Abusive predators seek the most vulnerable as their prey and strike when the opportunity best presents itself. Many targets are those who have already been targeted in the past. The scars and emotional trauma associated with initial abuse signal opportunity for the predator to strike a new victim who has already once been injured. Counselors in trauma need to be aware of the potential for someone who has been abused to be abused again. This is why the work of healing is so critical. Healing helps the person find wholeness again and find strength in everyday life to proceed in a healthy way that can better equip the victim/survivor to protect oneself from future abuse at anyone’s hands. In this short blog, we will look at the most vulnerable for re-victimization as well as the open wounds of unhealed trauma that present opportunities for predators and abuses to inflict more trauma on past victims.
Trauma informed care can help prevent re-victimization of abuse survivors
Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care Program, as well as its Crisis Intervention Certification and other Behavioral Health Certifications for qualified professionals seeking certification.
At Risk Populations
Naturally the marginalized, isolated, and injured populations present opportunistic targets for predators. As a predator in nature monitors the the herd of prey, it looks for members who seem and appear physically weaker or isolated or confused or who are already injured. Likewise, human predators and abusers look for those in society that are an easier target with less chance of fighting back physically or emotionally and as well those who mentally possess low self esteem and emotional disorders. This protects them and lowers the chance for reprisal or being apprehended. This is the nature of an abuser-cowardice and opportunistic.
Some populations that are natural targets for any type of abuse include children, the elderly, emotionally and mentally comprised and those with disabilities (Compton, 2024, p.124). Hence individuals within these categories present excellent targets by the abuser not only for initial abuse but also fall into re-victimization themselves. Counselors and safe-guarders need to be aware of these target populations and look to protect them from potential dangerous environments, especially ones with previous abuse history.
What Makes the Risk Higher for Re-victimization?
Ultimately lack of healing from the initial abuse makes someone a higher risk for re-victimization at the hands of abuser or predator. The lack of healing injures the very soul of the person and prevents them from integrating into society. Many enter into maladaptive coping strategies to numb the pain of the trauma or enter into unhealthy relationships due to low self esteem and again find themselves in the same patterns.
Compton points out that attachment deficits, emotion regulation disruptions and cognitive distortions play key roles in making victims susceptible to future abuse. Compton points out that children and others who have continually experienced abuse have been stripped healthy of attachments that non-abused individuals experience with family and caregivers. Instead of a loving and caring family that promises safety and security, abused individuals live in a world of uncertainty, terror and no safety. This drastically alters their ability to understand normal relations, much less form future healthy attachments with other people. Instead of finding secure bonds, many abused that never find healing, find themselves in the same situation with a different person. The individual ultimately expects abuse as a norm (2024, p. 125-126). Hence when approached or targeted, many abused are familiar with it. While they may seek to escape it or fear it, they do not respond as an un-abused person. Instead many either isolate, feel the re-traumatization, and become unwilling victims not understanding why or how to escape.
Helping stop re-victimization of at risk populations is a key component of trauma informed care. Please also review AIHCP’s Behavioral Health Certifications
Compton also refers to emotional regulation disruptions. Like anyone with PTSD or trauma, unresolved trauma resides in the subconscious. It remains trapped in the emotional part of the brain, not properly filed within the intellectual part. The trauma is dis-fragmented and the horrible nature of the trauma continues to haunt a person. Hence when a person experiences a similar sound, or scent, or visual of the past trauma, the body responds emotionally without rationale into a fight, flight or freeze mode. This is a common state of hyperarousal that many with PTSD or trauma experience. The long term defensive mechanisms for this unhealed trauma results in isolation from other people, as well as numbing through alcohol or other drugs, as well as lashing out at others, Abusers target those who are isolated, friendless, or who are intoxicated or in need of drugs to numb their pain (2024, p. 127-128). in the mind of an abuser, an isolated individual has no-one for support and a drug user is far from reliable as a witness.
Finally, cognitive distortions can persist in the unhealed victim. Without counseling and cognitive therapies to correct incorrect perceptions of self, the abused develops an poor image of self and the value of one’s body. The very design of sexuality and its purpose can also be distorted. Victims reflect low self esteem, misuse of sex as a way to find instant gratification, or allow one’s body to be used by others. This can result in how a victim interacts with others, dresses, or expects to be touched or touches others (Compton, 2024, p. 128-129). These cognitive distortions, views of one’s body, or the misinformed nature of sex, open many unhealed victims to new abusers who can use these distortions to their advantage in luring the victim back into abuse.
Why Not Find Help?
It is easy as non-traumatized individuals to ask this question but if someone is injured through abuse or trauma, the whole self is injured. Until the whole self again finds healing, purpose and meaning and the issues of emotional, cognitive and bonds are corrected, then many never seek help or even report the initial abuse. In addition, those who seek help may feel intimidated, labeled, judged, or felt no-one will believe them.
Some may feel embarrassed over the abuse. During fight, flight or freeze, survivors make a choice in how to respond to the violence. Some individuals may fight, others may try to escape, or others my freeze in utter fear. We see this constantly in horror movies. As we shout at the television screen, for the person to fight back or run, we see some literally freeze. Maybe subconsciously an individual feels if they have a better chance of not fighting back and allowing the abuse to occur in hopes of survival as opposed to being kills in an attempted act of self defense. It is very hard to understand why some individuals fight, flight or freeze, but after traumatic events, the brain thinks back. There is survival guilt for some in war or shootings where the individual re-analyzes their reactions. This can lead to shame, or guilt or regret. Some in abuse, may feel they should have screamed, or fought back, while others lament the fact, that despite the abuse, in some cases, of sex, part of the physical engagement was pleasurable. This is especially true in the case of men who find themselves raped by women abusers. Others who are raped or molested may feel like a “whore” or if a man is assaulted by a man, feel as if their sexuality is now questioned and feel ashamed about being labeled a sexuality that they are not (Compton, 2024, p. 130-131).
Others may feel no-one will believe them and in some cases, authorities do not always believe. Parents may doubt a story of their child about a pastor or coach, or a church member may dismiss a report about a priest, or a police detective may question the details of an abuse story, but when help is not given, re-victimization can occur. One thing to remember, victims of severe trauma have fragmented memories. The brain is protecting the person from the trauma by fogging many of the details. Since the trauma is not properly filed and stored in the intellectual pre-frontal cortex of the brain, the emotional centers of the brain collect the trauma and revisit it through affective disturbances that involve similar sounds, sights, or scents. A similar cologne of an abuser can send a victim into a flash back of the horrible abuse, or a the backfire of a car can send a military veteran back to a war scene. Hence triggers play a key role, as well as intrusive memories, in taking the victim back to the initial trauma, while in regular conscious states, the victim may not recount completely every detail regarding the abuse. The details haunt, but the general story remains the same. This type of lack of detail can sometimes make others doubt a survivor/victim, but a trained professional should see the overwhelming evidence of trauma induced PTSD that reflects far greater evidence of abuse than mere details (Compton, 2024, p. 131-132)
When reporting never occurs, or when authorities do not believe victims, re-victimization usually occurs later in life. It is hence important to prevent future re-victimization to believe the abused. Counselors, pastors, and even friends need to believe and encourage disclosure and when legally required report the incidents to protect the victim. As a safeguarder and protector, one has the unique opportunity to help reconnect to a injured person and help them again find wholeness, meaning and justice (Compton, 2024, p. 133).
Conclusion
Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care Program as well as its Behavioral Health Certifications
It is truly sad that anyone is a victim of any type of abuse in this world. It is especially horrific that individuals who find no healing continue to find themselves in a cycle of abuse at the hands of predators and abusers. It is important for behavioral healthcare and health providers, as well as pastoral caregivers, families and friends to recognize the signs the abuse, as well as to understand those who are potential victims for possible future abuse. This involves utilization of trauma informed care practices that encourage disclosure through safe environments, as well as transparency, empathy, trust, and the utilization of therapeutic skills to help the person again find healing and meaning.
Compton, L & Patterson, T (2024). “Skills for Safeguarding: A Guide to Preventing Abuse and Fostering Healing in the Church”. Academic
Additional Resources
Marie, S. (2024). “Abuse Survivors Can Be Revictimized — Here’s What You Should Know”. Healthline. Access here
Gillette, H. (2022). “Can Family Members Revictimize Sexual Abuse Survivors?”. PsychCentral. Access here
Patrick, W. (2022), “Why Some Sexual Assault Victims Are Revictimized”. Psychology Today. Access here
Pittenger, S. et al. (2019). “Predicting Sexual Revictimization in Childhood and Adolescence: A Longitudinal Examination Using Ecological Systems Theory”.
Child Maltreat . Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 1. PubMed. Access here
Trauma Informed Care highlights the reality of trauma as a universal human experience. Whether deeply effected to the point of PTSD, long term effects or no effects at all, traumatic events do occur and leave an imprint on some individuals. Ultimately, the these events occur but it is our experience and how it effects ourselves that determine impairment later in life. Unfortunately, most traumatic cases, especially in abuse, never go reported and individuals live with unresolved trauma that manifests in many maladaptive ways later in life. TIC looks to uproot trauma when identifying various symptoms that point towards it possible existence. Hence, if one is counseling from a TIC perspective, then it is only natural that eventually trauma will re-emerge in a victim/survivor/client.
When someone discloses abuse or trauma, the counselor needs to understand how to listen, and help the victim/survivor heal. Please also review AIHCP’s Behavioral Health Certifications
Obviously basic counseling and advanced counseling skills and techniques all play a key role in helping the individual discuss these difficult events in his/her life, but there are also particular skills key to addressing trauma that are essential. While TIC looks to search for trauma, trauma specific interventions are essential to help the person express and heal from the trauma. In addition, how the trauma is discussed and handled within the counseling room is equally key. In this blog, we will look at trauma, its sources, counselor reaction to the client, discussing trauma itself, and ways to better facilitate the discussions of trauma itself.
Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care programs, as well as all of AIHCP’s Behavioral and Mental Health Programs in Grief Counseling, Crisis Intervention, Stress Management, Anger Management and Spiritual Counseling programs.
Trauma Lurks Below
We are well aware that the traumatic events are universal and 70 percent of the population will experience some type of trauma. Of course how the trauma affects the person has numerous subjective factors based upon the person and many surrounding aspects. Ellis points out that individuals in childhood have different levels of exposure to trauma based on their Adverse Childhood Experiences (2022). ACE refers to these adverse childhood experiences and categorizes them as actual events but also deeper seeded social issues that act as roots to the trauma tree and its many branches and fruits. Adverse Community Environments or roots of the problem include multiple negative social issues such as poverty, discrimination, community disruption, lack of economic mobility and opportunity, poor housing and frequent exposure to social violence. These horrible things manifest into various possible traumatic experiences for individuals that will shape them for the rest of their lives. This includes issues that the child might experience at a young age such as maternal depression, emotional, physical and sexual abuse, substance abuse, domestic violence, homelessness, incarceration of self or family members, divorces, physical and emotional neglect and exposure to mental illness (Ellis, 2022).
