long term relationships that are meant to span across one’s entire life. Siblings should be a person’s first friend. A shared story and identity in culture and family values and traditions binds brothers and sisters, and cousins, together. The assumed outcome is a long life, but when lives are shortened, this can bring one to horrible life changes and death anxieties. The closer the bond, even twins, the more intense the pain of loss.
Losing a spouse should be an intense loss equal to that a parent in some cases. With divorce and so many bad decisions, the modern world has come to see spouses as replaceable, but for those truly in love, losing a partner can leave one truly alone in life. A younger couple who experiences this may subjectively suffer differently from a couple with children as opposed to a couple who has spent 50 years of marriage together. With these losses, unique challenges emerge. Younger spouses look to rebuild, spouses with children look to raise children alone, and older spouses may very well die of a broken heart. With these losses, roles of duties, income disparity, and other secondary losses with groups of people can all emerge and create further pain and discomfort in the new adjustment of life.
This is the most disenfranchised of losses because according to some, pets are not people. The connection and love that human beings share do not need to be confined to merely other humans. In fact, many pets carry higher family values than some actual family members. Many pets are considered children to the person and play a deep connective and important emotional role to the person. While, pathology can exist in some extreme cases, for most pets, they are family and deserve the same love and grief when they are gone and people will grieve their pets as grieving any other family member. In fact, this is normal in itself and should be respected.
While the death of a person creates loss for other people, the type of death and the accidental qualities surrounding it make one singular event a very different experience for other people. Grief Counselors need to be aware of the whole story surrounding the grief of someone who has lost a friend or family member. Grief Counselors can just not assume the loss will be felt in a certain way due to relationship status, but must instead understand the subjective relationship the person had with the deceased. There will be some common threads with particular losses but there will also be numerous accidental qualities to a particular loss that can play a key role how the person reacts and how the person adjusts to the loss.
Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification, as well as its Child and Adolescent Grief Counseling Program, Pet Loss Grief Counseling Program, Christian Grief Counseling Program, Grief Diversity Counseling Program, Grief Perinatal Program, Grief Practitioner Program and finally its Grief Support Group Leader Program.
All programs are open to qualified clinical and non clinical professionals.
Death of a Friend: Click here
Child Grief and Death. Click here
Fisher, J. (2023). 5 stages of grief: Coping with the loss of a loved one. Harvard Health Publishing. Access here
Solomon, D. (2025). Do’s and Don’ts When a Loved One Is Dying. Psychology Today. Access here
Ten Reasons Why Losing a Grandparent Still Hurts Deeply as an Adult — Understanding Adult Grief and Ways to Cope. Grief Support Center. Access here
Bahou, C. (2025). “Coping with the loss of a parent: Handling grief and more”. MedicalNewsToday. Access here
As St Teresa of Avila states, a soul that does not pray is likened to a body that is limbless. The importance of prayer is central to life itself. One can use any physical analogy, as oxygen, or the heart, and none still compare to illustrate the importance of prayer to the soul and life itself. Through grace, gained through the death of Christ on the cross, communication with God was restored. The price of sin was paid in full. Through the great price of each soul, souls could again via application of Christ’s Blood which earned for humanity the gift of grace, again possess a parental relationship with God. Fueled through sanctifying grace and the removal of Original Sin, a soul bought by Christ, could again commune with God in an effective and purposeful way.
Hence, prayer is communication and participation in the Divine while on Earth. As creatures, justice demands prayer to God. One is to know and serve God through adoration, contrition and thanksgiving, and petition, but through the virtue of charity, one not only serves and worships out of justice, but also prays out of love. God has elevated humanity from mere creatures but to also images of His own likeness in which one can share in His Divine Life. Prayer opens this door and should beyond its mechanical functions of proper worship be also a conduit of love. This love is that of a child for his parent!
When the soul becomes deeper in love with God, prayer then becomes more profound and connected to God. Spiritual Directors should help and teach their spiritual children how not only to pray and its purposes, but also how to develop and foster a deeper and real relationship with Jesus Christ.
Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Program but also its Spiritual Direction program.
Jesus told His followers that the Father and He are one and no one can go to the Father but through Him. He also taught His followers the “Our Father” which encompasses the core values of adoration, contrition, thanksgiving and petition. This is purely the most basic and mechanical structure of prayer but it lays the ground work and reasons of it. Through the simple words of the “Our Father” our Lord leads one to deeper mysteries of prayer that are essential for spiritual development.
Prayer entails adoration, contrition, thanksgiving and petition. Most likely, one of these four elements will play a role in one’s prayer at a particular point in life. All are essential. Christ teaches that one must love God with one’s whole heart, mind and soul. He also teaches one must seek forgiveness as well as be thankful for what the Father has granted. In addition, He reminds one to ask the Father for what is good and what one needs. In one way or the other, one’s prayers have centered around these themes.
Vocal prayer can be singular or communal. Worship must be balanced. Spiritual and religious are complimentary concepts not competing ideals. One who is religious partakes in communal and ritualistic prayers, such as Sunday worship, or Mass, or communal prayer gatherings. One who is spiritual endears oneself to Scripture, daily and morning offerings, rosary, or other meditations. One who is only religious lacks spiritual growth but only visual status. Like the Pharisees, they are dead inside. One who is only spiritual embarks on their OWN journey and OWN dogma and disengages from the Mystical Body of Christ. Humility and obedience demand more. So, like two lungs, prayer life must be religious and spiritual, communal and singular. One must have a personal and communal life with God to function fully as a member of the Mystical Body of Christ. It is important then to balance these two elements of spiritual life.
Within personal prayer, there are many ways to speak to God. One can use pre-ordained prayers of trusted tradition, but they must not just be words recited but words felt. One can also use one’s own words to express worship, thanksgiving, petition and contrition to God. In fact, speaking to God, as if speaking to someone in a room, but of course with the respect God deserves, is a powerful way to form a strong relationship with God. God should be so close to oneself, that one should speak to Him throughout the day about occurrences and issues.
Mental prayer is an essential aspect of spiritual life. Mental prayer is conscious choice to engage God in the quiet of the mind. Some religious propose postures of kneeling, or upright posture to avoid drowsiness, others support ideas of comfort, especially if one is seeking to fall asleep in the arms of God. Depending on the situation, body posture can determine alertness and ability to focus on the conversation with God. St Teresa of Avila refers to this as Prayer of Recollection because the soul is putting itself together as it enters deep within itself to speak with God. This prayer is deeply personal and open. It involves visualizing being with Jesus and speaking with Him in an intimate and real way. This is an active prayer though which involves the activation of the will to seek out God. The feelings of joy or peace that result are graces and consolations bestowed upon the soul by God, but it is the soul, especially in its early stages of spiritual development, seeking out the union with God. This is not to say God was not always available, but in many ways, one’s spiritual anchors tied to the world, muddy or dampen one’s soul and its ability to hear and receive grace. By seeking out God, this type of mental prayer grounds oneself and opens oneself to many graces.
