Spirituality is an important part of grieving for many. For some it may be a source and anchor to help adjust to the loss, while others it may be a source of comfort and helps reframe the loss to a greater ending that is eternal. Sometimes, spirituality if maladaptive can also cause issues in the grieving process and this can cause internal and existential havoc for the person as he or she tries to connect belief with loss.
While many grief counselors may be hesitant to discuss spirituality in secular settings, spirituality and its role should in each individual should be understood and the utilization of any outside resources within the community to help aid in a person’s healing should be encouraged.
Please review the video for further information and do not forget to review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification.
Individuals who experience traumatic events need help facing multiple issues. Some individuals may cope better than others, while others require emotional stabilization. The purpose of first responders and volunteers helping the scene though require abilities to meet the needs of individuals. Sometimes, individuals may need only mere direction or information or basic supplies, while other times, individuals may need crisis intervention care to help stabilize themselves emotionally.
Psychological First Aid is immediate care for those affected by trauma or disaster at physical, affective, cognitive, behavioral or social levels
In many past blogs, we have discussed the importance of Crisis Intervention in helping individuals during a traumatic event. Traumatic events such as natural disasters, terrorism, shootings, criminal assaults, suicide, or war zones all present deep rooted trauma to individuals who endure them. Some may be better able to cope but when traumatic events occur they still present an abnormal level of surprise, pain, and loss. Hence, someone on scene will have some type of need, whether physical, mental, emotional, social or all points. First responders, volunteers, chaplains and other healthcare professionals are able to help everyone in the moment of a traumatic event by meeting whichever needs are present according to the person through basic psychological first aid.
Psychological First Aid is not long term therapy or looks to resolve the devastation that may take months and years to fix, but it does look to stop the emotional bleeding on the spot and meet the basic physical human needs of anyone in crisis, grief, trauma or loss. Whether elderly, children, adults, or others of any cultural identity, bad things happen and when they do, people need trained professionals on site to help meet immediate needs.
PFA looks to ensure grant the person a feeling of safety in the chaos, help calm and stabilize those emotionally disturbed, find necessary persons of connection for the person, connect individuals with the necessary long term aid, and grant the person a sense of hope in the despair around them. Chaplains, first responders, disaster volunteers, healthcare professionals, as well as social workers and counselors on scene are all trained in basic PFA and some at higher levels due to their training and licensures to help individuals at the level of help they need. Whether it is simply offering water or giving shelter for a night, or helping someone find a loved one, or consoling a child, or directing a family to proper resources and federal assistance to rebuild a home, or referring something emotionally distraught to a mental health professional, or finally even helping ground a person in extreme disorientation and disequilibrium, the goals and duties of those in PFA are about helping the particular need in the moment.
Like any crisis or situation, those trained in PFA are expected to initiate contact with individuals on the scene. Some may appear fine, others may appear disorientated. Those in trained should focus on the most emotionally disturbed individuals that are displaying dis-equilibrium and immobility or those who seem out of place, especially elderly or children who are alone. Crisis professionals should introduce themselves by name and the agency they work with and ask the name of the person. Asking what them what the issue is or what is wrong is a good way to help. Forcing oneself on the person, or asking detailed accounts of the event are not the best way to introduce and form a bond. Introduction and making contact and forming a bond is a key in Crisis Intervention but also critical on scene when dealing with any victims or individuals faced with trauma.
Obviously helping the person feel secure is key. Some may already feel safe, but others may feel the threat of danger still overbearing upon them. PFA workers should help reassure a person that they are safe and address all fears without dismissing them. Instead, they should help the person feel a sense of security through their presence. Obviously someone who has been raped, assaulted, or a person who has just had their home flooded or destroyed by a tornado will require long term care, but the purpose of PFA is to help the person feel secure in the moment so that the individual can logically think without the presence of fear motivating them.
In certain cases, individuals suffering from trauma need help finding calmness. They need help becoming stabilized emotionally. They are unable to cope since their coping mechanisms have become overrun and their emotional equilibrium has become imbalanced. Hence logical choices are removed and instead a state of affective, cognitive and behavioral dysfunction manifests. The PFA worker depending on their level of training and experience can help these individuals find balance and coping. Some times helping ground the person through breathing and focus techniques can bring a person back to the current event, while other times, discussing the issue and alternatives to the narrow options one faces when in crisis. In many cases, individuals will suffer from mental issues such as disorientation, lack of concentration, memory loss, or poor cognitive reasoning, while in other cases, individuals may suffer affectively through various emotions. Some emotions may be displayed such as anger or intense grief, or even guilt or shame about the event, while others may retreat from contact and suffer from disassociation, or become stuck in their own thoughts and look to flee human contact. Others may display dangerous behavioral actions and will need controlled or helped to find calm to avoid danger to themselves, others and various workers at the scene.
After a person is calm, safe and stable, one can begin to access the person’s mental, physical and social needs. Sometimes, the needs are affective, or physical, or cognitive or social, but it depends on identifying the clues and also talking to the person. Some needs may be as simple as a blanket or a glass of water, while others may be concerns over a missing child or relative or friend. Some may have minor injuries or headaches that need addressed due to the situation. Others may have concerns where one will sleep for the night if a storm damaged the home. Others may even have concerns beyond the immediate which can be addressed such as an event a person may have had the following day that will now have to be canceled. In the mist of this, the PFA worker needs to offer assistance whether at the cognitive level or physical level. This assistance may be in the form of advice, meeting physical needs, or helping the person organize what needs organized. It can involve helping the person better understand the situation and supplying the person with the necessary information they need to deal with the issue at hand.
Those trained in PFA and Crisis Intervention can help individuals in distress due to trauma or natural disasters but certain steps must be followed albeit they can be adaptive and flexible depending on the person and situation
PFA workers can also help and offer assistance through connecting individuals to other people, friends and family. Sometimes helping a person contact his friend or family helps the person find a place to stay or provides transportation. Many individuals in crisis have support systems but they are unable at the moment to contact those persons and they need assistance in making those contacts. In addition to immediate connections, later, PFA workers can help individuals find longer term help through social services, federal assistance and on a more individual note, references for mental health or healthcare services. During this process, it is important for PFA workers to not promise things but to be as honest as possible about what can be done or not done. Lying or making false promises to help alleviate a person’s mental state will not help the situation.
Throughout the process, the PFA worker also needs to address proper coping in the moment versus maladaptive coping. Like a coach, a PFA worker can help the person face the immediate issue through productive coping strategies that involve reframing of the situation and putting energy into what can be done in a given moment. This involves a variety of stress management and anger management concepts and helps the person focus on what can be done instead of utilizing maladaptive strategies that avoid or ignore the situation. Obviously, longer term care reviews the necessity of healthy coping with any traumatic event. It is unlikely that those who face traumatic events will have the same life. Recovery from injuries or therapy still leaves scars and individuals need to have the tools to face those past traumas. In addition, repairs and construction and family functions may be altered. Things will change and the ability to be resilient and cope depends on multiple subjective and objective realities. A person’s support system is key and this is why referrals and connections are so key in finding the person the help they need to create hope. With hope a person can find resiliency and the ability to adapt and rebuild in the future with healthy coping strategies.
Conclusion
Psychological First Aid is a key component of crisis intervention and for those who work in it from a mental health, healthcare, law enforcement, first responder or chaplaincy component. Knowing how to help a person in the moment and stabilize them and help meet the person’s physical, affective, cognitive and social needs are important to the recovery and adjustment of the person to the traumatic event. These events can range from disasters to assault or war zones and suicide. In all cases, crisis intervention looks to help the person find equilibrium and mobility to handle the situation, PFA helps individuals with the core basics to help those with little needs to those with the greatest needs.
Psychological First Aid is necessary for those in immediate crisis. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Program
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Certification and see if it meets your academic and professional goals. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification in Crisis Intervention.
Additional Resources
“Psychological First Aid”. National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Access here
“Psychological First Aid (PFA).What is Psychological First Aid?”. Minnesota Department of Health. Access here
“What is psychological first aid?” (2024). Doctors Without Borders. Access here
Griffin, M. “Psychological First Aid: Addressing Mental: Health Distress During Disasters”(2022). SAMHSA. Access here
Spirituality is usually a topic many secular counselors like to avoid but it is an inherent part of many individual’s lives and plays an even larger role in the grieving process. Spirituality generally is good for grieving but sometimes it can present issues that complicate grieving. Grief Counselors need to be aware of how spirituality can also complicate the grieving process and how to help individuals grieve in a healthy way. This video takes a closer look at these issues
Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification and see if it matches your academic and professional goals. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year Grief Counseling Certification
Christian Counseling and morality needs to take into account the science of psychology and how the brain works. In many ways, individuals are affected by the inner workings of their brain and mind and it can explain many moral actions beyond merely saying yes to something. Christian Counselors need to be aware of these things and how they affect the subjective element of a person’s choices.