In turn, later in adolescence and life, fruits of these abuses and traumas will emerge. Behaviors that include drug use, alcoholism, smoking, lack of physical activity and lack of work ethic. In addition, these fruits can manifest in severe obesity, diabetes, depression, suicide attempts, STDs, heart disease, cancer, stroke and various injuries. TIC looks to identify these warning signs and fruits of ACE and acknowledges that not every one’s life was calm, peaceful and loving. This is not to say even the most loving home can face loss and trauma or violent crime, but it does awaken us as a while that people are just much nurture as they are nature in what they become and how their behaviors exhibit themselves. This is why as counselors, we must show empathy even to undesired behaviors. We are not dismissing choice, or condoning bad behaviors or life styles or even later criminal actions, but we are putting a spot light on a great systematic breakdown in society as a whole and how trauma can alter and turn so many people into persons they would never have been. The role of a counselor when facing emerging trauma in counseling is to help the person find peace with the past, cope in the present and find hope in the future.
Shattered but Not Broken
I believe that despite horrible trauma, one can be shattered, but it does not mean one has to be permanently broken. One will always have the scars from that trauma, one will have a far different life due to it as well, but that does not mean it breaks the person. While some may become overwhelmed and lose themselves or become the evil itself that destroyed them, it does not have to be that way.
Individuals who suffer trauma and abuse may be shattered but through a caring counselor and support can find healing and a new self actualization
Trauma can be like the story of the comic hero Batman, who as a child witnessed the murder of his parents, only to turn that trauma and pain into a life long crusade against crime. While a fictional character, I think still, if we look at the story of young Bruce Wayne and his traumatic experience, we can take a lesson from it and see how when trauma is properly processed, while life altering, it can bring out resiliency and growth, and an ability to find meaning.
Outside TIC mindsets, most trauma survivors who are shattered are afraid to bring up the past in counseling and rarely spontaneously disclose their trauma. (Sweeney. A, 2018). It is hence important to understand how to help heal the broken through discussion of trauma and how to facilitate healing. Cochran points out that all human beings are in a state of “becoming” We are constantly changing whether into a traumatic event or out of it, we are never the same but learning how to adjust. Who we are today are not who we were in the past but we are constantly in flux in our experiences and how we interpret them (2021, p. 8). All individuals look however to meet a certain self actualization of self. These self actualizations when molded in a healthy and loving trauma free environment possess healthy concepts of self image and self worth. Trauma and abuse can destroy these images (Cochran, 2021, p. 9-15). Cochran uses the oak tree as an example of self actualization. While the mighty oak is the final concept of what we see as the fullest potential of an acorn, or small sapling, sometimes, those who are victims of abuse or trauma are unable to fulfill their initial abilities or design. Like a young tree that was struck by lightening or partially uprooted, the ideal self actualization has been altered. Unlike a tree though, human beings have far better abilities to recreate image and self actualization. Although shattered, altered and changed, human beings through guidance and support can still grow and meet new goals and fulfill new self actualizations, albeit shatter, but not broken (Cochran, 2021, p. 11-12).
Hence, Cochran points out that as a person develops, like a tree, one can develop and grow without interruption, while others trees may experience difficult times of drought, poor soil, damage, or broken limbs. Each life experience is different and through trauma, individuals develop different self concepts of what is regular or normal as well as what to expect of oneself. Trauma hence can be very damaging. It is important in TIC to find this trauma and to help the shattered find wholeness again and a new way to exist with the past. When trauma is discovered in counseling or finally disclosed, it is hence important to know how to cultivate the discussion and navigate the difficult discussions.
The Calm in the Storm: Counselor Qualities in Trauma Informed Care
Counselors in general need to display certain qualities with their clients but this is especially true in the case of trauma victims or trauma survivors. Karl Rogers approached all counseling in a very client based approach that emphasized complete emotional support via empathy, genuineness and unconditional positive regard. These three qualities not only create a safe environment for disclosure but also helped create a sense of trust between counselor and victim that facilitated healing. Robin Gobbel, LMSW, emphasizes the importance of safety and the necessity of “felt safety” within between the counselor and the victim or survivor or client. Many individuals who are victims of trauma feel chronic “danger, danger” feelings. Due to PTSD, certain triggers can alert the brain to the dangers that are not truly present. The lack of the prefrontal cortex to dismiss the false alarm is not present in trauma survivors. Hence the scent of a cologne similar to a molester, or a car backfiring in a public street can send a trauma survivor into a flight, fright or freeze sense. Helping a person feel safe internally is hence key. In addition to internal issues, “felt safety” also applies to the counseling room itself. In previous blogs, we discussed the importance of agencies creating a environment that promotes a safe feeling for the individual to disclose and discuss the abuse or trauma. They must feel private, secure and free of threat, free of retribution, or even judgement. Physical environment can be helpful in this, but it also must be accompanied with the counselor’s ability to implement basic counseling skills, via word use, tone, body language and facial expressions.
A counselor can supply empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard for the victim.
This is all best implemented through empathetic listening, genuine interest and unconditional positive regard. Empathetic listening is not judgmental but it allows oneself to not feel what one thinks another should feel, but attempts to understand and share what one is feeling and why. Cochran describes empathy as feeling with the client (2021, p. 79). Empathy can be emitted by sharing the same emotions and words that describe those emotions with the client. Empathy does not require one agreeing with the client, their beliefs, choices or actions, but it does involve walking with the client and attempting to understand all the things that make him/her feel the way he/she does.
In addition to empathy, Karl Rogers emphasized the importance of being genuine. Rogers pointed out that the therapist is being him/herself without professional facade of being all knowing or merely a person with letters behind his/her name. Rogers continued that the counselor needs to be genuine in the feelings of the moment and aware of those moments where feelings are expressed. Ultimately, the therapist becomes transparent and down to earth with the client without any ulterior motives but the healing of the client. This helps the client see that the therapist is truly there to help and more willing to open and disclose issues (Cochran, 2021, p. 132). Ultimately, Cochran points out that all counselors if they seek to be genuine need to know oneself and express oneself.
Tying together empathy and genuineness is the key Rogerian concept of Unconditional Positive Regard for a client. This concept is a cornerstone for counseling. It is also sometimes a difficult concept. It does not mean that the counselor again always agrees with beliefs, choices, or actions of a client, but it does entail an unwavering support for the client/victim/survivor that looks not for an agenda or conditional response but a gentle guidance of self development that does not demand but instead listens, nods and recommends without condition. Studies have shown that when conditions are tied to change, change becomes far more difficult. Unconditional Positive Regard retains the autonomy of the client to learn how to change on their own terms.
Rogers listed warmth, acceptance and prizing as three key elements of UPR. Warmth represents the care of the client and genuine empathy. It is the fertile soil that produces a an atmosphere of trust and disclosure. Acceptance is the ability of the counselor without bias to accept the immediate emotions of a person in counseling-whether illogical, angry, hateful, confused or resenting (Cochran, 2021, p. 103). In trauma, many emotions that are sputtered out are helpful in healing. If they are diagnosed, judged or refuted, then this can stunt disclosure. Trauma victims or survivors need a place to express their feelings anytime and anyway without judgement. Acceptance allows the person to express without regret. Many times, the emotions displayed can help the counselor see clues to past incidents, or even help understand the current emotional state of the person. Cochran points out that when a person is allowed to swear, scream, express, or seem illogical without reproach, many times, they will re-evaluate their own reactions in a healthy way (2021, p. 103). Finally, prizing is a concept of UPR that emphasizes the person as a treasure and someone special who is unique and special. Prizing is not an overstatement or infatuation but is a sensitive way of caring and a genuine way of expressing to the client that he/she matters (Cochran, 2021. p. 104). Prizing despite the pain and downfalls, also looks to lift the person up by highlighting the strengths of the person and helps encourage the person to healing and change. Rogers believed that UPR helps clients discover who they truly are. He believed that self-acceptance leads to real change. Through full expression of the spectrum of emotions, one can in a safe environment see the counselor acceptance and hence accept themselves in expressing issues and trauma (Cochran, 2021, p.109-110).
We cannot put agendas, our own judgements, moral beliefs, or expected outcomes upon clients. Some clients in trauma need certain environments to feel safe to heal, or they need to feel that their story has no conditions that must be met. When counselors put agendas on the table, expect outcomes, or think they know better, then their regard becomes conditioned which is detrimental to disclosure and healing (Cochran, 2021, p. 114-116). Many times, well trained analytic minded counselors have a difficult time displaying pragmatic solutions or just letting go of an agenda or idea and instead just listening and being present. Hard to like clients, bad people in the prison system, moral differences, and biased initial thoughts can all play negative roles in how we show unconditional positive regard for a client (Cochran, 2021, p119-121). It is hence important to see each client, no matter who, as a person that is there to be helped and hopefully understood. This does not mean suggestions are guidance are not given, but it does mean, an acknowledgement of the client’s current state and an attempt to understand why. The biggest question should not be “WHAT IS WRONG WITH YOU” but instead “WHAT HAPPNED TO YOU” (Sweeney, A. 2018).
Discussing the Trauma
The concept of trauma can be difficult to discuss. Many clients feel embarrassed, or fear judgement or retaliation if they speak. Others may feel weak if they express traumatic injuries. Others may have in the past attempted to tell but where quickly dismissed. Others may have been difficult ways expressing verbally abuse due to PTSD. Many trauma survivors have a difficult time chronologically making sense of the story but vivid scents, sights, or touches can open the emotional part of the brain. Hence those who experience trauma in many cases fear labeling when discussing trauma (Sweeney, A. 2018).
Learning how to discuss trauma is important in trauma informed care to avoid re-traumatization
Questions about trauma hence need to be done in a safe environment with genuineness and empathy and with a sensitivity about the story. Questions about trauma are usually better during assessment than when in actual crisis. They can be asked within the general psychosocial history of the client to avoid a feeling of purposeful probing. In addition, it is important to preface trauma with a normalizing comment that does not make the person feel like the exception to the rule. The person should feel completely free not to disclose or discuss details that upset him/her (Sweeney, A, 2018).