Tied to the mental faculties but different in direction is meditative prayer. Also known as contemplative prayer, meditation or visual imagination of an event of the life of Christ excites the soul to dwell on upon the mysteries and extract from it deeper meaning. Many meditative prayers find their source in reading Scripture, or focusing on a sacred image or symbol. The mind then reflects on the event and focuses on finding meaning of the event to oneself. The mind completely opens itself to the Holy Spirit to guide it through the meditation to find the truth of the mystery. This is very different from Eastern Meditation which looks to become divine or find unity in the divine, but this seeks to participate with the divine.
It is common for meditation, like its Eastern counterpart, to also find a place of quiet and relaxation. Thomas Merton explored many of these Eastern strategies in an attempt to utilize some of the practices to meet Christian ends. This resulted in a mixed reactions from different circles of Christianity which saw some of the Eastern practices in themselves detrimental to Christian beliefs, while others saw the exercises as universal human ways to prepare the mind and body for spiritual realities. Such exercises as breathing seem to be neutral and safe when applied with Christian ends and they are supported by medical science as ways of initiating the parasympathetic nervous system. The key in Christian meditation is not to escape the body or become divine but instead to commune with God. Quiet places, relaxed mindsets, and guided prayer can lead someone within the Christian tradition to these realities. It is important that meditation is based on Christ and guided through Christ and opened to the Holy Spirit.
While there is a lot of physical and physiological benefits of Eastern techniques to prepare the body for meditation, the Christian tradition has numerous techniques to excite the soul and prepare the mind for communication with God. St Ignatius Loyola in his Spiritual Exercises encourages individuals to focus on the life of Christ and to choose events within it found in Scripture. He invites one to activate the senses of sight, taste, smell, touch and hearing in all meditations. He opens with preludes of thoughts to imagine about Christ. He then presents one’s imagination to create within in the mind the entire set of the story itself. From the weather, to the buildings, to the sounds of the time, to the actual touch of the ground itself. He asks one to imagine in various preludes Our Lord teaching, or preaching, or healing and imagine oneself as a bystander watching and even maybe interacting. Afterwards, one can even engage Christ in this meditation and it can develop more into a mental prayer of discourse. Since Jesus is also divine, He senses our prayers and questions throughout history to that very moment. So one can speak to Him there, or in one’s own present monologue. This echo of prayer through time is possible because Christ is divine and not subject to temporal time itself.
So, far we have only spoken of prayers that are actualized through oneself. These prayers are invoked by oneself and initiated by oneself to God. God’s response can at times be overwhelming via consolations or one may simply feel peace. Other times, one may fall asleep to the peace of God. These are all from the sensory standpoint, natural in sensation. They do not encompass supernatural overtones beyond the norms of supernatural and natural connection. St Teresa of Avila compares this type of active recollection with the analogy of water. Water representing the source of grace and God Himself is felt in prayer but through active recollection it is sought and migrated. St Teresa compares it to a aqueduct that transports water from the source. The water is artificially transported through manual intent but it arrives nonetheless, but there is a difference between experiencing the source as is without effort. In this type of prayer, Avila refers to passive recollection and also the Prayer of the Quiet. In this, God for His own purposes or designs, chooses freely to give this grace and gift to a soul through no effort on its own. A stunning grace or consolation may appear to the soul where the soul finds the peace of God in its genuine form without effort. In this, Avila states the soul should merely be receptive and thankful for such an act of love. It illustrates that the soul is removing many of its blinders and has opened itself to such divine favors.
This, however, remains a natural within physical ramifications. Avila points out that there are beyond more intense and higher forms of prayer and religious experience that are far more mystical and wonderous for the soul. She points out the Prayer of Union is a type of prayer that again is passive and mystical where God elevates the soul to such a state of happiness with His presence that the body loses consciousness and the soul is free of the bodily senses. Only the presence of God endures. This can last for few minutes to even longer periods of time. This gift from the Creator to the soul is an extreme gift of insight and love for a soul that has opened its will to God. As one becomes closer to God, the mystical experiences become more intense but so does the crosses and sufferings of life. Avila points out that with such gifts comes a greater longing to be with God and a more willingness to suffer for Him.
Early Phases
Prayer at is basic level captures the act of worship but so many times it is seen as a choir or requirement. It becomes a checklist of things that need done in a given day. Many beautiful prayers become repetitious mantras instead of meaningful conversation with God. Prayer also becomes a time of need. When something bad occurs, individuals run to God with sometimes necessary concerns but also trifle things. Of course, one should not dismiss the return to God in dire times. This shows acknowledgement of God and His power, but it also portrays a selfish spiritual life and one that neglects a living relationship with God. Also, one can see prayer as a contract instead of a covenant. Individuals believe prayers that if not answered mean God does not care, or they did not pray well enough, or that God is not a God of love. Instead, prayer should be one of covenant where the soul walks with God through tribulations and joys alike, seeking resolution but also accepting the cross and the graces needed to endure it. Prayer is then not a magic cheat code or mantra but a communication with God that is about relationship and covenant due to not only justice but also love itself. It is not something performed ritualistic becomes one has to do it, or because one needs something, but it is the life source of the soul in daily communication with the Creator and Father.
Those on the peripheries of spiritual development have such illusions of prayer. They are easily distracted by lies of the world. They are hypnotized by occasions of sin, the needs of the flesh, and noises of secular concern. Their prayer life is superficial at best. For many, their faith is cultural identity. One attends service or Mass on Sunday out of ritual and culture, not so much an act of love to God. Some may not even attend regularly but only during holidays! Prayers to them are in times of need or random acts of clarity that fade with new physical distractions. Are these individuals evil? By no means! Many are good people but they are not directed to the higher priorities. They may very well believe in God and the commandments but they have become stuck in the mud and progress in spiritual life has become stagnant. Still, God has a way of shaking the soul and calling it to Him. Spiritual Advisors and directors can help highlight this awakening and guide individuals from naive and spiritual immature assumptions about God and prayer and use these incidents as a way to cultivate a true relationship with God.
The soul that ventures into true prayer life still faces numerous issues. The calls of the world are strong still. Occasions of sin, old habits, and temporal desires still remain strong. The devil does not release souls so easy. The soul will be tempted and turned back to the noise but progress is key. Encouragement, patience, and goals remain essential for this soul. Much like a physical trainer, the spiritual director must expect setbacks. Those who begin to train physically or diet have many set backs. It is hard to retrain mindsets and replace old habits with positive coping. Like addition, or bad diet, the brain has numerous neuro pathways that are set for default in times of stress, trauma, or triggers. So, the soul that is experiencing new prayer and spiritual renewal faces the tugs of the world and bad habits. These triggers should be expected. Within training of the soul, goals should be realistic in prayer life, encouragement frequent, and progress modest but continual. Setbacks should not be seen with despair but as opportunity to make better. In this delicate early phase, the soul teeters back and forth between the cold lies of the world and warm truth of God. Through grace, guidance and continual effort, new habits can be formed, virtues can replace vices, and a deeper understanding of prayer can ensure for the soul.