Crisis intervention is an important part of mental health services that seeks to help and stabilize people during times of serious emotional distress. When individuals face intense challenges, the need for quick and effective help becomes very important, as prompt support can change the outcome of a crisis. The ABC Model of crisis intervention provides a clear structure for professionals to understand and meet the immediate needs of those in crisis. This model involves three steps: A (Achieving contact), B (Boiling down the problem), and C (Coping). Each step is meant to help clarify the client’s situation and empower them to take back control. By using the ABC Model, professionals can assess the urgency of their client’s emotional distress and use strategies that build resilience and encourage positive coping methods, which can lead to better mental health results.
Crisis Intervention Specialists utilize the ABC model to help individuals find orientation after crisis
Crisis intervention is an important process meant to help people who are having severe emotional and psychological issues, so they can find their balance again. This method usually includes looking at the situation, understanding immediate needs, and checking available resources to provide support. Professionals use various techniques that fit the person’s needs, creating a feeling of safety and empowerment when times are tough. Since crises upset personal balance, quick intervention is important to prevent lasting psychological damage. The success of crisis intervention can be significant; it not only eases immediate pain but also lays the groundwork for further healing and strength. By using structured methods like the ABC model, professionals can assess the issue, find coping strategies, and help individuals move toward positive solutions. Ultimately, grasping the meaning and range of crisis intervention highlights its importance in maintaining mental health and improving quality of life during difficult situations.
B. Importance of effective crisis intervention
During crises, the ability to act well can greatly affect both personal well-being and the stability of society. The need for quick response during crises is highlighted by the rise in childhood challenges impacting mental health, which can cause long-lasting harmful effects if not quickly addressed. The American Academy of Pediatrics notes that having safe, stable, and nurturing relationships (SSNRs) helps reduce toxic stress in children, promoting resilience and better coping with future challenges (Andrew S. Garner et al., 2021). In workplaces, especially in the hospitality sector, good crisis intervention is important for keeping employees safe and meeting health standards. Research shows that a clear psychological plan can improve compliance and protect both staff and the community during emergencies (Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020). Ultimately, effective crisis intervention is key to changing individual paths and building healthier, more resilient communities.
C. Overview of the ABC model
The ABC model is an important framework in crisis help, focusing on a clear method to meet emotional and psychological needs during tough times. This model has three main parts: Activating Event, Beliefs, and Consequences. First, an activating event causes emotional reactions, which leads people to think about their beliefs regarding the situation. This belief system greatly affects the emotional and behavioral outcomes that come next. Knowing this link helps professionals help individuals change their thoughts for better coping methods. Also, using the ABC model in crisis help is vital, particularly in fields like hospitality, where following health and safety rules is very important. For instance, a study shows that good communication and management can lead to employees really following safety rules, demonstrating how the ABC model can improve how organizations handle crises ((Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020)).
II. Understanding the ABC Model
In crisis help, the ABC Model gives a clear way to meet urgent needs and build strength. This model focuses on three main parts: feelings, actions, and thoughts that people have during a crisis. Knowing these parts helps workers to improve conversation, respond to feelings, and spot unhelpful behaviors that slow down recovery. For example, the use of artificial intelligence and large data sets to find and track the mental effects of crises is similar to how health markers show health levels in medicine. This shows that an in-depth understanding matters in both fields. By using new technologies, mental health workers can improve their responses, focusing on emotions and choices. In the end, using the ABC Model helps with quick crisis fixes and gives people tools for long-term coping, highlighting its important role in modern therapy.
A. Explanation of the ABC model components
The ABC Model of crisis intervention has three main parts: Affection, Behavior, and Cognition. Affection means showing emotional support to people in crisis, creating a safe and understanding space for open talks. This emotional bond is important because it helps set the stage for the next steps in intervention. Behavior involves what both the person in crisis and the helper do; it looks at harmful actions that might make things worse and supports healthier choices. Lastly, cognition is about helping the person change how they think and see the crisis, which builds resilience and promotes positive problem-solving approaches. This complete method not only deals with current issues but also gives people skills for managing themselves in the future, with the goal of restoring their sense of control and well-being. All these parts together build a solid framework for good crisis intervention.
B. Historical development of the ABC model
The ABC model’s history is important to know for its use in crisis help. It started in the 1970s by Albert Ellis and was later changed by people like Gerald Caplan, who focused on a methodical way to handle psychological crises. This model aimed to provide quick assistance to those in distress, concentrating on using resources and ways to cope. Over the years, the model has changed a lot, with its main ideas being updated to include new research and methods. For example, with climate change making mental health risks worse, there is a greater need for thorough plans that combine risk evaluation with crisis help, similar to what is proposed in studies of financial stability and sustainability (Simon Dikau et al., 2021). Additionally, the use of technology and data-driven strategies, as seen in responses to recent pandemics, shows that the ABC model remains important for addressing modern crises effectively (Israel Edem Agbehadji et al., 2020).
C. Application of the ABC model in crisis situations
In crisis intervention, the ABC model is a key structure for grasping and addressing the needs of people in tough situations. This model focuses on three parts: Activating events, Beliefs, and Consequences, which help professionals respond to crises. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, health emergencies brought enormous stress and uncertainty, making the ABC model very useful. When hospitality workers faced health risks and operational issues, knowing their beliefs about safety protocols helped improve their compliance with these protocols ((Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020)). Likewise, stakeholders used advanced computing methods to predict and handle crises well, showing how belief systems are important for responses. Overall, the ABC model not only gives a clear method for crisis intervention but also builds resilience in challenging times, highlighting its importance in modern crisis management ((Israel Edem Agbehadji et al., 2020)).
III. Phases of Crisis Intervention
Crisis specialists help individuals through the phases of crisis until at a pre crisis level
The crisis intervention process happens in separate steps, each important for dealing with the individual’s immediate issues and helping them recover. The first step focuses on figuring out the crisis, where the helper identifies what is happening and how serious it is. This step gives important details and makes sure the intervention is suited to the person’s specific situation. After this assessment, the next step is about building trust and creating a supportive space. This part is essential, as it helps the individual feel comfortable to communicate and be more open to the process. In the end, the intervention results in creating and putting into action a specific plan aimed at solving the crisis and encouraging long-term stability. By carefully going through these steps, crisis responders can really enhance results and support individuals in taking back control of their lives, highlighting the key ideas of the ABC model of crisis intervention. These steps show how crucial a structured method is in crisis intervention. For example, as seen in healthcare studies, knowing patient histories and building trust are critical for effective help (Mitchell S.V. Elkind et al., 2020). Likewise, research from clinical studies shows that systematically evaluating patient needs can lead to meaningful improvements in health results, especially when dealing with crises (George W. Sledge et al., 2019).
A. Assessment of the crisis situation
In dealing with a crisis situation, doing a full assessment is very important for good intervention. The first step is to find out the urgent needs and problems faced by people or groups affected by the crisis. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the sudden school closures harmed more than one billion learners, causing major learning interruptions and access issues ((Edeh Michael Onyema et al., 2020)). This crisis not only slowed down learning but made existing inequalities worse, showing the need for specific responses. In health crises, advanced breast cancer (ABC) also brings big management challenges, with many patients facing a poor prognosis ((Fátima Cardoso et al., 2018)). Understanding these details helps practitioners focus on solutions that deal with both immediate and root issues, making sure that the responses are not just immediate but also aim to deal with the unique problems caused by the crisis in a lasting way. Therefore, a complete assessment is key to any good crisis intervention plan.
B. Development of a crisis intervention plan
A complete crisis intervention plan is important for handling and reducing crises in different areas like healthcare, business, or communities. This plan should start with a careful look at the situation, figuring out the main causes of the crisis and checking the resources available for help. This step includes looking at market conditions and reviewing internal abilities, similar to anti-crisis financial management ideas that focus on prevention and managing risk (I. Zaichko et al., 2024). After the assessment, the plan should set out clear goals, using the ABC model to make interventions clear and often relying on evidence-based practices to shape the response. Since crises can grow quickly, acting promptly is vital, along with ongoing monitoring and feedback loops to adjust plans as needed. The end goal is not only to fix current problems but to build resilience, making sure organizations can learn from the crisis and set up systems to avoid future issues (Rifat Zahan et al., 2024).