Sweeney recommends that for those who disclose or are tentative about disclosure that it is s good thing to disclose and that the person is completely safe from the person, judgement, or labeling. If the person does not wish, details should not be dissected from the story. In addition, it is sometimes helpful to help the person slowly enter into the traumatic story by first discussing the initial part of the day prior and then the after feelings before diving deep into the intensity of the story. The counselor should be aware of any changes in the person’s triggers and reactions to re-telling the story. The counselor should discuss if this story has ever been told before and if so, how the other party reacted to the story, as well as how the past trauma affects their current life, especially if maladaptive coping is taking place. When trauma is disclosed, particular trauma specific treatments may be need employed to help healing. In some cases, the counselor or social worker is clinical and can supply those services, but if not, and non-clinical or pastoral in nature, the counselor will need to refer the person to an appropriately licensed, trained and trusted colleague. Finally, following any disclosure, it is critical to check on the person’s emotional state to avoid re-traumatizing the person. This is important because individuals could leave the session feeling less safe and return to maladaptive coping later in the day or even worse, suicidal ideation or attempts. Follow up is key and consistent monitoring. (Sweeney, 2018).
One important note, if the trauma and abuse is current, counselors and social workers, and certain clergy pending on the nature of disclosure and state laws, except within the seal of Catholic/Orthodox confession, have the legal obligation to report abuse.
Facilitating Better Trauma Response
To respond better to the needs of those in trauma due to abuse, it is key to better facilitate responses to individuals who are dealing with past or present trauma, whether in the counseling room, or short term crisis facilities. It is even crucial to better respond to those in trauma who are in longer term facilities, or even correctional facilities.
Individuals who suffer from trauma fear labeling, lack of control in decisions, judgement, retribution and lack of safety. Counselors and facilities need to make them feel safe
A team that responds to victims of trauma with no judgement and empathy is key but this involves dismissing older notions. Notions that dismiss holistic biopsychosocial models for mental distress and only highlight biomedical focus can play a role in impeding healing. Instead of merely prescribing a medication and taking a pill, alternative practices need to be supplementing with many individuals. In addition, agencies need better exposure to social , urban, cultural and historical traumas that underline the person’s makeup. They also need to dismiss notions that treatment involves assessment and conditional parameters for healing that involves an imbalance of power. In these cases, the caregivers have power over the person, make the decisions, and determine the outcomes. In many cases, these same types of lack of control for the abused can cause re-traumatization (Sweeney, 2018). For instance, not granting a person a say in what they do or take, or unnecessarily constraining an individual can all be triggers to the original abuse.
Ultimately, many agencies and facilities do not have a good trauma informed care plan, as we discussed in other blogs. In addition, they are underfunded, staff is stressed and morale may be low and the facility may staff shortages. This leads to stressed, under trained, and confused lower staff members in dealing with patients. In addition, many of the higher staff in counseling are themselves facing burnout, overwhelmed with paperwork or dealing with inconsistent policies or social networking that never follows through (Sweeney, 2018). We can hence see the many challenges that facilities and agencies face but the goal and mission must still remain the same to overcome these pitfalls and introduce real healing strategies for individuals experiencing crisis, trauma and abuse.
Conclusion
When someone discloses trauma or abuse, it is a big moment in that person’s life. Each person with their abuse story is different. Some have other underlying issues. Some may have been mocked or not believed, while others may be maladaptively coping. It is imperative to reach back to each person and give them the security and dignity he/she deserves in disclosing the story. The counselor must be empathetic, genuine and provide as Rogers calls it, Unconditional Positive Regard. Older methods of understanding trauma and assessment and conditional plans need dismissed the counselor needs to help the person validate emotions and find constructive ways to heal. The counselor must be well versed in how to discuss trauma related issues and be careful not only of their own burnout but also in re-traumatizing the client. Facilities also need to reassess their own mission and policies in helping those in abuse find better solutions and healing.
Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care programs, as well as its other multiple behavioral health certifications in grief, crisis, anger and stress management
Please also review AIHCP’s Behavioral Health Certifications, especially in Grief Counseling, Crisis Intervention and Trauma Informed Care
Trauma is part of life. As long one exists, trauma can occur. Treating trauma acutely on the scene is important in crisis and mental health, but also recognizing it within a client or patient who has experienced it is key. Being trauma informed and trauma aware can bring day light to many existing problems and prevent many future ones. Mental health professionals must hence be trauma cognizant and alert for clues and possible issues within a client or patient.
Trauma informed care looks to help others that may have fallen through the cracks and never received trauma care. Please also review AIHCP’s Mental and behavioral health certifications
Again, the true reality is everyone grieves and loses someone or something. The chance of one of those incidents to cause trauma at least once to some level in someone’s life is around 80 percent. So understanding the fine line between experiencing something sad, or even bad, and how that translates subjectively to trauma is important since such a high percentage of people within the population will experience some type of traumatic reaction. Identifying and helping individuals who are dealing with trauma can be a beautiful healing moment.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Program, as well as its Trauma Informed Care Programs in 2026 for both clinical as well as pastoral disciplines. Bear in mind, helping others with trauma and processing it, is not merely a clinical purpose, but it can fall into non clinical and pastoral settings. So, it is important to help individuals face trauma within one’s scope of professional practice. While this may be limiting for some, such as pastors or chaplains within the scope of their mental health training, other licensed professionals in social work, counseling or psychiatric nursing can help treat trauma at a much deeper level. AIHCP’s certifications in behavioral health are aimed at giving professionals within all scopes of mental health additional knowledge and skills to help those in trauma to process and identify it. The idea of recognizing trauma across a life span has only been recently introduced into the DSM-V. This has opened the floodgates for many professionals to become certified within this field or utilize it within their practice.
What is Trauma
A person enters a state of crisis when something overwhelms his/her abilities to cope and handle the situation. It de-stabilizes and disorientates them. Like crisis, trauma is a severe stressful and impactful event in life that imprints itself upon the person. Sometimes it is so horrible, the person is not even able to properly store it within the mind resulting later in PTSD. Different levels of trauma exist. In the article, “Advanced Method-Trauma Informed Framework” from SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration), the individual who suffers from trauma experiences what is referred to the 3 “E”s of trauma care. The includes the event itself, the experience of it and the effects of it.
Trauma informed care looks to actively identify and recognize trauma in clients and be equipped to help those client heal from trauma across a life span
Within the event, what was the triggering occurrence that caused the initial trauma in a person’s life. This is very subjective in nature. What may negatively impact one person, may not hurt someone else based on numerous subjective, cultural, religious, emotional, mental and social support systems that make up the person’s ability to handle a crisis or horrible situation. While an event may objectively be horrible, some individuals are able to recover and show resiliency to it and trauma is minimal or non existent. Some soldiers can return home from war without trauma, while others cannot escape the trauma. So while the event may be objectively dark, such as a tornado destroying one’s home, an individual may still respond to that event without long term trauma as opposed to someone else.
The experience of event is the second key element. This is far more subjective in nature and determines if the individual will suffer trauma. The experience at the mental, emotional, or physical level is so intense, it overtakes the individual to the point that the persons experience of the event is traumatic acutely as well as long term. This again points back to a person’s emotional and mental build to particular events in life. A person’s history, a person’s interior resiliency, or a person’s support systems can all play key roles in how a person handles a crisis or how a traumatic event imprints upon a person. This in no way dismisses a person who experiences trauma as weaker than others because everyone is susceptible to trauma–it just matters what is one’s tipping point.
The effects of trauma play the third key element. The effects of a traumatic event can be short term or long term. They can be affect all aspects of the person. Effects can include inability to cope with life and everyday stressors, or trust others, social withdraw and issues, or loss of purpose and life meaning, or properly utilize the cognitive process. It can result in maladaptive coping practices, as well as manifest with symptoms associated with PTSD that include hyper vigilance, avoidance, dissociation, nightmares or emotional numbing.
Trauma across a life span and trauma informed care recognizes the imprint of trauma on human life and seeks to see if any trauma still lingers or was never discovered or at least discussed that may be haunting a client throughout his or her life.
SAMHSA and the Four “R”s and Key Assumptions in Trauma and Informed Care
SAMHSA’s article, “Advanced Method-Trauma Informed Framework” gives a detailed account about qualities and key assumptions in presenting a concise commitment to treating trauma across a life span and helping agencies, as well as individual practitioners a better way to proceed forward in creating a practice that gravitates around trauma informed care. The four R’s are essential in addressing trauma within any agency. A program or organization first needs to realize the impact of trauma as a universal human phenomenon that requires treatment in life. Secondly, counselors, or agencies need to recognize the signs and symptoms of trauma that are either acute or manifesting across the span of one’s life time. In many cases, one may have been living with trauma undetected through professional services or lack of visit. Counselors need to be aware that some new clients may have trauma from ages ago that was never treated. The agency or organization then needs to have the ability to respond to the needs of the client via fully integrated knowledge, training, policies and procedures to help the person. Finally, the agency owes to to any client to resist re-traumatization of the person.
Trauma informed care realizes the existence of trauma and looks to recognize the symptoms of it within the population it looks to treat.
A trauma informed approach according to SAMHSA also applies six key principles to its application. First and foremost, safety is key when working with trauma patients. The client must feel safe physically, emotionally and mentally and the environment must facilitate that aura of safety. Second, the agency and counselors or social workers need to present its operations in an open and trustworthy fashion. Third, peer support is a key element in any healing. Peer support or trauma survivors can supply their stories or support to others walking the healing journey. Fourth, the entirety of the agency all plays a role in the healing process. The entire agency has a clear and mutually defined role in application of trauma support. Fifth, both staff and clients are given empowerment. The client is able to share in the process of healing via choice and decisions in plans of action. The staff as well is given empowerment via support of from the administration as well as the tools necessary to do their work. The final principle involves removal of any bias based on culturally, religious or gender issues when dealing with and helping individuals deal with trauma. In doing so, staff recognizes the trauma that can exist within certain groups and how that can manifest within individuals.
SAMHSA and Implementing a Trauma Informed Approach
Trauma informed care is an organizational decision that transforms the organization or agency or individual social worker or counselors paradigm of working with individuals. To be successfully implemented, it takes more than principles and good philosophies but a pragmatic process that involves multiple levels of preparation, policies, training, finances and feed back. SAMHSA lists ten core implementation domains that are essential to help agencies properly support individuals suffering from trauma.
Trauma informed care requires an organizational commitment from the counselor to the administration itself to ensure implementation of it at all levels
First, governance and leadership is essential. There needs to be a conscious choice to implement trauma informed care and establish leadership and management of its implementation to oversee and work with peers and staff in that effort. Second, the agency needs written policies established that outline the new mission as well as a blue print for procedure. Third, the organization needs to create a physical environment that mirrors a safe harbor for the type of work trauma counseling requires. Individuals must feel safe, secure and able to trust without fear of embarrassment, guilt, or repercussion of their story. Fourth, there needs to be within the agency an engagement and involvement across multiple lines of individuals not only between counselor and client, but also within the organization itself and the process of helping individuals through trauma at all levels. In addition, fifth, an agency needs to be equipped with cross sector collaborations with other agencies at the local or state level that can help facilitate healing. Sixth, the agency needs to utilize the best empirically and scientifically proven principles in screening, assessment and treatment. Seventh, training and workforce development is essential to ensure counselors have the education and continuing education necessary in trauma informed care. Education and training workshops are key in maintaining up to date skills and knowledge in helping others. The training, however, is not just shared with counselors and social workers, but also at lower levels within staff in how to deal with trauma and understand the nature of trauma with potential patients who enter the actual facility. Eighth, as with all training, monitoring and quality assurance is essential to confirm that principles, policies, procedures and trainings are carried out properly within the whole of the organization. This involves trauma informed principles that are incorporated into hiring, supervision, evaluation of staff, as well as working with staff and their own vicarious trauma and self care needs. Ninth, agencies obviously need the necessary financial budget to transform the facility to support the need of trauma clients, as well as paying for the necessary trainings. Finally, evaluation and feed back is essential in how the mission is being carried out. This involves evaluation from top to bottom and taking feed back from everyone to ensure the implementation of the program is successful or if needs any adjustments.