Later Phases and Complications
As anyone becomes more skilled in a process or shows progress, one naturally becomes proud of ones success. In a diet, one becomes more confident and happy with how one looks as weight goals manifest in better clothing fits and reflections in the mirror. As someone progresses in weight room training, one becomes more enamored with one’s growing physique and muscular definition. In itself, this is not bad. Self esteem and self concept is key in psychology and counseling for a healthy emotional self. However, like so many times in psychology, subjective image and happiness can be the only goal for self satisfaction. It is crucial to balance one’s own pride in improvement with humility and concern for others. It needs to be evaluated not only in one’s own success but also in honoring the body that God has given as a temple of the Holy Spirit. So both are important. One should find sense of pride in improvement but not inherit the vice of pride in character. This can be a tricky balancing act and is even more tricky in spiritual prayer life.
As the soul becomes more focused on God and more conscious of not offending Him, it can sometimes see itself as “better” than others, or even esteem itself. This contradicts the gift of grace. One works through faith, but one does not earn merit without the grace of the Holy Spirit gained by Christ at the cross. Humility is key to maintain in this phase of spiritual development. St Vincent De Paul emphasized the power of humility. He pointed out that humility is something the devil cannot comprehend nor defend himself against. This is why Mary was such a powerful adversary to him. Her humility despite her grace stifled him and rebuked his very existence. Christ teaches as well that the first shall be last and the last shall be first in heaven. Humility is hence crucial when making gains. As Mary declared to Gabriel, “my soul magnifies the Lord”. One must then as one becomes more proficient in the habit of virtue, its cultivation and prayer life, reflect all glory and good to God. These are the fruits of the Holy Spirit flowering within the soul allowing God’s inner presence of it to manifest, not the works of a broken nature.
Another later complication within prayer life includes the times of aridity or lack the emotional presences and joys experienced in prayer life. Avila emphasized that not all prayer life is full of consolations, feelings of peace and joy, but many times, an aridity emerges, where the soul may not feel God’s presence. Instead the soul feels as if the prayers are not heard, or as if the prayers are not good enough, or if the person is unworthy of God’s love. This possible turn to despair or even return to physical distractions can attempts of the devil to test the soul. It can also be a trial granted by God to teach the soul its needed humility and also purpose. Yes, as children one should expect parental graces all the time, but one must also look at God as Creator and oneself as sinner. To pray to receive consolations and good feelings, denies the very nature of justice and adoration to God for the sole purpose of His glory. In love, one loves not for return, but for the very nature of the object itself. Aridity teaches the soul to love without return, to humble itself before God, and to help it acknowledge how precious the presence of God is and how terrible sin separates the soul from God.
Spiritual Directors can play a steadying force for souls who deal with aridity. They can emphasize humility but also obedience to God’s will. Many souls at this relationship level with God still are very connected to the world. In fact, most of us are! We have temporal needs and duties, but sometimes these temporal needs and duties can complicate a relationship with God when they become disordered or not properly prioritized. Uniting one’s will with God realizes that prayer is a covenant and not only the consolations and blessings are part of the divine plan, but also one’s aridity, sufferings and crosses are also part of God’s will. Christ told His followers, to take up their cross and to follow Him. He accepted the Father’s will unto death in the garden. Souls are expected no less to unite their wills with God and to carry their crosses. In becoming closer to God, one must then find humility, obedience and acceptance of God’s will and understand that suffering and love of God is what matters most.
For Avila, life involved a convent, but for many individuals life involves a busy world where contemplation is not always an option. Individuals can become distracted by deadlines, work schedules, family drama or emergencies, or basic temporal cares of the body. Christ Himself lived such a life for 30 years. He worked as a carpenter under St Joseph’s guidance. He helped support His mother, Mary, and they dealt with daily struggles of debts, choirs and finding food on the table. So how can a person advance spiritually in prayer, contemplation, and communion with God in a world that is so noisy at best, and at worst, tied to numerous occasions of sins, or as Avila describes “small reptile” scurrying along the floor?
First and foremost, everything ties in prayer to uniting one’s will to God. As Christ said in the garden, “Let thy will be done”. This was a difficult thing considering within the prayer, Christ asked for the cup of death to be passed on but He submitted. Individuals too must submit their will despite their requests and by uniting one’s will, God’s plan unfolds. Whatever state of being one is in, when one finally surrenders to God, things begin to fall into motion. One may very well be surprised as well to see certain aspects of one’s life vocation fall into place into a greater plan as well with other pieces of the puzzle coming together.
Through submission of one’s will, the day becomes God’s day. One then is open to offer up these daily tasks which can become distractions into living prayers. Scripture teaches one to unite one’s sufferings and cross to Christ. When one unites one’s temporal duties to God, they become spiritual prayers. St Theresa the Little Flower, not to be confused with Avila, offered the most simple duties to God, such as sweeping the floor. While many individuals feel the need to do great penances (which is good), many forget the little things. The little things are not in one’s control. The little things are imposed and are not chosen. When they are offered to God, they become a prayer. Whether it is working a late shift, enduring a manager’s criticism, or doing the laundry when tired, the little things when given to Christ and shared in His passion, become not works of personal merit, but works of grace through Christ. Daily offerings give each day, every joy, success, trial, tribulation or cross to Christ in advance and turn what would normally be a daily distraction into daily prayer. It formulates humility, obedience, and keeps oneself focused on God. Spiritual Directors should advocate within their spiritual children the necessity of the Daily Offering in all prayer life.
We discussed how critical prayer is to the life force of the soul. It is in injection of God’s grace into the soul. While it is only one of the many elements of communication with God and how grace is afforded to the soul, primarily actual graces, it serves as a function as critical as breathing in everyday life. While other life giving graces are gained at Baptism and other spiritually nutritional graces granted for different sacramental needs such as in reconciliation, or Eucharist, daily prayer is the constant breathing and cycling of those graces throughout the self. Through constant prayer, one’s primary end is always in sight. It maintains that focus and spiritual exercise to keep the spiritual faculties sharp. It helps cultivate virtues in daily life and directs the soul towards higher things. It keeps the soul on the righteous road avoiding sideshows and distractions that can lead to spiritual ruin. When the soul is contact with God, it is able to see more clearly, act more purely, and perform its duties more perfectly. Like making one’s bed in the morning, it sets the standard for the day. Prayer organizes the soul and attunes it, so as to enable rest of the mind’s faculties to become more focused and aligned with the winds and storms of the day. When one is spiritual set, one becomes mentally set.
With so many spiritual benefits that pour into one’s daily life, one cannot dismiss the necessity of prayer. A new cultural phrase has emerges, as seen with Mark Wahlberg- He asks the question “Are you prayed up?” Like food for the body, make sure the answer is always yes!
We have reviewed what prayer is, its aim, types of prayers and issues involving spiritual progression at early and later phases. We have sought direction through the teachings of Christ Himself, Scripture, and the value of mystical saints who elevated their prayer life with constant devotion to Christ and faith in the Holy Spirit. Spiritual Directors can help souls find prayer, maintain it, and set realistic goals in prayer life. However it is important to note that the battle for spiritual life is one tied to mental issues, as well as physical issues. Bad habits, traumas, occasions of sins, and old ways of thinking can become roadblocks. Even later in spiritual life, the devil can turn confidence to pride. So one must forever remain humble and obedient to God’s will and remain dependent on God’s grace. This is not about our prayers but how God transforms our imperfect communication into something beautiful through His grace.
Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification, as well as Spiritual Direction Program.
Spiritual Suffering. Access here
Spiritual Vocation. Access here
Early Issues in Spiritual Direction. Access here
St Teresa of Avila. Interior Castle
St Ignatius of Loyola. Spiritual Exercises
Mulcahy, T. “THE SOUL’S JOURNEY TO GOD: A CONCISE SUMMARY OF SAINT TERESA OF AVILA’S INTERIOR CASTLE”. Catholic Strength. Access here
Ways to Build a Stronger Prayer Life. Bible Hub. Access here
A Life Of Prayer (What It Is and How To Actually Do It). (2024). Daily Effective Prayer. Access here
Most individuals suffer from depression or anxiety in the field of mental health. Some of it is behavioral but other elements exist chemically and biologically, as well as triggered by past trauma. All of these considerations need to be taken into account. This video looks at panic attacks, what they are, what triggers them and how to cope.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Program, as well as Stress Management, and in addition AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care Program
Meditation is a powerful imaginative tool to heal the body and connect it to higher meanings and purposes. Secular society has branded it and many have turned to Eastern techniques to maximize its potential. Even, AIHCP itself offers a variety of secular based meditation courses that lead to certification and aid individuals in utilizing meditation for better health. However, within the norms of Christianity, meditation has always existed within its own right and discipline. In AIHCP’s SC600 course, “Christian Meditation”, the ideals of Biblical base meditation are explored as the word opens the mind to the life of Christ and His mother. For the Christian, the health and order meditation affords is a side benefit but the primary purpose is to lift one’s mind to God in a deeper union. St Ignatius Loyola fully understood the power of meditation as a tool to becoming closer to God. Ignatian spiritual meditation is best discovered and learned in his spiritual exercises. St Ignatius’ Loyola’s meditations are Christ0-centric and biblical based upon the life of Christ and invite the senses and imagination to discover Christ and elevate one’s entire being to His worship. This blog will take a closer look at how St Ignatius utilizes meditation in his exercises.
Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification as well as AIHCP’s developing Spiritual Direction Program.
Throughout the four weeks, Ignatius invites the soul to live the life of Christ by meditating on His birth, His early life, His passion, as well as His resurrection. Many times quoting Scripture directly, he invites the soul into the mysteries of Christ with deep commentary on Scripture that investigates the majesty of the Word becoming Flesh and focusing in great detail things that exist between the lines of the verses found in Scripture.
He presents each mystery or part of Christ’s life with various preludes. He invites the reader to review each prelude, ranging from 1 to 3 preludes, to further enter into a deeper meditation about th the mystery. For instance, when inviting the soul to contemplate the deeper mystery of the Nativity, he opens with a prayer and then presents 3 preludes to mediate upon and 3 additional points. In doing, so he invites the reader to not only think about or read, but to encounter the moment as a witness. He asks the reader to imagine oneself being there as an outside observer and as the reader becomes more quiet and focused, introduces other elements of the Nativity to dwell upon. Within the Nativity, he asks us to dwell upon the cave or stable, the coldness of the weather, and the humility of Joseph and Mary. He pushes us to consider their state of mind, as well as the quietness of the night and the ignorance of the world to not recognize the coming of God on earth. He also invites what he refers to as a colloquy or short conversation with the person in the story. Whether St Joseph, Mary, or the Christ child, the reader is invited to not only mediate and dwell but also to engage into the story.
Ignatius felt it prudent to apply the five senses to any meditation. For instance, upon reception of Communion, he emphasized we engage the Eucharist with our senses of sight, hearing, taste and smell and touch. In sight, he asks us to imagine the Christ in the Eucharist and the powerful mystical miracle behind it. With our ears, to hear the words of Christ, either consoling, gentle reprimanding, forgiving, or advising us. With our taste and smell, to feel the inner pains and joys of Christ in the world. Finally with touch, to imagine literally, as the apostles did, reaching out and touching Christ. Many times, Ignatius hoped to extract deep emotion, even tears, to provoke conversation and piety before the Lord.
Again, he utilizes the same procedure and format throughout Christ’s life. As with the Nativity, he asks us during Christ’s passion to walk with Christ from the garden to the cross. Again with preludes to focus upon and words of prayer to engage, we kneel and pray with Christ in the garden and stand with Him at the cross. Since Christ is divine and God, the Divinity of Christ can hear our echoes of consolation and contrition in the moment of His suffering. Like Symon of Cyrene, through meditation and placing ourselves at the spot, we can meditate upon the past but also be part of the living event. Because again of Christ’s divinity and lack of temporal time limitations, He can hear and see all events. So while dying for past, present and future sins not committed yet temporally on the cross, He can also hear and see our consolations and acts of love from the past and future. St Ignatius invites our senses to help us be there and experience Christ in meditation and to not only think about what occurred but to also engage Him in the moment. I make reference to this in my Echo Meditation blog.
So as we pray and mediate, mediate as if physically present and utilize the senses to become more close to God. St Ignatius gives us the tools and images in his exercises to help aid us in finding Christ in the Gospels and opening Him to us in a real and present way. Through his preludes, points and emphasis on engaging the senses, one can find a more intimate union with Christ in meditation. This is a true Christian meditation that finds its basis in Scripture and Christ and helps the soul engage, learn and become closer to God.
Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification, as well as its future Spiritual Direction Program. Also, please review AIHCP’s Meditation instructor Program which offers a more secular approach to meditation. Please also if not enrolled, consider for CE purposes taking AIHCP’s Ignatian Spirituality course, SC620
Echo Meditation: Access here
Eastern and Western Meditation. Access here
The Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius
O’Brien, K. “Ignatian Contemplation: Imaginative Prayer”. IgnatianSpirituality.com. Access here
How to Pray: A Step-by-Step Guide to Ignatian Contemplation (2024). Focus. Access here
Lilly, J. “How to Do an Ignatian Meditation” Youth Apostles. Access here
William Glasser created reality therapy, and it rests on choice theory. This theory states people can control their behavior with conscious choices. This method differs from older therapies. Those methods focus on mental illness and hidden motives. Reality therapy helps clients take responsibility and decide for themselves. The therapy asks people to meet four basic needs. These needs are belonging, power, freedom, and fun. Meeting these needs allows people to make positive changes in their lives. We should study Glasser and Alfred Adler together, and Adler led Individual Psychology. Both experts show social interest and belonging have importance for mental health. Their work reveals similarities and differences in their ways of changing behavior. Workplace stress is more common today, and new methods like reality therapy are strong options. They provide alternatives to the usual ways of helping.(Patricia A Robey et al., 2017). With the increasing prevalence of stress-related issues, such as those highlighted in workplace settings, innovative therapies like reality therapy offer promising alternatives to conventional methods (Jonge TD, 2019)
Please also review AIHCP’s Healthcare Certification.