C. Implementation of intervention strategies
To make interventions work well, a clear and organized method must be used that looks at what each person in crisis needs. Using frameworks like the ABC model of crisis intervention—Assessment, Building rapport, and Coping strategies—can help professionals plan their actions. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many families reported more stress in parenting and a drop in mental health, with two out of five parents showing signs of major depression (40.0%). This points to the need for focused support systems ((Shawna J. Lee et al., 2020)). By recognizing this situation, interventions can be adjusted to improve how parents manage stress while also looking after children’s emotional health. Additionally, teamwork among different professionals from various areas, as shown by researchers in global health, highlights the need to bring together diverse viewpoints in crisis intervention strategies ((Thomas Unger et al., 2020)). This all-encompassing method leads to better long-term results for people in crisis.
IV. Effectiveness of the ABC Model in Crisis Intervention
In looking at how well the ABC Model works in crisis intervention, it is important to think about how it has a clear way to deal with immediate emotional and psychological needs. The ABC Model stands for Achieving Contact, Boiling the Problem Down, and Coping. It effectively helps practitioners set up a safe place for people who are having a tough time. This model focuses on understanding the specific situation of the crisis, which helps in creating a response that fits. For example, the ongoing issues from global crises like the COVID-19 pandemic have greatly affected mental health and access to resources. The ABC Model shows it can adapt to these complicated situations, focusing on communication and practical solutions (Edeh Michael Onyema et al., 2020). Additionally, as situations change, using technology in interventions allows for a wider reach and more involvement, showing the model’s relevance in today’s world, which is often unstable. This is similar to what is seen in Alzheimer’s disease, where early help can lessen long-lasting suffering (Michael DeTure et al., 2019).
Crisis Intervention Specialists are able to help others through crisis via the ABC Model
A. Case studies demonstrating the ABC model’s success
Many case studies show how well the ABC model works in crisis intervention, proving it gives organized help in tough situations. A notable example is a case with COVID-19 patients, where the model improved communication and understanding of patients’ emotional and mental needs during the pandemic chaos (Israel Edem Agbehadji et al., 2020). In this case, clinicians used the ABC model to look at the triggers, actions, and results related to patients’ experiences, which led to specific interventions that enhanced patient cooperation and overall health. Moreover, another study pointed out how this model effectively dealt with the long-term impacts of COVID-19, emphasizing the need for ongoing support and adjustment to patients’ changing needs (Chen Chen et al., 2020). These results not only highlight the flexibility of the ABC model but also confirm its key role in providing caring, effective crisis intervention in different situations.
B. Comparison with other crisis intervention models
When assessing how well the ABC model of crisis intervention works, it’s important to compare it to other well-known models like Psychological First Aid (PFA) and the Crisis Development Model (CDM). The ABC model focuses on looking at a person’s feelings, actions, and thoughts to help stabilize a crisis. In contrast, the PFA model puts more emphasis on providing emotional support and ensuring safety right after a traumatic event. This approach aims to give practical help while promoting a sense of connection and normal life. The CDM, on the other hand, highlights the importance of understanding how people behave in a crisis, providing a clear way to predict and manage situations as they escalate. These models showcase various methods for handling crisis intervention, yet the ABC model stands out for its focus on evaluating and addressing emotional and thinking processes. As seen in discussions about stress in parents and the well-being of children in crisis situations, knowing about different intervention models can improve practitioners’ ability to work effectively in various scenarios (Shawna J. Lee et al., 2020)(Chen Chen et al., 2020).
C. Limitations and challenges of the ABC model
The ABC model is a basic framework in crisis intervention, but it has limits and problems. A major issue is that the model depends on how individuals in crisis are judged, which can lead to different views on what they need. This can be a big problem for people with serious mental health issues, like during the COVID-19 pandemic, when rising parental anxiety and depression changed how children’s wellbeing was seen (Shawna J. Lee et al., 2020). Moreover, the model might miss external factors that add to someone’s crisis, like economic difficulties, making intervention less effective. Recent research shows that there is a need for broader approaches that use new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and big data, to better spot and predict crises. These technologies could help fix some of the ABC model’s shortcomings (Israel Edem Agbehadji et al., 2020). If the model does not change, it may struggle to deal with the complicated nature of real-life crises.
V. Conclusion
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program
In summary, handling crises well is very important for dealing with the complex problems that come up in tough situations. The ABC model is a method that helps professionals look at, react to, and aid in recovery for people who are in distress. This model not only considers the urgent emotional and psychological needs of individuals but also includes key plans for long-term health. The recent disruptions in many fields due to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the negative impacts on education and the hospitality industry noted in studies, show that quick and informed responses are essential ((Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020); (Edeh Michael Onyema et al., 2020)). Putting strong crisis plans and clear safety measures in place creates workplaces that encourage compliance and flexibility among employees and other stakeholders. Therefore, by using models like ABC, professionals can handle crises better, ensuring that those affected get the help they need to regain their balance and return to normal.
A. Summary of key points discussed
When looking at crisis intervention, especially using the ABC model, several key discussions highlight its role in providing psychological support. The model focuses on how lab medicine and psychological tests have changed over time, enabling professionals to better address the pre- and post-intervention stages, which are often prone to mistakes (cite33). This change stresses the need for careful focus on assessment and intervention processes to ensure a well-informed approach to client care. Moreover, the guidelines for engaging with individuals with disabilities stress the importance of fairness and respect in assessment methods, fostering a more inclusive approach that improves intervention results (cite34). In summary, these points together confirm the ABC model’s position as an organized approach in crisis situations, promoting a thorough and caring method for intervention that emphasizes client well-being and informed choices.
B. Future implications for crisis intervention practices
As society deals with challenges from global crises, it is important to look at and improve crisis intervention methods. The results related to the COVID-19 pandemic show a key future need: organizations must create a space that encourages strict adherence to health and safety rules among workers, which is especially important in fields like hospitality that depend on in-person interactions (Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020). Moreover, the education system’s experiences during the pandemic indicate that being able to adapt to technology will be essential for handling crises, which highlights the need for strong digital systems and training for teachers and students to enable effective distance learning (Edeh Michael Onyema et al., 2020). These points suggest that future crisis intervention methods should be adaptable, combining technology and mental preparedness to ensure resilience against unexpected issues. By focusing on these areas, organizations can better equip themselves for upcoming crises, protecting their employees and the communities they support.
C. Final thoughts on the importance of the ABC model in crisis situations
In crisis intervention, the ABC model is an important framework that aids professionals in how they respond. It focuses on three steps: Achieving contact, Boiling down the problem, and Co-constructing a plan. This model offers a clear method that helps during confusing times. It helps interventionists build a connection quickly while understanding key parts of a person’s crisis, making sure the response fits their specific needs. Additionally, the ABC model encourages teamwork between the helper and the person in crisis, fostering a feeling of control and empowerment. The strength of this model lies in its organized approach and its ability to adapt, which makes it a crucial tool for dealing with the complex emotions and behaviors people face in difficult times.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program and see if it meets your academic and professional goals. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals within human services, first responses, healthcare and chaplaincy.
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Michael DeTure, Dennis W. Dickson (2019). The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Volume(14). Molecular Neurodegeneration. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-019-0333-5
Mitchell S.V. Elkind, Robert A. Harrington, Ivor J. Benjamin (2020). The Role of the American Heart Association in the Global COVID-19 Pandemic. Volume(141). Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.046749
George W. Sledge, Masakazu Toi, Patrick Neven, Joohyuk Sohn, Kenichi Inoue, Xavier Pivot, Olga Burdaeva, Meena Okera, Norikazu Masuda, Peter A. Kaufman, Han Koh, Eva‐Maria Grischke, Pierfranco Conté, Yi Lu, Susana Barriga, Karla Hurt, Martin Frenzel, Stephen Johnston, Antonio Llombart‐Cussac (2019). The Effect of Abemaciclib Plus Fulvestrant on Overall Survival in Hormone Receptor–Positive, ERBB2-Negative Breast Cancer That Progressed on Endocrine Therapy—MONARCH 2. Volume(6), 116-116. JAMA Oncology. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.4782
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Good review on emotional flooding and how emotions can sometimes overtake an individual. It is important for those subject to emotional flooding to better understand how to control it as well as those around someone who may become emotional unstable.
Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification and see if it matches your academic and professional goals. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification in grief counseling. In addition, please also review AIHCP’s other certifications in Stress Management as well as Crisis Intervention
Crisis Intervention specialists deal with an array of issues. Usually issues of self harm, harm of others and suicide are a very common theme. In crisis, logical thinking and hope are erased and the person can sometimes do things out of character that are very lethal in nature. Understanding suicide, suicide assessment, prevention and intervention are key components of helping individuals in crisis not make a permanent and fateful decision.
Suicide is rarely a conscious choice but one with emotional and mental implications that remove one from a state logical thinking
It is critical for crisis counselors, grief counselors, pastoral care givers and ministry, licensed mental health professionals, as well as those in healthcare to have a strong training and educational background in suicide and crises of lethality. AIHCP offers certifications in Grief Counseling but also in Crisis Intervention to help train members in those fields with the additional knowledge and abilities to handle crisis of lethality.
Suicide
While in the past, AIHCP has offered blogs, as well as video content on the nature of suicide, this particular blog will focus on the crisis element of it. It will identify suicidal signs, assessments, but also focus on intervention in particular.
James points out that a person in suicidal crisis is engaged in an expressive act of homicide where emotional state looks to reduce psychological pain (2017, p. 203). According to statistics, James point out that 600, 000 to 100, 000 suicides are attempted each year in the United States and 30, 000 to 60, 000 die each year in those attempts, with 19, 000 permanently injured (2017, p. 204). While different groups within the US have different rates of suicide as compared to others, the leading group is older white males.
Theories surrounding suicide share many common features but also have different emphasis on certain reasons why one attempts to kill oneself. Freud’s psychodynamic theories saw suicide as a reaction of some inner conflict with external stressors (James, 2017, p. 206). Erickson saw reasons for suicide correlated with developmental issues that prevented the person from advancing and reaching certain goals in life. Individuals who become stagnant and unable to develop sometimes choose suicide as an option to escape (James, 2017, p. 206). Escapist theory views suicide as the only way out of a bad situation during fight or flight. Within this theory, individuals feel they fell short, blame themselves, focus on narrow deficits only, and only see a view of perfectionism that if not met can only end in suicide due to the hopelessness perceived (James, 2017, p. 206). Hopelessness remains a common theme in all situations where the person feels they have no power over the situation.
Another important theory was developed by Edwin Shneidman, the founder of suicidology. In understanding suicide he measured one’s psycheache or pain in the mind, one’s perturbation or the degree of the pain, and the press or stress due to external factors (James, 2017, p. 206), With the combination of these things, Shneidman saw how psycheache frustrates or blocks psychological needs leading to hopelessness and suicide and reaching the state of critical mass to activate suicide.
Durkeim in the 19th Century proposed the sociological theory which looks at a person’s connections to society and how social norms and society based on a person’s integration with those norms plays a large role. Egoistical suicide refers to one’s lack integration with any group. Anomic suicide refers to when economic and financial systems of society break down all around the person. Altruistic suicide refers when a person commits suicide for cultural reasons or the perceived better good according to the society. Fatalistic suicide refers to if a person is an intolerable or unescapable situation such a concentration camp (James, 2017, p. 207). According to Van Orden interpersonal states are also key in the mind of those contemplating suicide. Suicidal individuals may acquire capability by decreasing innate fear of pain and death gradually. In their personal views, they perceive themselves as burdensome to others as well as failing to belong to anyone or find attachment to anything (James, 2017. p. 207). Existentialism and meaning also play an important role in suicide theory. Ideas on death, existential isolation, meaning and meaningless in making sense of the world and the freedom of existentialist thought to make choices all play a role in the construction of existentialist thought. When challenges to existence and death are overwhelmed and an existentialist anchor is lost, then many individuals can fall into hopelessness without any reason to exist (James, 2017, p. 208).
Another interesting theory follows a basic suicide trajectory model based on various risk factors that correlate with suicide. This includes, biological, substance abuse history, genetic predispositions, gender, self esteem, psychological maladies, cognitive thinking and environmental stressors (James, 2017, p. 207). Psychology also points to imbalances within the brain, neurochemical reactions that do not allow a person to better respond to a situation (James, 2017, 208).
From these theories and multiple other ones, one has a better understanding that suicide is rarely a free choice but is committed in a state of emotional turmoil without true cognitive reasoning. This is why so many religious views on suicide as a choice or sin have been replaced with a better recognition that most if not all are victims of it.
Characteristics of Suicidal Individuals
For the most part, those thinking of suicide exist in an acute state of crisis or a chronic state of depression that leads to certain characteristics that manifest emotionally, socially, mentally and physically.
Many suicidal individuals suffer from depression or hopelessness. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Certification
Situationally, individuals face an endurable pain they cannot overcome. A stressor frustrates the psychological need (James, 2017, p. 209). Hence situations involving trauma, death, loss, finances, relationship or anything that creates a perceived unbearable loss appears. Motivation wise, individuals look to seek a solution and that solution entails to remove the stressor via cessation of consciousness. Accompanied with this are the affective emotions of hopelessness and helplessness. Cognitively, individuals see solutions in a very narrow scope with out any alternatives to think their way out of the situation. Relationally, an individual wishes to communicate intent and find mutual justification in it and acknowledgement of that right to do so. Serially, characteristics reveal a long history of trying everything else but no other option remains (James, 2017,p. 209).
Within these characteristics of the suicidal mind, it important to dismiss certain myths that distort. First, one needs to dismiss fears of discussing suicide as if it will cause it. In fact, discussing suicide and being very upfront is key. Second, one needs to dismiss the notion that those who say they will commit suicide rarely carry through with it. In fact, many who say they are contemplating are very high risk of attempting it. To the individual suicide is perceived as a very rational act. Third, individuals who commit suicide are insane. Most who commit or attempt suicide are only acutely affected with emotional issues. Fourth, suicide is only impulsive. In fact, most suicides are planned and plotted outside acute crisis. Fifth, suicide is painless. Many suicides can be very gruesome and some go awry and very wrong. Sixth, suicidal thoughts are rare. In fact, they are more common than one may think with 8.3 million have some type of suicidal ideation (James, 2017. p. 212).
Suicide Assessment is Key
Assessment is critical in saving a life. While some crisis specialists deal with suicidal individuals in an acute and heated moment, many suicides are well planned and plotted. Counselors need to be aware of the possibility and assess the lethality
James points out that there are a variety of verbal clues, statements and written letters. As well as behavioral clues such as self harm or isolation. Also situational clues that involve death of another person, financial woes, loss job, or divorce should be acknowledged. In addition, syndromatic clues such as depression, hopelessness and unhappiness with life can play key indicators in possible suicidal. This is why it is so important to also ask someone in assessment (2017, p. 212).
Another tool to utilize is PATHWARM. This is an acronym from the American Association of Suicidology. It utilizes the letter within the acronym to better identify various warning signs. Within the acronym is: Ideation, Substance Abuse, Purposefulness, Anxiety, Trapped, Hopelessness, Withdraw, Anger, Recklessness and Mood.
There are many, many assessment keys, questions, or triages one can utilize. We will briefly go over a select few.
First, the basic clinical interview is essential in determining suicidal ideation. Within it is a long laundry list of observations and questions. Here are a few: Does the person exhibit suicidal intent or tendencies? Does the person have a family history of suicide? Does the person have past suicide attempts? Does the person have a specific plan? Has the person experienced a death recently? Does the person have a history of drugs and substance abuse? Does the person display radical changes in mood and behavior? Does the person display hopelessness? Has the person experienced past trauma? Has the person discontinued medication? Does the person exhibit extreme emotions? Has the person faced financial troubles or loss of job? Does the person feel threatened? Does the person see everything as all or nothing? Does the person feel as if he or she does not belong? Does the person struggle with identity and self esteem? Does the person have access to firearms? Has the person explored suicide through online search or literature? Has the person not seen a medical professional within the last 3 to 6 months? (James, 2017, p. 215).
SIMPLE STEPS is another acronym that can utilized in assessment during interview. Again it emphasizes the importance of asking the question are you thinking of killing oneself? Within the acronym are the following points. Suicidal? Ideation? Method? Pain? Loss? Earlier attempts? Substance abuse? Troubleshooting for alternatives? Emotions? Parental history? Stressors? (James, 2017, p. 216-17). This triage captures the basic essence again of all assessment in that it asks the difficult question and looks to identify potential lethality and danger of a plan. Not all cases may present an immediate acute threat while others may require immediate intervention and reference to medical professionals or notification of authorities and family.