Conclusion
Many individuals unfortunately lack proper trauma care. The initial trauma is untreated, or the trauma is allowed to persist without proper care. Individuals feel like they become a number without a real advocate. Many feel the pain of having to re-tell their story over and over without any true treatment. Others feel they labeled and may flee any treatment, while others who seek treatment may not have access to quality care in trauma or not have access to it. Hence many individuals feel as if they are unseen or not heard, or feel unrecognized within their social group and the traumas they collectively face.
Treating trauma is a social issue. Please also review AIHCP’s Behavioral Health Certifications
Trauma informed care looks to acknowledge the reality of trauma in life for individuals within all cultural, social, religious and ethnic groups. It looks to implement mental health plans to help individuals heal from trauma and become healthy members of society. The need for trauma informed care and spotting trauma is essential in our society. So many suffer from trauma and when left untreated, these individuals can become a danger to themselves or others. Recognizing the necessity of trauma informed care is an answer to our mental health crisis itself.
AIHCP recognizes this important issue and offers a variety of mental health certifications, including in 2026, a trauma informed care certification for healthcare professionals. Please review AIHCP’s multiple certifications in behavioral health, as well as its Grief Counseling, Crisis Counseling, Stress Management and Anger Management programs.
Sensory overload, it’s becoming a bigger and bigger deal, especially when folks are bombarded with too much—think loud noises, bright lights, or even just too much touching. It hits people with autism spectrum disorder and similar conditions particularly hard. That’s why we really need to get a better handle on it and figure out how to help them out specifically. Turns out, school counselors are super important for students with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD); they can use solid strategies to help these kids feel more included at school (Griffin et al., 2015). And don’t forget religious leaders and community leaders; they can step up too, creating spaces where teens struggling with sensory overload feel supported, and helping to reduce stigma (Williams et al., 2023). Generally speaking, when we tackle sensory overload in different situations, not only do we boost individual well-being, but we also move towards a more inclusive society for everyone.
Helping those in sensory overload is crucial. Those trained in crisis intervention can help a person in sensory overload find grounding. Those also trained in Stress Management can help others find ways to cope and respond to episodes. Behavioral health plays a key role in helping individuals in acute as well as long term issues with sensory overload issues.
Sensory overload can cause severe anxiety. Please also review AIHCP’s stress management and crisis intervention programs
A. Definition of sensory overload
Essentially, sensory overload happens when someone is bombarded with so much sensory input that it becomes distressing and confusing. This is often the case for neurodivergent people, like those with autism, who might process sensory information in a unique way compared to neurotypical individuals. Unfortunately, a lack of understanding about autism and the stigma that sometimes comes with visible autistic traits can make sensory overload even worse, creating challenges for people as they try to manage different environments (Turnock A et al., 2022). The intensity and variety of sensory inputs—things like noise, light, and even how things feel—are really important factors in triggering sensory overload. To address these experiences, it’s important to create supportive environments that are aware of and adapt to sensory sensitivities, which can help create a more inclusive setting for everyone, especially as we experience rapid technological changes (Neumann P et al., 2020).
B. Importance of understanding sensory overload
Sensory overload—understanding it is vital if we want truly inclusive spaces, especially in schools. Some folks, neurodiverse people for example, are just more sensitive to sensory stuff. Knowing what sensory overload does can really change how we teach. Studies show that designing sensory-friendly classrooms makes neurodiverse students way more engaged, which cuts down on overload and makes for better learning (Kirk et al., 2025). Also, using sensory substitution? It’s a cool way to boost learning by using senses besides sight, which helps lots of different students, like those with vision issues (Zahir et al., 2020). When teachers put these ideas into practice, they can design learning spots that fit different sensory needs. Ultimately, this helps everyone talk better and do well in school. So, it’s not enough to just know about sensory overload; we need to actually do things that are inclusive and help each student learn their own way. Generally speaking, such implementations necessitate thoughtful practices in educational settings, in most cases.
C. Overview of the essay’s structure
The composition, “Sensory Overload and Helping Those with Sensory Overload,” unfolds as a deliberate inquiry into the intricacies of sensory overload, most notably in relation to individuals with autism spectrum disorder. The introduction broadly establishes the basis for comprehending sensory processing variations prevalent in current discussions. Subsequently, the main body thoroughly investigates diverse facets of sensory overload, considering its physiological, psychological, and moreover, social effects. Relevant research outcomes combined with theoretical viewpoints are interwoven to foster a detailed understanding. The discussion further benefits from historical perspectives, citing influential figures such as Hans Asperger, and indeed current scholarly work on autism and associated expressions (Hens K, 2021). Finally, the conclusion brings these elements together, providing pragmatic approaches and methods to aid those who are experiencing sensory overload (Myles BS et al., 2017).
II. Causes of Sensory Overload
Comprehending what triggers sensory overload turns out to be super important, especially these days when our real and digital lives are so mixed up. Things like too much noise, super bright lights, and just tons of visual stuff can totally set the stage for it. And, let’s face it, tech keeps moving faster and faster – think about how social media and digital ads are everywhere – which can overwhelm us with info and make us feel drained. This constant flood of stuff hitting our senses, along with trying to keep up with everything online, really shows we need more research on this in the workplace (Neumann P et al., 2020). Plus, when you add in negative buzz online and those annoying pop-up ads, it only makes things worse, meaning we need better ways to deal with all this (Yogesh K Dwivedi et al., 2020). So, yeah, knowing what causes sensory overload is key if we want to help those who struggle with it. Generally speaking, it’s really important in most cases to consider all the factors that contribute to this issue.
Sensory overload occurs more commonly for those with degrees of autism
A. Environmental factors contributing to sensory overload
Considering environmental influences that lead to sensory overload, we should recognize that varied learning settings might intensify sensory issues for some, particularly neurodiverse people. Studies suggest sensory-friendly designs are key to lessening overload in schools by modifying classrooms and resources to fit individual sensory needs (Kirk et al., 2025). For example, using versatile resources that involve different senses could improve learning while lowering excessive stimuli. Additionally, sensory substitution methods have aided those with impaired vision. This shows the importance of flexible teaching methods that use non-visual senses to help understanding and memory (Zahir et al., 2020). Generally speaking, these approaches highlight the necessity of inclusive design practices within schools, which can greatly boost participation and student success by creating an adaptable and supportive educational environment.
B. Psychological triggers and their impact
Navigating the intricacies of sensory overload, particularly for those with increased sensitivities, necessitates grasping the importance of psychological triggers. Often, these triggers—be they particular sounds, lights, or even scents—tend to overwhelm an individual’s capacity to effectively handle incoming sensory data. Indeed, as some experts underscore, the experience of sensory overload might bring about considerable distress, anxiety, and a decline in cognitive performance, thereby negatively impacting emotional well-being and day-to-day activities. Simultaneously, digital settings introduce both distinctive obstacles and possibilities in this area, especially when observing the changing dynamics of online interactions. Take the incorporation of social media marketing for instance; it showcases how sensory stimuli can shape consumer behavior, potentially sparking either favorable interactions or adverse reactions (Yogesh K Dwivedi et al., 2020). By tackling these psychological triggers through customized approaches, we can markedly improve support systems for individuals coping with sensory overload, ultimately fostering more accommodating environments that acknowledge various sensory demands.
C. The role of neurodiversity in sensory processing
Understanding sensory processing, especially among those who are quite sensitive to their surroundings, hinges significantly on neurodiversity. Individuals who are deemed highly sensitive generally process sensory inputs with greater intensity. This, in turn, can lead to an increased susceptibility to sensory overload across different environments, educational contexts included (Shimron B, 2025). Considering this heightened sensitivity, customized support strategies become essential since standard methods frequently do not adequately address their specific needs. Moreover, the educational environment must take into account elements that lead to school exclusion. These elements may arise from insufficient neurodiversity training among teachers and a deficiency in suitable sensory accommodations (Cleary M et al., 2024). Cultivating inclusive environments that accept neurodiversity may lessen occurrences of sensory overload by encouraging emotional safety and a sense of well-being. In the end, grasping the subtle implications of neurodiversity in sensory processing may result in enhanced support systems, which could improve the quality of life for neurodivergent people, and ease community-based stigma related to sensory difficulties.
III. Effects of Sensory Overload
The capacity to process info can be really thrown off by sensory overload, often leading to a spike in anxiety and feelings of disorientation. When a person is bombarded by a bunch of different stimuli, their brain has a hard time deciding whats important and dealing with it all. This struggle can cause intense emotional and physical reactions. For example, a place thats really loud, bright, or touchy-feely might make anxiety and bipolar disorder worse, causing a cycle that just makes things more stressful. The way our senses and emotions connect is especially important in creative fields, where sensory marketing tries to get consumers interested. However, if these strategies aren’t carefully thought out, they could actually cause sensory overload (Z Eglite, 2022). Plus, people already dealing with mood disorders might find that sensory overload makes their symptoms even stronger. This is a little like what people with mania and sensory overload experience (G Parker, 2008). Therefore, dealing with sensory overload is super important for helping people feel better and develop good ways to cope.
A. Physical symptoms experienced during sensory overload
Sensory overload often shows itself with a range of physical symptoms that can really affect people, especially those with autism and similar conditions. You’ll often see increased sensitivity to things like light, sound, and even how things feel to the touch. This can bring on headaches, make you feel sick, and even speed up your heart rate. These kinds of physical responses often end up causing a lot of anxiety, which then makes things even worse during those times when sensory overload hits. It’s not just about feeling bad in the moment, though. People might start avoiding certain situations or pulling away from others to try and deal with what they’re going through. When we get what’s happening in the body during sensory overload, it makes it easier to see how what we sense and how stressed we feel are connected. That understanding highlights why it’s so important to have good ways to help. Caregivers and educators, for example, can really make a difference by creating calmer places with fewer things to overstimulate the senses. They can also put helpful support in place. This, in most cases, can greatly improve how well someone can handle sensory overload, leading to a better life overall (Marougkas A et al., 2023), (Turnock A et al., 2022).