Overview of Reality Therapy
William Glasser developed Reality Therapy. This approach focuses on personal responsibility and the importance of meeting basic psychological needs. These needs include love, power, and freedom. Meeting these needs helps people achieve mental health and well-being. Choice Theory sits at the core of this model. It states that individuals have the power to choose their own behaviors to meet their needs. Therapy sessions build a partnership between the therapist and the client. This relationship allows them to explore choices. The client evaluates their own actions and sets realistic goals. New tools like augmented reality (AR) help the way therapists and clients interact today. Wearable AR devices like Google Glass and Microsoft HoloLens work well in medical settings. They help patients stay involved and support training programs (). Virtual reality (VR) tools work in many therapy settings. These tools show the use of technology in mental health treatment ()..(Baashar Y et al., 2023)). Likewise, virtual reality (VR) technologies are being explored for their applications in various therapeutic contexts, highlighting a forward-looking integration of technology in mental health treatment ((Mazurek J et al., 2019)).
William Glasser was a known psychiatrist and helped the field of psychotherapy. He created Reality Therapy and used his choice theory as a base. This method stresses that people have the power to make their own choices. These choices affect their emotional and mental health. Glasser’s work is like the ideas of Alfred Adler. Both men see that social interest and belonging matter for mental health. They both see behavior as a conscious choice. Glasser worked on school practices and wanted teachers to be more connected and responsive. This teaching style fits his psychological ideas. Glasser taught people to take responsibility for their actions and their relationships. His work still matters today. It gives clear facts about how people act and grow.(Patricia A Robey et al., 2017). Furthermore, Glasser’s contributions extend beyond therapy to include educational practices, advocating for a more connected and responsive teaching methodology that aligns with his psychological principles. By encouraging individuals to take responsibility for their actions and relationships, Glassers impact continues to resonate, offering valuable insights into human behavior and personal development (Browne D et al., 2012).
Reality Therapy places an overall positive spin on human nature and its ability for beneficial change. It also looks more so at the subjective needs of the person which can limit its overall good for others, but it does teach one to take account of own’s action and to be mindful of others in determining what is best for oneself. In addition to accountability, it instills hope, self reliance and self control in facing issues. One is made aware of what needs to be done by being brought into confrontation with one’s negative behaviors.
One weakness within Glasser was his dismissal of pathology and instead seeing most issues to be concerning one’s own behavior and lack of accountability. While more modern aspects admit for deeper issues of pathology, many issues of depression or anxiety or more so thought of as the issue of the person him or herself and not taking accountability.
Foundations of Reality Therapy
William Glasser developed the base principles of Reality Therapy. These principles focus on how personal choice and responsibility affect a person’s mental health. Glasser’s choice theory stays at the center of this method. This theory calls all behavior a choice from 5 basic human needs. These needs include love, belonging, power, freedom, and fun. This idea matches Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology and connects to the value of social interest. It includes community belonging to show a shared understanding of mental health. Reality Therapy uses ideas from relational-cultural theory. This helps the method work well for clients from many backgrounds and builds a space to respect different cultures. These links show the social parts of counseling. They make the process work better and prove the Glasser framework fits in modern mental health work.(Patricia A Robey et al., 2017). Furthermore, by integrating concepts from relational‐cultural theory, Reality Therapy advances its effectiveness across diverse client backgrounds, fostering a culturally responsive therapeutic environment. This synergy not only illustrates the relational dimensions emphasized in counseling but also enhances the therapeutic process, demonstrating the adaptability and relevance of Glassers framework in contemporary mental health practices (Haskins N et al., 2017).
William Glasser’s reality therapy relies on core principles and a specific philosophy. These ideas are the basis for his work on mental health and personal growth. This method centers on the idea that people choose their own actions. Glasser claims this freedom is a key part of health. This view fits with pragmatist philosophy. That philosophy sees reality as operational. It stresses that people must solve real-world problems to make good changes. Glasser’s ideas also match parts of Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology. He focuses on social interest and the need to belong. These points show how people stay linked to their communities. All these ideas show a drive to help people understand reality. They do this through active work and informed choices. These concepts changed the way therapists work.(Haṡok Chang, 2022). Moreover, Glasser’s concepts echo the tenets of Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology, particularly regarding social interest and the significance of belonging, which emphasize the connectedness of individuals within their communities (Patricia A Robey et al., 2017). Collectively, these core ideas reveal a commitment to enhancing ones understanding of reality through active engagement and informed choices, reshaping the therapeutic landscape.
William Glasser’s Choice Theory forms the base of Reality Therapy. The theory claims individuals have the inherent power to control their own behaviors. These choices directly affect their emotional health and overall well-being. Choice Theory focuses on personal responsibility to help people shape their lives. It suggests clients are active agents in their lives rather than victims of circumstances. This framework works very well in therapeutic settings. Clients think about their choices and learn to understand their motivations. These inner motivations drive their daily actions. People look at their decisions to find patterns leading to unhealthy behaviors. Then they work toward better fitting choices to meet their psychological needs. Virtual reality cognitive therapy shows how well this treatment method works. This tool lets clients face and change their delusions through different outcomes. The experience helps people heal and grow through the power of Choice Theory.(Anna M Wiese et al., 2024)(Freeman D et al., 2016).
Techniques and Application
Study the methods and uses of Reality Therapy. Tools like virtual reality (VR) improve these sessions. William Glasser built this field on choice and personal responsibility. VR provides a way to use Reality Therapy ideas in deep and active ways. For example, VR creates simulated worlds for people to experience. Therapists use these worlds for their clients. These worlds test their views and choices right then. This process helps people think about themselves. It helps them build better decision skills. Virtual rehab has changed over time. Early uses for phobias and brain issues show a link. VR links mental and physical health fields. These tools help therapy work better and faster. These tech tools fit the main ideas from Glasser. They create new therapy types. These new methods make therapy easier to get. They are easier to change for different client needs.(Mazurek J et al., 2019)(G Burdea, 2009). Such technological advancements not only align with Glassers core concepts but also pave the way for innovative therapeutic modalities that make therapy more accessible and adaptable for various client needs.
We study key methods used in therapy sessions. We look at how Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) fits with Reality Therapy. William Glasser created Reality Therapy. VRT provides a direct way to work in therapy. It puts clients into controlled virtual spaces. These spaces give people direct contact with triggers causing anxiety. This method helps treat social anxiety disorder. It allows for slow exposure in a safe setting. It avoids the hard scheduling and the logistical tasks of traditional in vivo exposure therapy (iVET). Therapists use technology to adjust sessions for each client. This helps make learning easier and helps people adapt to the real world. VRT works well and shows a change in therapy. Flexible methods are needed to help many different groups grow and stay healthy every day.(Naran J, 2025)(Caponnetto P et al., 2021). By leveraging technology, therapists can tailor experiences to meet individual client needs, enhancing learning and adaptation in real-world contexts. The effectiveness of VRT reflects a shift in therapeutic paradigms, emphasizing the necessity for adaptable methods to support personal growth and well-being in diverse populations.