Suicide Intervention
In intervention, whether in acute setting or discussing possible plans of a person to commit suicide, professionals need to not judge the person, or demean the person’s perceived tragic nature of life. Instead, crisis professionals are encouraged to gain an understanding, form a bond and offer alternative options.
The Three “I”s are essential to know if looking to defuse suicidal situations. The person feels the situation is inescapable, intolerable and interminable (James, 2017,p. 218). Hence it is important to help the person feel secure, less painful, and offer hope with solid solutions. When a person is facing crisis, they may feel there is no other way out and may need alternatives presented and applied to the situation. In addition, the crisis counselor may try to help the person reframe the situation with attributes of CBT to see the situation from a different light. The crisis counselor must also help the individual face the pain and discover that is not forever. Helping focus on not so much the lethality but the perturbation of the person can help the person see more clearly, utilize problem solving abilities, and offer alternatives to the current issue. Addressing stressors and helping the person see hope is the biggest key. At this core, Crisis Management looks to help the person plan a response to suicidal issues (James, 2017, p. 222).
Those in suicidal ideation need alternatives and options. They need to know the there is escape and an end to the pain that involves not ceasing consciousness
In counseling, professionals should help clients reframe. This involves not only a new line of thinking but also validating emotions and discussing future suicidal behaviors and how to counter them. It is important to help the person learn real problem solving skills for issues but also address teaching individuals how to cope with pain and emotions in better ways. In addition, counselors can help clients find better social connections to prevent isolation as well as play an important role in life coaching with positive thoughts, plans and goals. Importantly as well, a counselor should obtain from the person a no harm commitment through a suicide “Do not Harm Contract” or “Stay Alive” contract which the individual signs. It is important to let the person know he or she is not alone and can reach out or call when certain triggers may appear that seem unbearable (James, 2017, p. 227)> In some cases, calls to the authorities may be needed, or a person may need observed for a period of time before the crisis has subsided.
Conclusion
Suicide is not simply a call for help but a true crisis situation that demands attention. Through warning signs, assessment and proper intervention, crisis counselors can save lives. It is also important to note that suicide is not something rationally chosen but one that is mentally and emotionally chosen when in a illogical state of mind. Hence negative social stigmas need removed and professionals as well as society need to see these individuals who attempt or complete suicide as victims. This is why it is so important to be educated on the subject and listening and observing with empathy for those who shows signs of suicidal ideation.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Program and see if it meets your academic and professional goals. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification. Counselors, first responders, clergy and other mental health professionals can play a key role crisis intervention and saving lives from suicide.
Resources
James, R & Gilliland, B. (2017). “Crisis Intervention Strategies”. (8th). Cengage
Additional Resources
Clay, R. (2022). “How to assess and intervene with patients at risk of suicide”. APA. Access here
Are you thinking about suicide? How to stay safe and find treatment. Mayo Clinic. Access here
Ryan, E. & Oquendo, M. (2020). “Suicide Risk Assessment and Prevention: Challenges and Opportunities”. Psychiatry Online. Access here
Suicide and suicidal thoughts. Mayo Clinic. Access here
Suicide Prevention Tools for Public Health Professionals. CDC. Access here
Today, the talk about psychological help and moral advice is getting a lot of focus, especially in Christian groups dealing with sexual morality. Christian counseling creates a way to handle not just emotional and psychological problems, but also brings in religious ideas about sexual ethics. This approach encourages counselors to look at how biblical teachings shape views and actions about sexuality, helping to better understand individual challenges through faith. Examining sexual morality through Christian counseling shows the difficulties of matching personal beliefs with societal expectations, and helps clients find a complete sense of well-being. By looking at the effects of faith-based counseling closely, the conversation can lead to a clearer discussion on how religious beliefs influence personal decisions and therapy practices in these important areas of life.
Christian morality is a key element in Christian Counseling.
In Christian counseling, a key part is mixing mental health ideas with biblical lessons, which helps with overall mental and spiritual health. This approach highlights how important it is to connect emotional well-being with faith-based values, aiming to lead people to make better life choices through their spirituality. In situations where bad sexual behaviors come up, especially among young adult women who may feel disconnected from their sexuality and spirituality, effective Christian counseling aims to close that gap (see (Armstrong et al., 2019)). By talking about sexual morality and helping understand biblical teachings on sexuality, Christian counseling is important in the spiritual growth of individuals. Therefore, combining traditional counseling methods with scriptural insights not only improves the therapeutic relationship but also creates a space where clients can discuss their issues through their faith perspective.
B. Overview of Sexual Morality in Christian Context
In the Christian context, sexual morality includes a mix of biblical messages, cultural practices, and personal views. A key point in this discussion is the difference between what people do and what they feel inside, as psychology explains. This difference supports the idea that sexual morality includes not just actions but also motivations and feelings. Many Christian beliefs stress the importance of marriage and the moral aspects of sexual activity, insisting that sexuality should occur in committed partnerships. Moreover, looking at different viewpoints can improve our grasp of this morality, as seen with the inclusion of minority voices in Christian psychology (Behensky et al., 2006). These views question common beliefs and promote a wider look at how sexual morality can be defined and enacted. Therefore, exploring these aspects is important for effective Christian counseling that respects both doctrine and personal experiences.
C. Importance of Addressing Sexual Morality in Counseling
Understanding sexual ethics is important in counseling, especially in a Christian setting, because it impacts client health and therapy results. Beliefs about sexuality can cause major psychological issues, often making people face struggles between their sexual orientation and religious teachings. Discussing these matters in therapy not only aids individuals in blending their identities but also boosts treatment success, as research shows a clear link between clients’ moral views on same-sex attraction and their opinions on therapy methods (Roller et al., 2011). Additionally, research on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) indicates that talking about sexual ethics can greatly enhance results concerning symptom relief and quality of life in those affected (Myler et al., 2013). Therefore, asking about sexual ethics in counseling is key for creating a helpful and life-changing therapy setting.
II. Theological Foundations of Sexual Morality
Sexual morality in a religious view greatly affects how the Evangelical church handles counseling and discipline. A solid grasp of biblical ideas on male sexuality, as shown in current pastors’ work, is key for good ministry practices. Understanding the complicated aspects of these teachings can show that sexual morality is more than just rules; it promotes building character and relationships based on faith. Participants in recent studies noted that a full knowledge of scripture, along with teaching and relationship-building methods, is crucial for managing the often uncomfortable talks about sexuality in the church (Silo et al., 2022). Additionally, the push for inclusivity in different theological views helps improve the conversation on sexual morality, encouraging ministers to interact with wider cultural stories while remaining faithful to biblical truths (Behensky et al., 2006). Therefore, a well-rounded view on sexual morality is important for encouraging positive spiritual growth in Christian men.
A. Biblical Perspectives on Sexuality
Biblical sexual morality finds it basis in Genesis and Adam and Eve
Biblical views on sexuality show a struggle between culture and faith, which greatly influences today’s talks on sexual morals in Christian counseling. The Bible promotes a view of sexuality that encourages loyalty and closeness within marriage, but it also brings about feelings of shame that can prevent open talks about sexual health. For example, many women today, especially those who grew up in the Church, feel a spiritual conflict when their sexual actions do not match the set standards, leading to harmful habits (Armstrong et al., 2019). This gap calls for a review of how churches convey messages about sexuality and faith. The Church’s position, as stated by the Board of General Superintendents, highlights a traditional perspective that values heterosexual marriage as the only valid arena for sexual expression, often ignoring the challenges individuals face when figuring out their sexual identities (Church of the Nazarene et al., 2010). Therefore, counseling practices need to aim for a more inclusive approach that connects spiritual advice with real-life understandings of sexuality.
B. Historical Development of Christian Sexual Ethics
The development of sexual ethics in Christianity has been shaped by various theological views and cultural situations. Early Christian beliefs, which were largely influenced by Jewish writings, had clear sexual rules that focused on having children and staying faithful in marriage. But as the Church interacted with wider philosophical ideas, especially during the patristic era, opinions on sexuality became more complicated, showing a mix of strictness and recognition of human desire. The Protestant Reformation changed these conversations further, questioning the old moral standards and promoting personal belief that sometimes crossed traditional boundaries. This history shows the contradictions in the Church’s views on sexuality, as noted in today’s studies that indicate a continuing difficulty in combining spirituality with sexuality (Armstrong et al., 2019). Therefore, modern Christian counseling needs to deal with these historical issues to offer clear advice on sexual morality as societal norms change (Kate M. Ott, 2009).