B. Emotional and psychological consequences
The emotional and psychological consequences of sensory overload can be profound, significantly affecting individuals well-being and day-to-day functioning. Those experiencing sensory overload may cope with heightened anxiety, stress, and feelings of helplessness, often leading to withdrawal from social interactions and activities they once enjoyed. For example, individuals may exhibit symptoms of psychological distress, such as depression or post-traumatic stress, as they confront environmental stimuli beyond their capacity to process effectively. Additionally, the emotional toll is not limited to the individuals directly affected; families and caregivers also experience distress, navigating the complexities of providing support amidst their loved ones struggles with pervasive sensory stimuli. This cycle can perpetuate a state of emotional turmoil where both the individual and their support system suffer. Thus, addressing sensory overload through targeted interventions becomes essential to mitigate these adverse emotional and psychological outcomes, fostering resilience and improving overall quality of life for those affected (Bahadar S et al., 2025), (Gupta K et al., 2024).
It is important to help calm those who experience sensory overload
C. Long-term effects on daily functioning and well-being
Sustained exposure to sensory overload can really throw a wrench in your daily routine and sense of well-being, impacting you both physically and mentally. Folks dealing with ongoing sensory overload often struggle to focus, taking a hit on how productive they are and, you know, just how good their life feels. All that constant sensory input can crank up anxiety and stress, which, unsurprisingly, isn’t great for your mental health. And, as research points out, if your brain’s not processing sensory stuff correctly, you might end up feeling worn out and physically drained over time. This can hold you back from joining in on social and active stuff that’s important for feeling good (Míkel Izquierdo et al., 2021). It’s super important to tackle these issues. Better treatments could help people bounce back from sensory overload and boost their overall quality of life. Teamwork between structured exercise and tweaking your surroundings can make a big difference in getting things back on track and making daily life easier for those struggling with sensory challenges (Yogesh K Dwivedi et al., 2020).
IV. Strategies for Helping Those with Sensory Overload
It’s crucial to understand the diverse needs of folks dealing with sensory overload if we want to come up with good ways to help them out. A potentially helpful idea involves sensory substitution – swapping out intense visual stuff for other sensory experiences. This can make learning and expressing yourself easier without making stress worse. For example, studies have shown that when students with impaired vision use tactile methods, like paper quilling, it really helps them build skills through touch and use their abilities (Zahir et al., 2020). Also, how buildings are designed is really important. Calming environments, sensory zoning, and less distractions can all make a big difference. This careful design approach not only creates a feeling of safety, but also improves how well neurodivergent people think and feel (Lawburg et al., 2022). By putting these ideas into practice, we can vastly improve the lives of people experiencing sensory overload and help them get through everyday situations more easily.
A. Creating sensory-friendly environments
For those susceptible to sensory overload, crafting environments that are sensory-friendly stands as crucially important. These spaces—think soft lighting and sound-dampening materials—are intentionally designed to reduce excessive sensory input. Quiet areas also matter, since all together they aim to cultivate feelings of tranquility and security. Take physical retail, for example; studies point to the necessity of inclusion and easy access, advocating for sensory-inclusive designs that address the needs of sensory-disabled shoppers (Gopan G, 2025). Technology can also powerfully transform education. Indeed, through integrating smart solutions—IoT systems, say, managing the immediate sensory context within schools—we can customize learning experiences for students with autism, as well as others with sensory sensitivities (H A Bouhamida et al., 2024). Creating these sensory-conscious spaces is thus more than just helpful for those prone to overstimulation; it promotes more comprehensive well-being and social inclusion.
B. Techniques for self-regulation and coping
For those grappling with sensory overload, mastering self-regulation and coping mechanisms is key; these strategies can really make a difference in lessening anxiety and boosting well-being. A worthwhile approach involves boosting metacognitive skills, basically getting better at understanding your own thought processes and using self-reflection to handle emotional responses to stimuli that feel like too much. Layered metacognition models, research suggests, offer insight into how attention and cognitive control work together, leading to better emotional regulation when things get stressful (Drigas A et al., 2021). Mindfulness practices, like Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), also come into play; they’ve been shown to foster self-compassion and ease burnout and stress symptoms (Conversano C et al., 2020). Folks can build resilience by weaving these techniques into their lives, which helps them navigate tough settings and keep a sense of balance when they’re swamped by sensory input. Stress Management professionals can help those learn techniques to utilize meditation and other stress reduction techniques
C. The importance of support systems and community awareness
Tackling sensory overload really hinges on solid support networks and a bigger community understanding, which is super important. Think about it: folks dealing with sensory overload are often trying to get by in places that just make things worse, turning everyday stuff into a huge struggle. But, if we build strong communities that really get sensory processing differences, we can make things way more welcoming. Social media and online tools can be a game-changer, too. They can help people understand and link up with others facing similar issues, cutting down on feeling alone or judged (Yogesh K Dwivedi et al., 2020). Plus, and studies back this up, when we educate the public and professionals through awareness campaigns, we see more caring responses and smarter ways to help (Carhart R‐Harris et al., 2019). Bottom line? When we nurture a supportive vibe built on awareness, we’re giving people with sensory challenges the tools they need to do well. And that pushes us all toward being more understanding and caring as a society, generally speaking.
V. Conclusion
To sum up, helping folks who struggle with sensory overload calls for a well-rounded plan that really puts inclusivity and easy access first. Research highlights how important it is for stores to change how they’re set up, making them less intense sensory-wise and more inviting for shoppers with sensory issues. Shops can turn into comfy spots, welcoming more people to join in, by using sensory-friendly ideas. Plus, when we get how people with high sensory sensitivity handle their feelings—insights gleaned from findings linking difficulty in managing emotions to heightened sensory upset (Liu Y et al., 2024)—we can better understand what they need. Generally speaking, making places that recognize and deal with sensory overload does more than just improve shopping; it helps society be more open and supportive of people with sensory processing challenges (Gopan G, 2025).
Please also review AIHCP’s Stress Management and Crisis Intervention Programs
A. Recap of key points discussed
So, when we think about everything we’ve talked about regarding sensory overload and its effects, it’s clear that having good ways to help is really important. People can get really overwhelmed, especially autistic individuals, and this shows us that we need everyone to understand what’s going on and have plans that fit each person’s needs. Autistic people sometimes face negative attitudes that make their sensory problems even worse, which can lead to them feeling more alone and stressed (Turnock A et al., 2022). If we make spaces that are good for autistic people, along with teaching the public about what they need, we can make things better and help everyone feel included. Also, technology is getting better, like with smart systems that help people communicate and interact, and this is going to make things better for people, especially when they’re in cars or cities (Md. Noor‐A‐Rahim et al., 2022). In the end, if we really understand sensory overload and take steps to help, we can really improve life for the people it affects, and make society more welcoming, generally speaking.
B. The significance of empathy and understanding
Understanding and empathy are indeed critical when it comes to addressing sensory overload, especially for individuals with significant sensory sensitivities. It’s important to recognize the specific challenges these individuals face. Caregivers, educators, and even peers can then build supportive environments tailored to meet very individual needs. This approach is paramount; without empathy, feelings of isolation and frustration can really worsen for those dealing with sensory overload. Consider modern customer interactions involving artificial intelligence: the need for empathy is clear. AI agents that aren’t convincingly empathetic often just don’t provide the meaningful support required in sensitive situations (Liu Y–Thompkins et al., 2022). Fostering genuine empathy in social interactions is therefore vital. It helps bridge gaps in understanding, which enhances emotional well-being and the overall quality of life for individuals coping with sensory overload (Míkel Izquierdo et al., 2021). By building empathetic approaches, we create more inclusive communities that, generally speaking, recognize and validate diverse sensory experiences. It allows us to build inclusive communities that validate these experiences.
C. Call to action for better support and resources for individuals experiencing sensory overload
It’s hard to overstate how crucial it is to give people dealing with sensory overload more support and resources, especially since society often makes these problems worse. It’s key to making things accessible to use sensory-inclusive design in places like stores and museums. For example, the rise of online shopping shows how traditional stores often fail to meet the needs of customers with sensory disabilities. Because of this, we really need better environmental designs that reduce sensory triggers (Gopan G, 2025). Similarly, places like museums are starting to focus on keeping visitors safe by creating sensory maps. These maps are important tools that help people find areas with different levels of sensory stimulation (Cieslik E, 2024). These efforts not only encourage people to participate but also show that we respect the experiences of people who have sensory overload. This calls for us to commit to funding and creating complete resources that put everyone’s well-being and inclusion first.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention program as well as its Stress Management Consulting program. Please click here to learn more.
Other Related Blog Articles
Counseling and Helping Those with OCD video. Click here
Additional Resources
Watson, K. (2025). “What Is Sensory Overload?” Healthline. Access here
“How To Manage (and Even Overcome) Sensory Overload” (2023). Health Essentials. Cleveland Clinic. Access here
Leonard, J. (2024). “What to know about sensory overload”. MedicalNewsToday. Access here
WebMD Editorial Contributors. “What Is Sensory Overload With Anxiety?”. (2023). WEBMD. Access here
Sexual assault is a heinous crime that is not just about lust and sex but also power and abuse. Anyone can be a victim of sexual assault but most are women and children. This video takes a closer look at the crisis state and trauma one feels while in the state of crisis and how crisis professionals can help
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program and see if it matches your academic and professional goals. Please click here
This video reviews short term and acute crisis care with long term counseling. Crisis Counseling deals with more immediate issues while long term counseling deals with long term therapy and growth and healing. Understanding the difference in these types of counseling and helping arts is important skills for counselors. The needs of a person in crisis are far different than the needs of a person undergoing healing and growth. In many ways, it is like a ER doctor performing emergency surgery while other doctors work on rehab and healing.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Program and see if it matches your academic and professional goals. Please also review AIHCP’s multiple other behavioral health programs as well!
Crisis workers, specialists and counselors who help those in crisis and trauma come across many cases of abuse or domestic violence. Whether lower tier, on site, or dealing with long term trauma, domestic violence is a large problem within the world, especially against women. This is not to say it does not also occur against men, but the higher percentage of abuse and domestic violence is against women and children. Women especially suffer the brunt of domestic violence cases and suffer as victims sometimes unable to act. This blog will review what domestic violence is, factors surrounding the victim and perpetrator, as well as intervention strategies to help victims, usually women, to be able to heal and move forward.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program as well as its Anger Management Consulting Program and see if these programs meet your needs. Professionals in the Human Service Field who help battered women and other victims can utilize these certifications to broaden their knowledge and understanding of domestic violence.
What is Domestic Violence?