William Glasser created Reality Therapy. People use this method in many places and groups. It works well in schools, clinics, and community centers. Teachers use Reality Therapy in schools to help students behave better. This method helps students take responsibility for their actions. It helps learners feel like they belong and can succeed. Doctors use this therapy for people with mental health issues like anxiety. They use methods like Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET). These tools create safe spaces where patients practice social skills. Reality Therapy helps people who need rehabilitation. This group includes patients recovering from strokes or living with chronic pain. The therapy uses tools like virtual reality. These tools keep patients active and help them recover faster. These examples show the flexibility of Reality Therapy. It works well and helps many people feel better.(Caponnetto P et al., 2021). Additionally, Reality Therapy is effective in populations requiring rehabilitation, such as patients recovering from strokes or dealing with chronic pain, leveraging innovative tools like virtual reality to enhance engagement and reduce recovery time (Dwarkadas AL et al., 2024). These settings underscore Reality Therapy’s adaptability and efficacy in promoting psychological well-being across various demographics.
Glasser and other reality therapists push individuals to take accountability for how they feel and what they want. In this way there are a few techniques to keep in mind. First, they WDEP formula of facing issues. What is the want, what is one doing to reach it, how is one evaluating and assessing one’s behavior and how is one planning to fix it. This makes the person a far more active participant in one’s mental health. Instead of becoming merely a victim to anxiety or depression, a reality therapist will challenge the client. Instead of saying I feel depressed, the therapist will verbalize it to why are you depressing yourself. While for some this may be good, for others facing genetic or chemical depression, it is far less effective. In some classical cases, many saw such behaviors of depression or anxiety also as ways one tried to control others. Some individuals do manipulate with mental illness, but this is not the case for all. Hence for some, this can help, for others, this type of therapy can cause issues.
Impact and Criticisms
William Glasser used reality therapy to change many ways of treating people. This method makes clients take personal responsibility for their own daily actions. Critics now point out problems with the theory and the way it works in life. Supporters link reality therapy to relational-cultural theory. They believe these combined ideas help many different groups of people (). Other people doubt the focus on choice and social bonds. To them, this view ignores deep social and mental problems. This limit makes the method less useful for some people in the real world (). The theory calls behavior a conscious choice. This view ignores many hard parts of the human experience. Real life often lacks the control found in the theory. These points show the need for a better understanding. It works best with other ways of treating clients.(Haskins N et al., 2017)). Despite this, skeptics question the efficacy of Glassers emphasis on choice and social connectedness, arguing that it may overlook deeper systemic and psychological issues faced by individuals, thereby limiting its overall effectiveness ((Patricia A Robey et al., 2017)). Moreover, the simplified notion of behavior as a conscious choice can disregard the complexities of human experience, which may not always align with the agency that reality therapy prescribes. These critiques underscore the need for a nuanced understanding of reality therapys application and its potential to integrate with other therapeutic modalities.
William Glasser developed Reality Therapy. This effective method focuses on personal choice and responsibility. It shows how a person can control their own behavior to meet basic psychological needs. The therapist prioritizes the needs of the client for love, power, freedom, and fun at the same time. This approach builds an environment for personal growth and strong relationships. Research shows that Reality Therapy matches relational-cultural theory. Combining these ideas makes the therapy better for different cultures. This creates a useful therapy for many different people in society. Glasser’s ideas match the main points of Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology. Adler valued social connection and belonging too. These links show the flexibility of the therapy in helping with psychosocial issues effectively. The complete nature of this therapy offers many benefits for clients who want to make constructive changes.(Haskins N et al., 2017). Furthermore, Glassers concepts resonate with foundational principles of Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology, where the importance of social connection and belonging is equally emphasized, showcasing the therapeutic versatility of Reality Therapy in addressing psychosocial issues effectively (Patricia A Robey et al., 2017). Overall, the comprehensive nature of Reality Therapy provides significant benefits to clients seeking constructive change.
Reality Therapy uses a new method, but people find flaws and limits in the system. The system simplifies hard mental health issues too much for some critics. Critics say focusing on personal choice hides the effects of money and trauma. Glasser uses choice theory to help people feel in control. This method puts too much pressure on a person to fix their life. Slow change or unreachable goals lead to feelings of guilt or inadequacy. The COVID-19 pandemic made online therapy happen much faster than before. This shift showed that therapists need more training and knowledge. People now worry about session quality and rules for online sessions. Reality Therapy looks like many other types of clinical care. It lacks enough hard data to support its ideas. This lack of proof stops more experts from using the system.(Sampaio M et al., 2021). Moreover, while Reality Therapy shares similarities with other therapeutic modalities, the lack of extensive empirical support for its frameworks limits its broader acceptance in the mental health community (Patricia A Robey et al., 2017).
Conclusion
We look at the work William Glasser did for reality therapy. We clearly see his main points. He focused on personal responsibility and choice for good, effective clinical work. Mental health fields change over time. Virtual reality therapy (VRET) now works as a useful addition to old methods. It can improve treatments for anxiety disorders and more. VRET creates a deep experience for the user. This setting helps people face fears. It removes limits often found in real-world exposure therapy. Research shows VRET and standard methods work equally well. It costs less. It offers more flexibility. These traits make it a strong choice for many clinical uses. Therapists now add new tools to their work. Glasser’s principles still guide clients toward meaningful change and improved mental health. This shows his ideas still matter today.(Meyerbr Köker, 2021) (Caponnetto P et al., 2021).
The power of Reality Therapy lies in its focus on choice and personal responsibility. William Glasser laid out these principles in his work. This method relies on the idea that people choose their own actions and life results. This view helps clients take an active role when they face personal challenges. It helps them face these problems directly. Reality Therapy builds mental health through strong relationships and personal achievements. Clients work to meet basic psychological needs. These needs include belonging, power, freedom, and fun. Recent research shows that Glasser’s ideas match several parts of Individual Psychology. These parts include social interest and choosing how to behave. This method shares traits with other models. It stays unique in how people use it in practice. The model creates real change by looking at choice and responsibility.(Patricia A Robey et al., 2017). This therapeutic framework, while sharing similarities with other models, remains distinct in its practical application, promoting significant therapeutic change through the lens of choice and responsibility (Wedding D, 2010).
William Glasser changed therapy when he created reality therapy and choice theory. These ideas still influence how psychologists work today. Glasser focused on personal responsibility and how people choose their behavior. His work matches the ideas of Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology. Both men believed that social connection and belonging are central to mental health. Therapy methods change over time as research grows. More experts now see the value in the broad view Glasser first shared. Mixing psychology, medicine, and education makes therapy work better. This mix reflects the original vision of Lightner Witmer. He wanted a single field that went beyond old limits. Glasser’s work drives new ideas in therapy. His work leads to more connected mental health care.(Patricia A Robey et al., 2017). As the therapeutic landscape continues to evolve, there is an increasing recognition of the need for a multidisciplinary perspective that mirrors Glasser’s original insights. This blend of psychological, medical, and educational frameworks not only amplifies the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions but also echoes Lightner Witmers vision of a cohesive discipline that transcends traditional boundaries (Browne D et al., 2012). Glassers legacy thus serves as a catalyst for future innovations in therapeutic practice, fostering a more integrated approach to mental health care.