C. The Role of Church Teachings in Shaping Morality
Church teachings are very important for shaping individual and community morals, especially about sexual ethics. In Pentecostal settings, for example, loyalty to God and single-partner relationships are highlighted, showing that sexual intimacy in marriage is both holy and better morally. These teachings guide followers to deal with complex social rules, especially in cultures where polygamy may be accepted, thereby affecting personal decisions about loyalty and sexual fulfillment (Quiroz et al., 2016). However, the gap between church beliefs and current cultural habits often results in moral confusion. Many women who grew up with strict church guidance find themselves stuck between the ideals of their religion and the social pressures that promote casual relationships before serious commitments (Armstrong et al., 2019). As a result, the clash between religious advice and sexual morality is filled with tension, highlighting the powerful and yet conflicting role of church teachings in today’s world.
III. Challenges in Christian Counseling Related to Sexual Morality
In dealing with the difficult issues of sexual morality, Christian counselors face big challenges from the mix of faith, culture, and personal beliefs. One key part of these challenges is the requirement to stick to biblical teachings while also dealing with the different and complicated sexual experiences of individuals. Many clients might have problems with their sexual identity or actions that clash with traditional Christian values, which makes counselors think hard about how to respond. As stated in psychology, which includes both behavior and thought processes (Bufford et al., 2006), dealing with these internal feelings is crucial for successful counseling. Moreover, there is a strong need for inclusivity in counseling views that recognize the wider social changes around sexuality. This is seen in efforts to bring together various cultural and theological perspectives (Behensky et al., 2006). These elements highlight the need for continuous conversation and adjustment in Christian counseling practices to better assist those looking for help.
A. Cultural Influences on Sexual Behavior
The values of the world and the Law of God usually do not coincide with Christian morality and sexuality
Cultural factors greatly influence sexual behavior, which shows the need for a careful understanding in Christian counseling. In different environments, especially where religion meets culture, these factors set rules about sexuality and family planning. For example, studies in rural Malawi show that the features of religious groups—like a leader’s positive view on family planning—can greatly affect how women use contraceptives, indicating that relationships within these religious communities are important ((Jenny Trinitapoli et al.)). Additionally, including various cultural viewpoints can help create more effective faith-based counseling methods, enhancing the conversation around sexual morality. By recognizing different voices and experiences in the Christian community, counselors can handle the challenges from varied cultural stories about sexuality, promoting a more inclusive and caring way to provide advice on sexual ethics ((Behensky et al., 2006)). This cultural awareness is crucial for encouraging healthy sexual practices that are in line with Christian beliefs.
B. Conflicts Between Personal Beliefs and Counseling Practices
Dealing with personal beliefs in counseling is hard for professionals, especially in Christian counseling and views on sexual morality. Counselors often find it tough to mix their faith-based values with the need to create accepting and non-judgmental spaces for clients who have different beliefs. This situation can cause problems during counseling sessions, where quick and automatic value judgments happen, showing how deep personal beliefs affect professional work (Randall et al., 2024). In addition, shifts in societal views on sexuality make these problems worse, putting counselors in difficult spots regarding their legal and ethical responsibilities. Recent studies show that there is a clear need for better support systems within the counseling field; without this support, many counselors may feel unready to handle these issues, which can hurt their capacity to give good care (Murray et al., 2019).
C. Addressing Sexual Identity and Orientation in Counseling
Dealing with the difficulties of sexual identity and orientation in counseling needs a good understanding of the cultural and religious backgrounds of individuals. Good counseling methods should include knowledge of societal influences—often shaped by church beliefs—which can create confusion for clients dealing with their identities. Recent studies show that seminaries have different ways of teaching sexuality in their programs, resulting in different counseling results ((Kate M. Ott, 2009)). Moreover, the gap between spirituality and sexuality, especially for women raised in religious settings, shows the need for approaches that support healthy sexual expression along with spiritual development ((Armstrong et al., 2019)). Counselors skilled in these areas can create a space where clients can explore both their sexuality and spiritual health together, ultimately helping them achieve self-acceptance and better relationship dynamics.
IV. Practical Approaches in Christian Counseling
In dealing with the many problems of sexual morality in Christian counseling, counselors have different practical ways to use both religious ideas and psychological methods. One helpful method is to bring together different cultures and fields in counseling practices, knowing that a person’s background affects their experiences and moral thinking. This supports the need for various voices in the integration process, indicating that different viewpoints can help improve therapy and deepen moral conversations ((Behensky et al., 2006)). Moreover, understanding how to manage one’s reputation can greatly affect pastoral care and counseling practices. By recognizing that clergy often worry about how they are seen by others, counselors can create spaces that encourage honest discussions and healing, which are crucial for tackling sensitive topics like sexuality. In the end, these methods not only make therapy more effective but also support a caring view of sexual morality in a Christian setting ((Bailey K. E. et al., 2019)).
A. Integrating Scripture with Counseling Techniques
Christian Counseling looks to integrate Biblical principles with counseling and psychology to form the most complete form of truth in counseling
Putting Scripture into therapy frameworks needs a clear understanding of how faith connects with mental processes. A key part of this integration is understanding the unique self-view of Christian clients, especially those in Independent Protestant groups, where the idea of sanctification influences how they see themselves and change. This theological view can clash with traditional psychological ideas that focus on self-awareness and emotional expression as ways to heal. Research shows that for these clients, their connection with Jesus is very important, acting as the way they view their personal challenges and therapy goals ((Darley et al., 2021)). This insight encourages counselors to adapt their approaches to match a client’s spiritual journey while also addressing emotional and thinking issues. Therefore, a teamwork approach that respects Scripture can create a caring and effective counseling experience, promoting deeper healing and aligning treatment goals with the process of sanctification ((Behensky et al., 2006)).
B. Developing a Framework for Ethical Decision-Making
The way of making ethical choices in Christian counseling needs a strong structure that combines spiritual ideas with the complicated nature of human actions. As counselors deal with the details of sexual ethics, they must find a way to connect their own beliefs with the various backgrounds and values of their clients. A solid grasp of Catholic social teachings can improve this structure by giving moral guidance that is both caring and strong, creating a space where young people can freely talk about their health issues and relationship matters (Cadegan et al., 1997). Furthermore, the idea of integrating values, as pointed out in recent research, stresses the need for counselors to be aware of their own values and to handle them well in their work (Randall et al., 2024). This combined approach, which brings together ethical reasoning and real-life application, helps counselors to thoughtfully manage conflicts and supports their ongoing professional development. In the end, setting up a complete ethical decision-making framework is crucial for bettering the effectiveness and trustworthiness of Christian counseling methods.
C. Providing Support for Individuals Facing Sexual Issues
Dealing with sexual problems often needs several angles that include both mental understanding and spiritual help. In Christian counseling, dealing with sexual issues means making a safe space where people can address their worries openly. Many struggle because of the mixed messages about sexuality that come from society and the Church. An example is seen in the changing French child protection system, where past beliefs can shape how people think and act about sexuality ((Grevot et al., 2002)). Additionally, many women who are just entering adulthood, raised in homes that do not support talking about sex, feel a conflict between their faith and sexual feelings that adds to their problems ((Armstrong et al., 2019)). By giving counselors the tools to promote open discussions and connect sexuality with spiritual beliefs, helpers can support individuals in aligning their faith with their sexual identities. This kind of support is vital for building healthier relationships and personal development.
V. Conclusion
In conclusion, the link between Christian counseling and sexual morality needs a careful look at both spiritual and social factors. The interactions within religious groups, especially in varied environments, significantly influence how people think about sexual ethics and using contraceptives. For example, how church leaders impact family planning choices shows the need to tailor religious messages to modern challenges, as seen in rural Malawi where certain church traits are more influential on contraceptive actions than general denomination ties (Jenny Trinitapoli et al.). Additionally, the difficulties clergy face reconciling their beliefs with their duties highlight the fragile balance needed to maintain respect and provide effective support in counseling situations. The management of public perception in religious contexts, as examined in the study of clergy from Chinese and American churches, illustrates how these leaders handle moral issues while assisting their members (Bailey K. E. et al., 2019). In the end, these findings emphasize the need for ongoing discussions and adjustments in Christian counseling methods to promote healthy sexual morality that aligns with people’s real experiences.
A. Summary of Key Insights
When looking at sexual morality in Christian counseling, several main points come forward that help us understand this complicated topic. To start, the role of face management and how it affects the behavior of clergy shows the need to explore how cultural factors shape counseling methods ((Bailey K. E. et al., 2019)). This connection illustrates how the concern for reputation and feelings of shame might affect choices, which in turn impacts the success of counseling sessions. Additionally, bringing in a variety of views improves the conversation about sexual morality. By considering minority perspectives from different cultural and religious backgrounds, Christian counselors can create a broader approach that addresses existing biases and appreciates the complexity of personal experiences ((Behensky et al., 2006)). This mix of ideas creates a more inclusive and effective way of dealing with sexual morality, which connects with the varied realities of clients while staying true to Christian beliefs.