Domestic violence is any physical or verbal harm to another in a household. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention and Anger Management Certifications
Domestic violence goes well beyond merely anger and loss of control but has many elements that go deeply into the psychology of the abuser and the willingness for the victim to sometimes endure for years. Domestic Violence also known as Intimate Partner Violence encompasses all types of couples including not only married, but those living together, same sex couples, and abuse of children or elderly (James, 2017, p. 286). Within Domestic Violence are key terms that designate the crime. Battering refers to any type of physical assault, while abuse is a more general term that not only encompasses physical violence but also emotional, verbal abuse as well as threatening (James, 2017, p. 287).
There are many theories that surround the relationship that ties abuser and victim together. Attachment/Traumatic Bonding Theory speculates that abusers abuse because of fear of losing the significant other due to childhood trauma of losing loved ones and lack of stability. Another theory is Exchange Theory which postulates that the abuser will continue to be violent as long as the reward outweighs the cost of utilizing violence to control. Intraindividual Theory investigates various psychological and neurophysiological disorders that play a part in why batterers abuse. From the victim perspective, many women suffer from learned helplessness and battered woman syndrome in which the woman accepts the abuse and the results as a learned behavior. In reverse, the abuser, usually a man, falls into the learned behavior of achieving results through inherent abuse. Feminist theory attributes abuse by men to be tied to sexist and patriarchal views within society that glorify the dominance of the man over the woman. Cultural reinforcement and glorification of aggression for success can also play a role in advancing aggression as a positive attribute. Finally, psychological entrapment proposes that women have to much to lose financially if they report or leave the abuser. In addition, the secret fills the victim with shame and ties the abused to the abuser and looks for the abused to justify and find ways to stay (James, 2017, p. 290-293).
There are also numerous secondary stressors and issues that can add or complicate to the abuse case. Issues surrounding geographic location can affect the duration of abuse if the abused is isolated. Economic and financial stressors can play a role in a woman staying with an abuser, as well as religious beliefs and stigma. Many women may feel disenfranchised or rejected if abuse was made public. Other stressors and factors include the age of the couple, with younger couples experiencing abuse at a higher level, as well as the role of drugs and alcohol (James, 2017, p. 294).
In addition, there are many myths about domestic violence that can sometimes look to dismiss it as not as serious. One such myth is that battered women overstate their case, display too much sensitivity, or hate men or are looking for revenge. The reality is most women who report are not reporting the first incident but are reporting after multiple cases. Other myths involve justifying the abuse as if the woman or victim provoked the beating, or that if it was truly so bad, she would leave the relationship. These false myths need dismissed in order to give domestic violence the spotlight it deserves and the importance for society to make it not a family personal issue but a community one (James, 2017. p. 294).
Profile of the Batterer and Abuser
Batterer suffer from a variety of emotional impulse controls but also are possibly suffer from past abuse, as well as addiction issues. Many find wish to exert dominance over others
Batterers usually can have any of the following issues. They were battered themselves, faced poor family conditions as children, have anger and impulse control issues, deal with addictions, or suffer from a variety of emotional and cognitive disorders. Characteristics of individuals, in particular men, who abuse suffer from a variety of issues. Many demonstrate excessive dependency and possessiveness toward a women. Others have poor communication skills and can only filter anger to express. Others may have unreal expectations of their spouses or partners. Others may see themselves as dominant and set up rigid family control patterns for the spouse and children that cannot be infringed upon. Many men who abuse also are characterized as jealous, impulsive, denying, depressive, demanding, aggressive and violent. In addition, many suffer from low self esteem and form addictive habits (James, 2019, p. 293). Many abusers usually look to minimize abuse. They may deny battering, minimize the battery, or project the battery onto the victim (James, 2017, .p. 321).
Some batterers are a family only batterers. These types act out but are quick to seek forgiveness. Others with low level anti-social tendencies, or violent anti-social tendencies are far more dangerous and terroristic. This does not mean family only batterers do not have serious issues or can lead to fatal outcomes. It just means, there violence is more confined to the home and nowhere else and it may not be due to deeper psychological disorders (James, 2017., p. 296). However, it is important to note, any physical violence, even a push or shove, or threat is too much. There needs to be zero tolerance for any type of behavior.
Profile of the Abused
Abused women on the other hand suffer various characteristics that fall into compliance with abuse and perpetrate its continuance. These characteristics are sometimes sought out by abusers since it enables control. Many abused women lack self esteem due to the continuous verbal insults. They lack self confidence in abilities to make the situation better. Many women who are abused come from past history of being abused, much as the abuser. They may regularize the abuse as something familiar and normal. Many women who are subject to abuse are very dependent upon the spouse and are unable to escape the situation, or fear leaving due to stigma. Many women cannot differentiate between love and sex and also feel it is their duty to fix the abuser by staying (James, 2017, p. 294).
Many women simply live and relive the vicious cycle of abuse. They accept the the tranquil periods or first phase of tranquility of no violence but soon enough, the second phase of tension starts to build and the third phase of a violent outburst occurs. Upon this, the relationship enters into a pivotal crisis state of whether the abuser will seek forgiveness or re-assert dominance where the victim accepts the situation and re-enters a new tranquility phase. Only till the victim stops the cycle will the domestic violence end (James, 2017, p. 296).
Assessment and Intervention
Upon any report of domestic violence, human service professionals are required to report. This involves documenting the abuse with pictures and statements, assuring the victim of her rights and giving her a plan, and finally, reporting the incident to appropriate authorities (James, 2017, p. 300). Most disclosures occur at shelters, hospitals, on scene, via a crisis call or after an arrest. Unfortunately, sometimes it is difficult to access battered women or to get them to display bruises or report a crime. The Battered Woman Scale measures traits that make it difficult for battered woman to discuss or report abuse. Overall, most women possess traits of those with PTSD (James, 2017, p. 299).
During the clinical interview it is important to believe a woman who reports battering. Most women who finally have enough courage to report, are finally doing so after numerous incidents and are finally realizing the life or death nature of the situation. It is important to listen with empathy, provide support and facilitate the necessary course of action for the victim (James, 2017, p. 302). It is important as a crisis responder or counselor to be real with the victim and listen with empathy. The victim should be allowed to express emotion and the time she needs to express and tell it. The counselor should maintain eye contact during this phase and exercise empathetic listening skills. It is also important to remain respectful and non-judgemental. This is a very difficult story for the woman to tell and she needs to be applauded and not questioned with “why”. Counselors need to also help restate the victim’s thoughts and feelings and help guide the victim to better options and ways to resolve the issue and any fears she may have or possess. Finally, it is important to follow through and check on the victim’s process (James, 2017. p. 304).
Over the long term, it is important to provide psychoeducation about abuse and feelings associated with it. It is important to emphasize how unjust family violence is and how to better cope with it in the future. Other victims may also need aid in dealing with PSTD, or other stressors that are preventing them from healing and moving forward. In addition, women, families and victims need social support to help through the process (James, 2017, p.314)
Many abusers will need more than merely anger management, but additional support groups to help individuals face their own inner demons and to see the damage their violence does to the people they love. This may also involve drug and addiction therapy, as well as public intervention.
Conclusion
Domestic violence is not a family issue but a public issue. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis and Anger Management Programs
Domestic abuse whether verbal or physical is always wrong. It has deeper roots usually and cause deep crisis and trauma to victims. Many who perpetrate it have their own inner issues. While men usually are the perpetrator, it is important to note that not only women and children can be abused, but men can also be abused by women. In addition, same sex couples also face the same domestic issues heterosexual couples face. Counselors, crisis specialists, chaplains, pastors and social workers can play large roles in helping stop the cycle of violence and helping victims find safety through good assessment, reporting and future therapy.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program as well as its Anger Management Consulting Certification. The programs are online and independent study with mentorship as needed.
Resource
James, R & Gilliland, B. (2017). “Crisis Intervention Strategies”. (8th). Cengage
Additional Resources
“The National Domestic Violence Hotline”. Access here
“Domestic Violence”. Psychology Today. Access here
“Domestic violence against women: Recognize patterns, seek help”. Mayo Clinic Staff. Access here
Strong, R. (2023). “What Is Domestic Violence? Learn the Signs and How to Get Help Now”. Healthline. Access here
One of the most heinous actions against another human being is sexual assault. Sexual assault is a broad term that can include rape but also any type of sexual activity that includes not only women, but also men and children. In all, sexual abuse, or rape involves any type of deliberate violation of another that incurs an invasion of the body by force without consent. It violates the persons privacy and inner space hence scarring the individual emotionally, mentally and physically due to this violation (James, 2017, p.242). There are many forms of rape, sexual battery and assault upon numerous different victims with different genders, orientations or ages. Sexual abuse or rape can be committed by a complete stranger, or by a partner, friend or family member. It can occur through force, drugging, or coercive means. It can be severely violent with physical resistance or without.
Sexual Assault victims undergo extreme trauma. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Certification
Ultimately it is a violation of personhood and intimacy. It is a stealing of innocence and security. Due to this, in all cases, it causes different levels of trauma and crisis within the existence of the person. In this short blog, we will review some of the issues that result from sexual assault and how to help others through it.
There are many myths and fallacies surrounding sexual assault regarding its nature and the victims themselves. Such myths include that rape is merely rough sex, or that rape is a cry to avenge a man, or that rape is motivated by lust, or that rapists are loners and not everyday people, or that survivors provoke or asked for it, or that only bad women are raped, or that rapes only occur in certain bad areas of town. In addition, other fallacies include that men who are raped are willing victims due to their strength or position. Other myths blame only homosexuals as perpetrators of abuse upon young boys. Other fallacies include limiting male trauma to female trauma, that once a victim, one will become a future perpetrator, or if someone enjoyed pleasure during the sex of rape, then the person enjoyed it (James, 2017, p. 244-245). These fallacies can create many misconceptions about the nature of rape and how to help victims of rape. The reality is rape or sexual assault is a traumatic event that violates and invades a person. It can lead to a variety of traumas and when myths and fallacies circulate, it can cause intense grief for the victim.
Nature of the Rapist
Most rapes and sexual assaults obviously occur to women or children, but the nature and makeup can be attributed to anyone who seeks to sexually hurt another person. In case of usually men, the rapist or assailant performs hostile acts and is filled with anger. Many may feel mistreated, anxious or threatened and have issues with women. Many see women as inferior or submissive, and feel the need to display power over them. Many display poor interpersonal skills and also show sadistic patterns of behavior (James, 2017, p.242). Regardless of gender, those who victimize others in cases of sexual assault fall into four categories. The first is commit due to raw anger. The second commit due to power exploitation. The third commit to power reassurance and finally the fourth commit due to sadistic needs (James, 2017, p. 242).
Rapists, especially molesters, will utilize grooming techniques to find victims and entice them with rewards, only later to entrap them with manipulation to continue in the action by degrading them, blaming them, threatening them, or blackmailing them into secrecy. Blaming, shaming and disenfranchising the voice of the young person is key to the predation (James, 2017, p. 268).