Please also review AIHCP’s Healthcare Certification Programs.
Gestalt Therapy: Access here
Person Centered Counseling. Access here
Personal Psychology. Access here
Tan, S-Y. (2022). Counseling and psychotherapy: a Christian perspective. (2nd Edition). Baker Academic, a division of the Baker Publishing Group.
“Reality Therapy”. Psychology Today. Access here
Loggins, B. (2025). VeryWellMind. Access here
Sutton, J. (2021). “10 Best Reality Therapy Techniques, Worksheets, & Exercises”. Positive Psychology.com. Access here
Boundaries are not selfish but important lines of what one can or cannot do, or is willing to endure from another person. They are healthy and help clarify where one begins and ends in relationship to other people. This video takes a closer look at why they are so important for all aspects of life that go beyond personal but also to professional and relational. Please also review AIHCP’s Healthcare Certification Programs
One of the things we naturally seek to avoid first in life is pain. The body’s nervous system is designed to identify injury through nerve receptors warning the brain of damage through the impulse one experiences as pain. The art of healing and medicine itself surrounds itself with the motto of “do not harm”. Pain reduction and pain relief medications are key parts of many individuals daily consumption. And even with grief counseling and pastoral care, counselors look to make a person comfortable and at peace-reducing pain. Physical pain can be acute to an injury , disease or infirmity, but it can also take forms in negation, such as the absence of comfort, food, or warmth. Hunger, coldness, or exposure can lead to great pain and discomfort. Pain is hence the burrs of life as opposed to the glows of it. Instead of the soft touch, it is the brute strike, instead of the gentle rub, it is the piercing blow-it is the unpleasant sense or feeling associated with discomfort or even possible damage to the body.
This of course applies to one type of pain, namely physical pain. The burr and sensation of this physical stimuli is but one negative experiences that one could equate as “pain”. Pain and suffering as a negation of pleasure and happiness encompasses other parts of being beyond the mere body but also can affect the mind and soul. The positive glows and sensations of love are torn away through negative burrs of isolation, separation, rejection, loss, and hate. Joy is replaced with discontent, anxiety and depression. Security can be met with fear or longing. Indeed, the pains of the mind are in many ways far worst than the pains of the body. One needs to only look at the horrendous loss experiences of a parent who loses a child, or other close losses of family and friends. The suffering tied to acute pain is temporary and tied to a wound, but the suffering tied to a mental wound, loss, death, or trauma is tied to a life time.
The temporal world to the Christian is a fallen world tied to this reality. It is because of the sin of Adam that death and suffering entered into human existence. Adam’s descendants inherited the fallen world and became prey to the desolation of “this valley of tears”. God, however, in His infinite mercy sent His only Son to redeem humanity from sin. However, in doing so, He too suffered. He suffered a life where the world knew Him not, arriving in a cold stable, to be ushered into a life of little luxuries while working tirelessly under His father as a carpenter. Yet not demanding the royal life that justice demanded, He humbled Himself and in His daily life offered Himself to God in not only discomforts, but also numerous pains and aches of daily life. He shared in a person’s daily griefs and losses. He buried His father, Joseph, and wept over the execution of His cousin, St John the Baptist, and again wept, in Scripture, over the death of Lazarus prior to rising him. These pains and sufferings could have alone redeemed humanity, but sin demanded so much more. The evil world and its inclinations would not allow Christ’s escape so easy. Instead, Christ was brutally beaten, scourge and crucified for humanity’s redemption. Yet, through this pain and suffering that so many avoid, Christ embraced. He embraced His cross, carried it and offered Himself. Christ, the Suffering Servant, redeemed humanity through suffering and served as an example to those who followed how to live a holy and good life in a fallen world. Christ told His followers to also take up their cross, but St Paul also reminds us that those who suffer with Christ, will also rise in Christ!
This is the Christian message. It is quite different than the message of the world. Where the world looks to avoid inconvenience and complain about misgivings, Christ teaches us to offer them up. Where the world teaches to reject our cross or hardships, Christ teaches us to embrace them. Where the world sees power in pride and comfort, Christ sees glory in humility and sacrifice. Ultimately, the world’s promise is empty. It may claim a recipe for pleasure but it fails to meet the needs of happiness. Everything in the world can be taken away, even our loved ones. Illusions of happiness tied to avarice and greed lead one to a false worship and bad priorities.
One may reply that such a desire to suffer is foolish and blind and quite pessimistic outlook on life, but what we will see is quite the opposite. The Christian approach to pain and suffering is not one of despair or loss but one of realistic optimism. Realistic in that it acknowledges the darkness and pains of this world, but optimistic in that through Christ, there is another reality that is perfect and free from pain and suffering. Romans 8:18 declares that our present sufferings cannot compare to the eternal glory and 1 Peter 5:10 assures us that our suffering here will be little and through Christ we will be restored. We must remember, with Christ we die, but also with Christ we rise!
Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Grief Counseling Program.
A secular person may find it quite silly to accept pain and suffering. He or she might also find it odd to purposely fast, or seek out discomfort. Of course, Christians do not want to suffer, nor does God wish for us to suffer, but the reality of the temporal world is that suffering and loss occurs. This is not because God is a cruel sadist, but because of sin. The free will of Adam and the discord of Lucifer play the villainous reasons for the reality of suffering. Christians do not truly seek out suffering but they accept it. They accept it because one cannot escape the reality of it but also they embrace the opportunity it affords because it helps shape and give meaning to life. Christ showed that suffering can be redemptive and for His followers to also take up their cross. Scripture states, “For unto you it is given for Christ, not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him (Philipp 1:20). Again in Gal.2:19, “With Christ I am nailed to the cross”. St Paul exclaims “Who now rejoices in my sufferings for you, and fill up those things that are wanting of the sufferings of Christ, in my flesh, for his body, which is the church (Col. 1:24)
So what is the purpose of this suffering then? If Christ paid atonement for the sins of humanity, why must humanity suffer too for those sins? Again, Christ told His followers to take up their cross and the Apostles faced gruesome ends of execution in that path, so Christians too are called to be suffering pilgrims in this cold world. Christ alone paid the price of sin via the redemption, but through Baptism, Christians must access the grace and merits of Jesus’ blood to their souls through a working faith and working salvation. Faith is more than a mere assent to Christ as Savior, but faith entails fruits, for St James states, “faith without works is dead”. This in no way dares assume that one’s works or suffering merit one’s redemption and therefore salvation. A Christians sufferings and works without faith and grace are meaningless. A monk could abstain, fast and offer a multitude of discomforts but none of these actions alone without Christ have any merit to his salvation. Christ is the High Priest and sole Mediator. He is both the Priest and Victim and the source of humanity’s redemption. In this way, in taking up one’s cross, individuals must unite their works and sufferings to Christ. If one fasts, or one offers up an insult, or patiently endures criticism, or fasts, or quietly endures a physical pain, they must offer these things to Christ and tie them solely to Him to offer to the Father. When alone these gestures are meaningless and powerless, but when tied to Christ, they become salvific. They become an application of His redemption to oneself in the form of grace to oneself or others.