B. The Future of Christian Counseling and Sexual Morality
As Christian counseling changes, combining different views is important for dealing with modern issues about sexual morality. This change pushes counselors to listen to voices that were once ignored, making discussions in the field more meaningful (Behensky et al., 2006). By being open to this diversity, Christian counselors can better handle the complicated topics of sexual orientation and identity that often conflict with traditional beliefs. Additionally, research on how Christian university students feel about homosexuality and the effectiveness of sexual reorientation therapy shows that future counseling needs to focus on both ideas and real-world effects of these beliefs (Roller et al., 2011). As counselors work through the connections between faith and sexuality, they must strive to create a respectful and understanding space that respects their religious beliefs while addressing the real challenges faced by individuals seeking help in a more diverse society.
C. Call to Action for Counselors and Faith Communities
Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification
Counselors and faith groups need to work together to deal with the complicated issues of sexual morality in a Christian context. By promoting open conversations that look at the psychological, emotional, and spiritual aspects of people’s experiences, these groups can offer more complete support for individuals struggling with sexual identity and morality. This teamwork helps counselors gain a better understanding of theology and allows faith leaders to handle sensitive topics with more empathy and informed advice. Additionally, creating educational workshops that examine the relationship between faith and sexuality can help connect traditional beliefs with modern realities, improving the community’s ability to manage these tough discussions. By taking a proactive approach, counselors and faith communities can build an atmosphere of grace and understanding, encouraging people to seek help and healing in their personal journeys.
Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification and see if it meets your academic and professional goals. The program is designed for pastors, ministers, priests, counselors-both pastoral and clinical to utilize integrated Christian Counseling to everyday life in ministry or profession. The program is also independent study and online with mentorship as needed.
Behensky, Charles, Flanagan, Kelly Schimmel, Gibson, Nicholas J.S., Hicks, Mitchell W., Kimball, Cynthia Neal, Pak, Jenny H., Plante, Thomas G, Porter, Steven L., Schwer, Sally, Yangarber-Hicks, Natalia (2006). Invitation to the Table Conversation: A Few Diverse Perspectives on Integration. https://core.ac.uk/download/84118523.pdf
Bailey K. E., Beazley H., Bloomquist K. L., Bobgan M., Branson M. L., Broomhall R., Broucek F. J., Colaizzi P. F., Cowles C. S., Creswell J. W., Dolezal L., Elias N., Ferch S. R., Fitzgibbons R., Frankl V. E., Giddens A., Goffman E., Goffman E., Greenleaf R. K., Gushee D. P., Hays R. B., Holden D. E., Horney K., Howe E. M., Hutcheson R. G., Jr., Johnson D., Kroeger C. C., Liden R. C., Lin Y., Lohse K. E., Morrison A. P., North J., Palmer P. J., Patterson K., Ruether R. R., Scazzero P., Schirrmacher T., Song J., Sterland S., Straus E. W., Sturnick J. A., Sun Y., Tajfel H., Taylor C., Ting-Toomey S., Ting-Toomey S., Ting-Toomey S., Tracy K., van Kaam A., VanVonderen J., Webb W. J., West T. C., Worthington E. L., Zhai X. W. (2019). Understanding Face and Shame: A Servant-Leadership and Face Management Model. https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=dps_fac
Myler, Cory John (2013). Increasing psychological flexibility regarding interpersonal conflict between religious beliefs and attitudes towards sexual minorities: An Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) intervention. https://core.ac.uk/download/32558739.pdf
Cadegan, Una M., Donnelly, Brenda Wixson, Doyle, Dennis M., Thompson, Teresa L., Voydanoff, Patricia, Wagner, Joan McGuinness (1997). The Challenge of Adolescent Health: Views from Catholic Social Teaching and the Social and Medical Sciences. https://core.ac.uk/download/232827801.pdf
Silo, Kirby J. (2022). An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Evangelical Pastors’ Competencies in Biblical Male Sexuality and Spiritual Formation. https://core.ac.uk/download/516439686.pdf
Jenny Trinitapoli, Sara Yeatman (2024). Beyond denomination: The relationship between religion and family planning in rural Malawi. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7127206.pdf
Church of the Nazarene, Board of General Superintendents. (2010). Pastoral Perspectives from Your General Superintendents on Homosexuality. https://core.ac.uk/download/153758696.pdf
Quiroz, Sitna (2016). The Dilemmas of Monogamy: Pleasure, Discipline and the Pentecostal Moral Self in the Republic of Benin. https://core.ac.uk/download/578106765.pdf
Darley, E., Darley, E. (2021). ‘What Would Jesus Do?’: Toward a Grounded Theory of Born-Again Christians’ Process of Sanctification and Therapeutic Implications. https://core.ac.uk/download/467106752.pdf
Psycho dynamic therapies are Freudian in base and look at past traumas in early life and other emotional scars to explain present behaviors. In understanding why one acts a certain way, one can then address the current behavior. How one grieves and reacts to loss can also be understood in one’s past. Grief counselors who utilize aspects of Psycho Dynamic theory help individuals understand their past losses to better cope with their present. This can also include how they dealt with loss and grief in the past and how those grieving patterns are negatively effecting a current loss.
Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification and see if it meets your academic and professional goals. The program is online and independent study with mentorship as needed and open to qualified professionals in human services, mental health, ministry, and healthcare with appropriate degrees or licensures.
Crisis Intervention is a specialty field that is on the battlefield itself. It is the first aid of those in initial emotional pain and mental disorientation. It involves emergency workers, fire, police, paramedics, but also trained professionals in social work, chaplaincy and mental health. These individuals go to the distressed whether the situation is individual or collective at a local or state level. They meet the emotionally distressed at their home, whether it is due to violent crime, rape, murder, suicide, or sudden death, or to sites where national disasters such as hurricanes have wiped out a person’s home, or to terrorist or shooting sites where communities are left without meaning. Crisis Intervention Specialists look to help individuals find sanity in the insanity and help equip them with the necessary immediate physical, mental, emotional and spiritual care needed to access and find direction. They are not long term specialists for trauma but the first mental health responders to crisis itself.
Those in crisis intervention look to stabilize the person and help them regain emotional balance and the ability to cope when things personal or local disaster strikes
Crisis Intervention stems back the very first Suicide phone line in 1906 and the need for it was escalated with the infamous Coconut Grove Nightclub fire of 1942 (James, 2017, p. 3). The crisis emergency became more apparent with the Community Mental Health Act of 1963 that closed asylums and referred those with mental issues to local mental health services (James, 2017. p. 3-4). Unfortunately, without observation, most suffering from mental trauma, addiction, or minor mental health became the problem of law enforcement and many now find themselves in prisons. The constant and sometimes fatal interactions with mentally unstable individuals with police have led to multiple unfortunate deaths which have called for better mental health accountability by society as well as police training in crisis intervention. With the awakening of post Vietnam PTSD among veterans, addiction, as well as women rights and abuse, the need for crisis intervention grew even more. Today it is a must in a society with many mental maladies that lead to acute instance of crisis.
Crisis definition while sharing key qualities is defined by many mental health professionals. According to James there are a variety of instances that constitute crisis. People can face crisis when obstacle to life goals seems to insurmountable that it leads to despair and disorganization in life. People can face crisis when a traumatic event occurs that totally usurps one’s life and life narrative. People face crisis when a person has no response for the problem or immobilizes them and prevents them from moving forward. People face crisis when fall into anxiety, fear, shock and distress about a disruption in life. People face crisis a loss of psychological equilibrium and emotional instability and imbalance result. People face crisis when they enter into an acute emotional situation arising from external sources that one has temporary inability to cope with or deal with. People face crisis with extraordinary events of disaster and terror or rapidly building stressors that upset the homeostatic balance of the person’s life creating a vulnerable state (2017, p. 9).
James also gives a more precise definition accumulating the above ideas of crisis. He refers to crisis as the “perception or experiencing of an event or situation as intolerable difficulty that exceeds the person’s current resources and coping mechanisms. Unless the person obtains relief, the crisis has the potential to cause severe affective, behavioral, cognitive malfunctioning up to the point of instigating injurious or lethal behavior to oneself or others (2017, p. 9)”.