The rapist or assailant can commit these crimes on a date, abduction, or even within a relationship. It be between a family member, spouse, friend or total stranger. All cases are a grave injustice to the autonomy of the other person and leaves great traumatic scars that require crisis care and long term counseling. The crimes against children are especially heinous and cry to heaven for justice. Fortunately, crisis specialists can play the role of angels on earth and try to help these victims.
Helping Sexual Assault Survivors
The initial impact stage of sexual assault and rape leaves the person within the first 2 weeks raw with emotion and maybe even physical pain from the assault. The person may be haunted by nightmares, flashbacks, dissociation, hypervigilance, or other reactions to acute stress (James, 2017, p. 248). These peritraumatic stress syndromes are natural for anyone who was involved in a severe trauma. They may gradually over time relax or persist into traumatic stress disorder or even PTSD (James, 2017. p. 250).
Among the many possible reactions, some may exhibit multiple emotions, while some may appear unaffected on in a state of shock. Some may wish to not discuss the event. Others may feel humiliated, demeaned or degraded without value. They may feel stigmatized, shamed or an extreme impaired self image. Some may blame themselves for the rape or assault. Others may have difficulty trusting others again. Some may become depressed or suicidal. Others may become extremely angry and seek revenge (James, 2017, p. 252).
Its important to help the victim find stability/safety and meaning after sexual assault
After 3 months, many will still need to continue medical care for physical issues as well as mental counseling. Some may have difficulty resuming or returning to work. Others may have a hard time resuming sexual relations. Some may also display mood swings and emotional outbursts. Others may continue to display nightmares, flashbacks and other symptoms of PTSD, as well as depression or suicidal ideation (James, 2017, p. 253). Children will show regression, odd behaviors, or acting out and if left untreated may deal with unresolved grief and trauma throughout life.
Counselors, as well as social support among friends and family can play key roles in healing. It is important for those around the victim to be understanding of the trauma and the damage it causes in regards to mood swings, emotional outbursts and the need to express anger. Friends and family need to be available and counselors need to show empathy and listening. In doing so, it means recognizing the hurt, the trauma, the self esteem issues, the lack of trust, the fears and triggers, as well as letting her make some decisions on her/him on his/her own to again feel autonomy (James, 2017, p. 254).
While those suffering from more traumatic reactions may require exposure treatments, affective regulation and cognitive therapies through licensed counselors, crisis specialists can help the victim feel safe and secure. The crisis specialist can reassure and help the person see solutions and answers to the problem and offer insight to their emotions. In these cases, helping individuals find grounding through breathing and relaxation techniques can be helpful. It can help an individual regain equilibrium. In addition, many will need help with grief and understanding loss. Grief resolution and meaning making will be essential as the person attempts to tie together this horrible event with one’s life story and finding meaning it. James points out that the two first tasks are clearly stabilization and finding meaning (2017. p. 266).
Many individuals may require support groups that share the similar trauma of sexual assault, as well as ways again to feel safe and regain autonomy. This can be through the help of others or through other ways of taking control, whether it be through self defense training, or weapons training. It may involve also finding closure through justice through the judicial system. Some may also look to find even deeper meanings by helping others. Many may form support groups or push forward into forming organizations or public awareness groups for sexual assault survivors.
Conclusion
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program and see if it meets your professional goals
Sexual assault is one of the most disgusting and grievous offenses against another human being. It is broad and wide against numerous target populations according to orientation, gender and age but it usually involves power, anger and sadistic energy. Individuals suffer intense trauma by this violation and many feel a variety of emotions that can lead to various behavioral issues and future PTSD. Even for those who suffer the general trajectory still suffer emotionally, mentally and physically and must go through a process of stabilization meaning making and finding autonomy, safety and healing again.
Crisis Specialist play a big role in the initial phases of helping sexual assault victims find safety and ability to stabilize their emotions and mind after the assault. They then guide the victim to finding the necessary long term aids to help the person again find healing and wholeness.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Certification. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification in crisis counseling. The program is great for counselors, social workers, chaplains, as well as nurses, EMT and police and rescue.
Resource
James, R & Gilliland, B. (2017). “Crisis Intervention Strategies”. (8th). Cengage
Additional Resources
I am a victim of rape/sexual assault. What do I do? Access here
Legg, T. (2019). “Sexual Assault Resource Guide”. Healthline. Access here
Pappas, S. (2022). “How to support patients who have experienced sexual assault”. APA. Access here
Crisis intervention is an important part of mental health services that seeks to help and stabilize people during times of serious emotional distress. When individuals face intense challenges, the need for quick and effective help becomes very important, as prompt support can change the outcome of a crisis. The ABC Model of crisis intervention provides a clear structure for professionals to understand and meet the immediate needs of those in crisis. This model involves three steps: A (Achieving contact), B (Boiling down the problem), and C (Coping). Each step is meant to help clarify the client’s situation and empower them to take back control. By using the ABC Model, professionals can assess the urgency of their client’s emotional distress and use strategies that build resilience and encourage positive coping methods, which can lead to better mental health results.
Crisis Intervention Specialists utilize the ABC model to help individuals find orientation after crisis
Crisis intervention is an important process meant to help people who are having severe emotional and psychological issues, so they can find their balance again. This method usually includes looking at the situation, understanding immediate needs, and checking available resources to provide support. Professionals use various techniques that fit the person’s needs, creating a feeling of safety and empowerment when times are tough. Since crises upset personal balance, quick intervention is important to prevent lasting psychological damage. The success of crisis intervention can be significant; it not only eases immediate pain but also lays the groundwork for further healing and strength. By using structured methods like the ABC model, professionals can assess the issue, find coping strategies, and help individuals move toward positive solutions. Ultimately, grasping the meaning and range of crisis intervention highlights its importance in maintaining mental health and improving quality of life during difficult situations.
B. Importance of effective crisis intervention
During crises, the ability to act well can greatly affect both personal well-being and the stability of society. The need for quick response during crises is highlighted by the rise in childhood challenges impacting mental health, which can cause long-lasting harmful effects if not quickly addressed. The American Academy of Pediatrics notes that having safe, stable, and nurturing relationships (SSNRs) helps reduce toxic stress in children, promoting resilience and better coping with future challenges (Andrew S. Garner et al., 2021). In workplaces, especially in the hospitality sector, good crisis intervention is important for keeping employees safe and meeting health standards. Research shows that a clear psychological plan can improve compliance and protect both staff and the community during emergencies (Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020). Ultimately, effective crisis intervention is key to changing individual paths and building healthier, more resilient communities.
C. Overview of the ABC model
The ABC model is an important framework in crisis help, focusing on a clear method to meet emotional and psychological needs during tough times. This model has three main parts: Activating Event, Beliefs, and Consequences. First, an activating event causes emotional reactions, which leads people to think about their beliefs regarding the situation. This belief system greatly affects the emotional and behavioral outcomes that come next. Knowing this link helps professionals help individuals change their thoughts for better coping methods. Also, using the ABC model in crisis help is vital, particularly in fields like hospitality, where following health and safety rules is very important. For instance, a study shows that good communication and management can lead to employees really following safety rules, demonstrating how the ABC model can improve how organizations handle crises ((Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020)).
II. Understanding the ABC Model
In crisis help, the ABC Model gives a clear way to meet urgent needs and build strength. This model focuses on three main parts: feelings, actions, and thoughts that people have during a crisis. Knowing these parts helps workers to improve conversation, respond to feelings, and spot unhelpful behaviors that slow down recovery. For example, the use of artificial intelligence and large data sets to find and track the mental effects of crises is similar to how health markers show health levels in medicine. This shows that an in-depth understanding matters in both fields. By using new technologies, mental health workers can improve their responses, focusing on emotions and choices. In the end, using the ABC Model helps with quick crisis fixes and gives people tools for long-term coping, highlighting its important role in modern therapy.
A. Explanation of the ABC model components
The ABC Model of crisis intervention has three main parts: Affection, Behavior, and Cognition. Affection means showing emotional support to people in crisis, creating a safe and understanding space for open talks. This emotional bond is important because it helps set the stage for the next steps in intervention. Behavior involves what both the person in crisis and the helper do; it looks at harmful actions that might make things worse and supports healthier choices. Lastly, cognition is about helping the person change how they think and see the crisis, which builds resilience and promotes positive problem-solving approaches. This complete method not only deals with current issues but also gives people skills for managing themselves in the future, with the goal of restoring their sense of control and well-being. All these parts together build a solid framework for good crisis intervention.
B. Historical development of the ABC model
The ABC model’s history is important to know for its use in crisis help. It started in the 1970s by Albert Ellis and was later changed by people like Gerald Caplan, who focused on a methodical way to handle psychological crises. This model aimed to provide quick assistance to those in distress, concentrating on using resources and ways to cope. Over the years, the model has changed a lot, with its main ideas being updated to include new research and methods. For example, with climate change making mental health risks worse, there is a greater need for thorough plans that combine risk evaluation with crisis help, similar to what is proposed in studies of financial stability and sustainability (Simon Dikau et al., 2021). Additionally, the use of technology and data-driven strategies, as seen in responses to recent pandemics, shows that the ABC model remains important for addressing modern crises effectively (Israel Edem Agbehadji et al., 2020).
C. Application of the ABC model in crisis situations
In crisis intervention, the ABC model is a key structure for grasping and addressing the needs of people in tough situations. This model focuses on three parts: Activating events, Beliefs, and Consequences, which help professionals respond to crises. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, health emergencies brought enormous stress and uncertainty, making the ABC model very useful. When hospitality workers faced health risks and operational issues, knowing their beliefs about safety protocols helped improve their compliance with these protocols ((Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020)). Likewise, stakeholders used advanced computing methods to predict and handle crises well, showing how belief systems are important for responses. Overall, the ABC model not only gives a clear method for crisis intervention but also builds resilience in challenging times, highlighting its importance in modern crisis management ((Israel Edem Agbehadji et al., 2020)).
III. Phases of Crisis Intervention
Crisis specialists help individuals through the phases of crisis until at a pre crisis level
The crisis intervention process happens in separate steps, each important for dealing with the individual’s immediate issues and helping them recover. The first step focuses on figuring out the crisis, where the helper identifies what is happening and how serious it is. This step gives important details and makes sure the intervention is suited to the person’s specific situation. After this assessment, the next step is about building trust and creating a supportive space. This part is essential, as it helps the individual feel comfortable to communicate and be more open to the process. In the end, the intervention results in creating and putting into action a specific plan aimed at solving the crisis and encouraging long-term stability. By carefully going through these steps, crisis responders can really enhance results and support individuals in taking back control of their lives, highlighting the key ideas of the ABC model of crisis intervention. These steps show how crucial a structured method is in crisis intervention. For example, as seen in healthcare studies, knowing patient histories and building trust are critical for effective help (Mitchell S.V. Elkind et al., 2020). Likewise, research from clinical studies shows that systematically evaluating patient needs can lead to meaningful improvements in health results, especially when dealing with crises (George W. Sledge et al., 2019).