As St Paul points out the analogy of the Church is the Mystical Body of Christ throughout Ephesians, Colossians and Corinthians. Christ is the Head and the baptized are its Body and Members. Through this, one’s sufferings is felt throughout the Body of Christ and when directed to the Head, who is Christ, then it can be used as a key to unlock many graces earned by Christ through His redemption. One’s sufferings that are offered to Christ in this way are not part of the redemption itself, but an unlocking of it for self and others which allows one to bathe in the Blood of Christ and the merits of it. These sufferings are then not redemptive in that it subtracts from Christ’s sacrifice or adds to it, but they allow one to share in it. Christ alone paid for the debt of sin but our sufferings can allow one to share in it and also apply the merits earned by the cross. In doing so, one, as stated in Romans 12:1, is able “to present your bodies as a living sacrifice”, and as Paul also points again as a “working faith” (Gal 5:6)
Through Christ, suffering then becomes redemptive and a way to apply the mysteries and grace of the cross. Without Christ, the secular person would be correct to find the absurdity to embrace it or even seek it, but through Christ suffering is more than temporal loss and pain but a redemptive force that finds meaning alone in the death of Christ with the promise of resurrection.
This perfectly balances Christ’s lone and sufficient redemptive work but also illustrates the role working faith and suffering plays in applying that sacrifice. Unlike the heretical theology of Pelagius, we do not earn redemption, for it is a gift alone, but unlike the extremities of Luther, we are not merely passively redeemed either. The sacrifice was once and perfect and sufficient but we must seek it. Scripture is clear that this starts with the assent of faith that is followed through the work of faith. Hence all suffering we offer is not redemptive as if to add or substract from the passion of Christ or as to earn our forgiveness but it is accessing the salvation and graces earned by Christ for our sins.
As stated, when suffering is united to Christ, we share in Christ’s suffering and our suffering has meaning and redemptive value for ourselves. This does not mean it replaces, or adds, or even subtracts the pain of Christ on the cross, but it allow one to share in those sufferings of Christ and unite their own sufferings to the Father through Christ. Without such a thing, these trivial inconveniences, or sufferings would be meaningless in the infinite vastness of a lifetime. However, when tied to Christ, they become applicable. They can tap into Christ’s redemption and apply its fruits to oneself or throughout the Body of Christ. In our suffering, we are in no way becoming a co-redeemer, but merely sharing what Christ has done and applying it. This gives great meaning to simple discomforts, or aches, when offered to the Father through Christ. Again Romans 12:12 states “be patient in affliction”. In addition, one can seek to atone for one’s past sins through penance and offerings to God through Christ in these sufferings. By tying our own sufferings to Christ, we can apply more fruitfully the infinite merits of Christ to our soul and partake in the great gift earned by Christ for us on the cross. Through offerings, one can burn in love for Christ on earth.
One has the great opportunity to turn a product of sin into a transforming and redemptive experience with meaning beyond this world. One can offer up one’s daily duty and all the trials and tribulations that come with it. One can unite one’s cross with Christ and find meaning in the pain and suffering. By imitating Christ and then uniting everything to Him as our sole Mediator and High Priest, one can spiritually transform the ordinary into the extraordinary.
In offering things up, the soul also cures the body. The soul reasserts its mastery over the broken bond due to the sin of Adam. The temporal body is inclined to its passions and comforts, but through offerings to God through fasting, abstaining and sufferings, one reclaims mastery over the body and teaches it discipline. One teaches the body the disciplines of control and moderation and allows the Holy Spirit to infuse and share the virtues of purity and temperance. The body learns to avoid lust, gluttony, greed and the comfort and solace of physical things and instead to seek the spiritual companionship of Christ. The body then not only offers reparation through Christ for its sins but seeks to cultivate within it a more pleasing abode for the Holy Spirit. In this way, suffering is not only redemptive but also sculpting. Through fire, the soul is purged and made clean and as the Scripture teaches, helps the body learn perseverance, need of God and hope (Romans 5:3-4)
Still many souls seek to become closer to Christ through suffering. They wish to share with Christ their sufferings as a simple offering to His altar. Like Simon of Cyrene, who was called to help carry Christ’s cross, they seek to partake and share in this suffering. Of course Simon did not redeem humanity, but he played a special role in sharing with Christ the cross, much like a server at the altar before the priest, he plays a role in preparing the sacrifice but is not the sacrifice itself. Others wish to offer simple offerings, much like St Veronica who wiped the face of Christ during the carrying of His cross- such a simple and small consolation! Yet, like a parent who accepts even the smallest and insignificant gift from a child, such acts of sweetness and love have great meaning. As a parent, so does Christ find great consolation and love when a spiritual child wishes to share with Him in His grief. While such simple consolations cannot subtract from the sufferings He endured, they can offer reparation, worship and love for what He did. While the Romans and Jews mocked Him, we can offer to Him, especially during Lent, our sufferings and consolations. By offering one’s sufferings as an act of gratitude to Christ, we like a small child, offer the smallest gift, but still a gift that our Lord greatly appreciates. In that echo of history, within that timeless sacrifice of Christ, He can hear our soothing words among the hateful jeers of the crowd, and He can sense our offering, as small as it is, as a consolation and sharing with Him.
Many saints before sought to share intimately and deeply their sufferings with Christ in this way. Some saints simply did through the most simple deeds of their daily duty, or through the quiet of an injustice, while others shared this through martyrdom and death for Christ. Some even mystically, such as St Francis of Assisi or Padre Pio shared in Christ’s suffering through the stigmata. These acts of charity and love for Christ from smallest to biggest all carry value when tied to Him. He finds immense joy when those who saved seek to offer love and reparation to Him by applying His death to one’s merit.
Suffering can only have meaning in the fallen world and be redemptive through Christ. Christ first set the example by not only His life but also through His cross. His redemption was complete and satisfactory for all sin, but not all people accepted this great gift for their sins. When we offer up our sufferings, alone they are meaningless, but when we offer them in union with Christ, we apply the merits earned on Calvary by Christ for our soul. In this way, random acts of the day, as well as suffering, when united with Christ, permit the soul to share in the sufferings of Christ and also apply its merits for reparation. Christian tradition teaches that one must carry his or her cross and that one who suffers with Christ will rise with Christ. This gives new meaning to suffering and its redemptive power. Christ conquered death through His resurrection and turned suffering into a redemptive quality that when tied to Him becomes a pleasing sacrifice to the Father. We can actively partake, share and apply the merits of Christ to our soul as well as offer acts of charity to the crucified Christ for such a gift. In this way, suffering has great merit to the Christian as well as granting meaning and definition to the most senseless and painful things.
Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification as well as its Christian Grief Counseling Program.
Christian Suffering and Job- Access here
Christian Suffering: A Unique Theism- Access here
Faith and Loss- Access here
John Paul 2 (1984). “Salvifici Doloris”. Access here
Understanding Suffering in Christian Life. Bible Hub. Access here
Pastor David. (2025). 35 Important Bible Verses About Suffering As A Christian (Explained). Bible Repository. Access here