Types of Emergencies
Behavioral emergencies when situations escalate to a point of immediate intervention to avoid death or injury (James, 2017. p. 9). This can include suicide intervention, homicides , lethal situations, abuse, rape, or any type of violent interpersonal behavior. It can be direct or indirect. Sometimes these emergencies occur due to accidents without intent of injury but injury or life risk occurs. In other cases, they can be a product of emotional reaction
Another type of emergency is referred to systemic emergencies that affect organizations, communities or nations. James defines a systemic emergency as a “when a traumatic event occurs such that people, institutions, communities and ecologies are overwhelmed and response systems are unable to effectively contain and control the event in regard to both physical and psychological reactions to it (2017, p.11)”. These can include natural disasters such as hurricanes, tsunamis, earthquakes or tornadoes, as well as terrorist actions, or public shootings. Within all crisis is the possible of it spreading. The term metastasizing crisis is utilized to explain how crisis can outgrow one person and spread to another or how one local crisis can spread to a larger reason. Crisis Intervention teams and emergency response units look to contain crisis through primary prevention as well as secondary intervention policies to prevent as well as minimize.
In all of these cases, the presence of danger exists. Things can change quickly and there are no quick fixes In most of these crises, individuals are faced with choice or no choice. Many are unable to make a choice without help but choosing to do something shows ability to respond and react. Whether an individual is negatively effected by a crisis depends on their individual makeup. Any human being can be victim of a crisis but how one responds depends on interior and exterior characteristics of both the person and the the type of emergency. Resiliency plays a key role in whether one in crisis events and emergencies will go numb, or emotionally instable and uncapable of response. Ultimately beyond exterior and interior sources of a person, it is ultimately one’s perception of the crisis that has a stronger influence than the actual event itself (James, 2017, p. 11-12).
Types of Crisis and Transcrisis States
Within these types of emergencies, there exist numerous types of crisis to the individual. Individuals can suffer from developmental crisis as a result of change throughout life that produces abnormal responses of crisis. Such examples can include the birth of a child, college, a midlife crisis, or even aging (James, 2017, p. 18). In addition to developmental crisis, individuals also face situational crises that are uncommon or extraordinary as to result in inability to respond or cope. Existential crises are far deeper reaching and reach the core of the person’s belief system. Finally, ecosystemic crises involve acts of nature, or human causes evils or disasters that affect individuals or communities (James, 2017. p. 18).
Individuals can experience many different types of crises.
While it is the job of the Crisis Intervention Specialist to help individuals again find balance during crisis, sometimes individuals carry baggage of unresolved issues and current stressors can trigger past unresolved trauma. This is referred to as transcrisis states that can emerge. These states can also occur due to a variety of mental issues ranging from development and unfilled duties, to repressed trauma, as well as addiction which can lead one into crisis when faced with other issues.
James notes however that transcrisis state should not be confused with PTSD which is an identifiable disorder linked to a specific trauma (2017, p. 13). While those with PTSD may be in a transcrisis situation, transcrisis by itself is more vague and due to multiple issues and stressors. The state is one that is residual and reoccurring and always capable of catching fire with a stressor that overflows the cup of the person’s mental abilities.
Basic Crisis Intervention Theories
Lindermann introduced the first basic concepts of Crisis Intervention with his research from survivors from the Coconut Grove Nightclub fire but he focused more solely on normal grief reactions and adjustments to the loss. Caplan, later would view the whole of the traumatic event as crisis beyond grief and loss. Caplan listed the the basic qualities of crisis and adjustment to crisis involving disturbed equilibrium, grief therapy, grief work and restoration of equilibrium (James, 2017, p. 14-15).
Other systems would expand on this basic theory and address certain aspects of psychology of one or more over the other. This included various systems. First, psychoanalytic theory applied the idea of expanded crisis theory beyond general systems that surround the person to also include the individual’s subconscious thoughts and past emotional experiences and how they relate to the current crisis (James, 2017, p. 15). Systems theory instead of looking within the person, emphasized analyzing the interrelationships and interdependence of individuals in crisis or the event and how needs were met within those systems. Via aid and assistance, one can lessen the crisis to the individual or family (James, 2017, p. 16). Ecosystems theory places more emphasis on the macrosystem involving the person, family or community and the interrelated elements and how change to one aspect can lead to disarray for the whole (James, 2017, p. 16). Adaptational Theory focuses on a persons adaptive or maladaptive coping strategies and how good coping will alleviate the crisis sooner than maladaptive reactions. Hence the focus is on how one copes with the issue in a healthy way (James, 2017, p. 16). Interpersonal theory focus on internal locus of the person and the ability to reshape and reframe and find optimism. It is based on empathy and listening as well as the ability to help individuals find confidence that will ultimately defeat the crisis state (James, 2017, p. 17-18). Finally, Developmental theory analyzes how ones development in life has prepared or not prepared an individual for future crisis (James, 2017, p. 18)
Crisis Intervention Models
The three primary models in crisis intervention are the equilibrium model, the cognitive model and psychosocial transition model.
Different models approach crisis from different angles. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Certification
The Equilibrium model is based off Caplan and identifies crisis state as an emotional and mental imbalance. Their abilities to cope and meet the needs of the crisis are overwhelmed and require assistance in finding equilibrium as opposed to disequilibrium. The goal is to help individuals find balance (James, 2017, p. 19).
The Cognitive model looks to correct faulty thinking in crisis regarding the events surrounding the crisis. The goal is to help the individual become aware of their faulty thinking, reframe and change their views or beliefs about the situation. They are very much connected with CBT (James, 2017, p. 19).
The Psychosocial model states that individuals are a product of their genes, social influences and social environment. When crisis arrives, professionals look to help individuals identify internal behaviors and moods as well external factors which are preventing the individual from utilizing resources or workable alternatives to the crisis at hand (James, 2017, p. 19).
A large part of all models is helping individuals again be able to cope with the problem at hand. Hence the term Psychological First Aid was coined for crisis intervention (James, 2017, p. 20-21). Like stopping the bleeding of the wound, crisis intervention specialists, first responders, emergency relief, social workers, and chaplains are trained to help individuals by meeting basic needs so the person can regain pre-crisis state. US Department of Veteran Affairs, among many, list the most important steps in psychological first aid. Some of these issues also deal with supplying basic safety and security, including shelter and food when necessary as part of basic Maslov needs. Basic Psychological First Aid includes proper contact and engagement which is non-intrusive and compassionate. It should include a sense of safety and comfort. It needs to help stabilize if needed the individual from a mental perspective. It needs to gather information for the needs of the individual and then giving practical assistance for those needs. Furthermore, it entails connecting the individual with social supports such as family, friends as well as informing the individual how to cope with stress and help the person continue to function. Finally, it involves securing for the individual future contacts for aid and help with various services for their particular issue or mental health. (James , 2017, p. 21).
Within this first aid model, the ACT model can play as key guide. One needs to access the problem and understand the needs of the person, connect the person to social support systems and to identify any traumatic reactions or possible future disorders.
Conclusion
Crisis comes in many forms and is universal to all humanity but different people react differently to crisis. Some may lose emotional balance and equilibrium and need immediate care. Those in emergency services, chaplaincy, social work, or disaster relief need to understand the nature of crisis and how to help individuals in the moment regain that emotional equilibrium. While different crisis range and different models exist to help others, crisis intervention is similar to emotional first aid in that it looks to stop the immediate emotional bleeding and help the person again regain control of the situation and be able to cope. While this only deals with the first phase of a long recovery, like all emergency and acute situations, it is vital for many to be able to survive the initial blast of crisis at during different times.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program and see if it meets your academic and professional goals. The program is online and independent study with mentorship as needed. The program is and to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification who work in human services, mental health and healthcare professionals, social work, chaplaincy, nursing, emergency call centers, first responders, and disaster relief teams.
Resource
James, R. & Gilliland, B. (2017). Crisis Intervention Strategies (8th)”. Cengage
Additional Resources
Boscarino, J. (2015). “Community Disasters, Psychological Trauma, and Crisis Intervention”. Published in final edited form as: Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2015. National Library of Medicine. Access here
Ford, J. D. (2021). Essential elements of crisis intervention. In J. D. Ford, Crises in the psychotherapy session: Transforming critical moments into turning points (pp. 63–79). American Psychological Association. Access here
Valeii, K. (2024). “Psychological First Aid: How It’s Used”. Very Well Health. Access here
Wang, D & Gupta, V. (2023). “Crisis Intervention”. National Library of Medicine. Access here