A. Assessment of the crisis situation
In dealing with a crisis situation, doing a full assessment is very important for good intervention. The first step is to find out the urgent needs and problems faced by people or groups affected by the crisis. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the sudden school closures harmed more than one billion learners, causing major learning interruptions and access issues ((Edeh Michael Onyema et al., 2020)). This crisis not only slowed down learning but made existing inequalities worse, showing the need for specific responses. In health crises, advanced breast cancer (ABC) also brings big management challenges, with many patients facing a poor prognosis ((Fátima Cardoso et al., 2018)). Understanding these details helps practitioners focus on solutions that deal with both immediate and root issues, making sure that the responses are not just immediate but also aim to deal with the unique problems caused by the crisis in a lasting way. Therefore, a complete assessment is key to any good crisis intervention plan.
B. Development of a crisis intervention plan
A complete crisis intervention plan is important for handling and reducing crises in different areas like healthcare, business, or communities. This plan should start with a careful look at the situation, figuring out the main causes of the crisis and checking the resources available for help. This step includes looking at market conditions and reviewing internal abilities, similar to anti-crisis financial management ideas that focus on prevention and managing risk (I. Zaichko et al., 2024). After the assessment, the plan should set out clear goals, using the ABC model to make interventions clear and often relying on evidence-based practices to shape the response. Since crises can grow quickly, acting promptly is vital, along with ongoing monitoring and feedback loops to adjust plans as needed. The end goal is not only to fix current problems but to build resilience, making sure organizations can learn from the crisis and set up systems to avoid future issues (Rifat Zahan et al., 2024).
C. Implementation of intervention strategies
To make interventions work well, a clear and organized method must be used that looks at what each person in crisis needs. Using frameworks like the ABC model of crisis intervention—Assessment, Building rapport, and Coping strategies—can help professionals plan their actions. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many families reported more stress in parenting and a drop in mental health, with two out of five parents showing signs of major depression (40.0%). This points to the need for focused support systems ((Shawna J. Lee et al., 2020)). By recognizing this situation, interventions can be adjusted to improve how parents manage stress while also looking after children’s emotional health. Additionally, teamwork among different professionals from various areas, as shown by researchers in global health, highlights the need to bring together diverse viewpoints in crisis intervention strategies ((Thomas Unger et al., 2020)). This all-encompassing method leads to better long-term results for people in crisis.
IV. Effectiveness of the ABC Model in Crisis Intervention
In looking at how well the ABC Model works in crisis intervention, it is important to think about how it has a clear way to deal with immediate emotional and psychological needs. The ABC Model stands for Achieving Contact, Boiling the Problem Down, and Coping. It effectively helps practitioners set up a safe place for people who are having a tough time. This model focuses on understanding the specific situation of the crisis, which helps in creating a response that fits. For example, the ongoing issues from global crises like the COVID-19 pandemic have greatly affected mental health and access to resources. The ABC Model shows it can adapt to these complicated situations, focusing on communication and practical solutions (Edeh Michael Onyema et al., 2020). Additionally, as situations change, using technology in interventions allows for a wider reach and more involvement, showing the model’s relevance in today’s world, which is often unstable. This is similar to what is seen in Alzheimer’s disease, where early help can lessen long-lasting suffering (Michael DeTure et al., 2019).
Crisis Intervention Specialists are able to help others through crisis via the ABC Model
A. Case studies demonstrating the ABC model’s success
Many case studies show how well the ABC model works in crisis intervention, proving it gives organized help in tough situations. A notable example is a case with COVID-19 patients, where the model improved communication and understanding of patients’ emotional and mental needs during the pandemic chaos (Israel Edem Agbehadji et al., 2020). In this case, clinicians used the ABC model to look at the triggers, actions, and results related to patients’ experiences, which led to specific interventions that enhanced patient cooperation and overall health. Moreover, another study pointed out how this model effectively dealt with the long-term impacts of COVID-19, emphasizing the need for ongoing support and adjustment to patients’ changing needs (Chen Chen et al., 2020). These results not only highlight the flexibility of the ABC model but also confirm its key role in providing caring, effective crisis intervention in different situations.
B. Comparison with other crisis intervention models
When assessing how well the ABC model of crisis intervention works, it’s important to compare it to other well-known models like Psychological First Aid (PFA) and the Crisis Development Model (CDM). The ABC model focuses on looking at a person’s feelings, actions, and thoughts to help stabilize a crisis. In contrast, the PFA model puts more emphasis on providing emotional support and ensuring safety right after a traumatic event. This approach aims to give practical help while promoting a sense of connection and normal life. The CDM, on the other hand, highlights the importance of understanding how people behave in a crisis, providing a clear way to predict and manage situations as they escalate. These models showcase various methods for handling crisis intervention, yet the ABC model stands out for its focus on evaluating and addressing emotional and thinking processes. As seen in discussions about stress in parents and the well-being of children in crisis situations, knowing about different intervention models can improve practitioners’ ability to work effectively in various scenarios (Shawna J. Lee et al., 2020)(Chen Chen et al., 2020).
C. Limitations and challenges of the ABC model
The ABC model is a basic framework in crisis intervention, but it has limits and problems. A major issue is that the model depends on how individuals in crisis are judged, which can lead to different views on what they need. This can be a big problem for people with serious mental health issues, like during the COVID-19 pandemic, when rising parental anxiety and depression changed how children’s wellbeing was seen (Shawna J. Lee et al., 2020). Moreover, the model might miss external factors that add to someone’s crisis, like economic difficulties, making intervention less effective. Recent research shows that there is a need for broader approaches that use new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and big data, to better spot and predict crises. These technologies could help fix some of the ABC model’s shortcomings (Israel Edem Agbehadji et al., 2020). If the model does not change, it may struggle to deal with the complicated nature of real-life crises.
V. Conclusion
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program
In summary, handling crises well is very important for dealing with the complex problems that come up in tough situations. The ABC model is a method that helps professionals look at, react to, and aid in recovery for people who are in distress. This model not only considers the urgent emotional and psychological needs of individuals but also includes key plans for long-term health. The recent disruptions in many fields due to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the negative impacts on education and the hospitality industry noted in studies, show that quick and informed responses are essential ((Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020); (Edeh Michael Onyema et al., 2020)). Putting strong crisis plans and clear safety measures in place creates workplaces that encourage compliance and flexibility among employees and other stakeholders. Therefore, by using models like ABC, professionals can handle crises better, ensuring that those affected get the help they need to regain their balance and return to normal.
A. Summary of key points discussed
When looking at crisis intervention, especially using the ABC model, several key discussions highlight its role in providing psychological support. The model focuses on how lab medicine and psychological tests have changed over time, enabling professionals to better address the pre- and post-intervention stages, which are often prone to mistakes (cite33). This change stresses the need for careful focus on assessment and intervention processes to ensure a well-informed approach to client care. Moreover, the guidelines for engaging with individuals with disabilities stress the importance of fairness and respect in assessment methods, fostering a more inclusive approach that improves intervention results (cite34). In summary, these points together confirm the ABC model’s position as an organized approach in crisis situations, promoting a thorough and caring method for intervention that emphasizes client well-being and informed choices.
B. Future implications for crisis intervention practices
As society deals with challenges from global crises, it is important to look at and improve crisis intervention methods. The results related to the COVID-19 pandemic show a key future need: organizations must create a space that encourages strict adherence to health and safety rules among workers, which is especially important in fields like hospitality that depend on in-person interactions (Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020). Moreover, the education system’s experiences during the pandemic indicate that being able to adapt to technology will be essential for handling crises, which highlights the need for strong digital systems and training for teachers and students to enable effective distance learning (Edeh Michael Onyema et al., 2020). These points suggest that future crisis intervention methods should be adaptable, combining technology and mental preparedness to ensure resilience against unexpected issues. By focusing on these areas, organizations can better equip themselves for upcoming crises, protecting their employees and the communities they support.
C. Final thoughts on the importance of the ABC model in crisis situations
In crisis intervention, the ABC model is an important framework that aids professionals in how they respond. It focuses on three steps: Achieving contact, Boiling down the problem, and Co-constructing a plan. This model offers a clear method that helps during confusing times. It helps interventionists build a connection quickly while understanding key parts of a person’s crisis, making sure the response fits their specific needs. Additionally, the ABC model encourages teamwork between the helper and the person in crisis, fostering a feeling of control and empowerment. The strength of this model lies in its organized approach and its ability to adapt, which makes it a crucial tool for dealing with the complex emotions and behaviors people face in difficult times.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program and see if it meets your academic and professional goals. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals within human services, first responses, healthcare and chaplaincy.
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Crisis Intervention specialists deal with an array of issues. Usually issues of self harm, harm of others and suicide are a very common theme. In crisis, logical thinking and hope are erased and the person can sometimes do things out of character that are very lethal in nature. Understanding suicide, suicide assessment, prevention and intervention are key components of helping individuals in crisis not make a permanent and fateful decision.
Suicide is rarely a conscious choice but one with emotional and mental implications that remove one from a state logical thinking
It is critical for crisis counselors, grief counselors, pastoral care givers and ministry, licensed mental health professionals, as well as those in healthcare to have a strong training and educational background in suicide and crises of lethality. AIHCP offers certifications in Grief Counseling but also in Crisis Intervention to help train members in those fields with the additional knowledge and abilities to handle crisis of lethality.
Suicide
While in the past, AIHCP has offered blogs, as well as video content on the nature of suicide, this particular blog will focus on the crisis element of it. It will identify suicidal signs, assessments, but also focus on intervention in particular.
James points out that a person in suicidal crisis is engaged in an expressive act of homicide where emotional state looks to reduce psychological pain (2017, p. 203). According to statistics, James point out that 600, 000 to 100, 000 suicides are attempted each year in the United States and 30, 000 to 60, 000 die each year in those attempts, with 19, 000 permanently injured (2017, p. 204). While different groups within the US have different rates of suicide as compared to others, the leading group is older white males.
Theories surrounding suicide share many common features but also have different emphasis on certain reasons why one attempts to kill oneself. Freud’s psychodynamic theories saw suicide as a reaction of some inner conflict with external stressors (James, 2017, p. 206). Erickson saw reasons for suicide correlated with developmental issues that prevented the person from advancing and reaching certain goals in life. Individuals who become stagnant and unable to develop sometimes choose suicide as an option to escape (James, 2017, p. 206). Escapist theory views suicide as the only way out of a bad situation during fight or flight. Within this theory, individuals feel they fell short, blame themselves, focus on narrow deficits only, and only see a view of perfectionism that if not met can only end in suicide due to the hopelessness perceived (James, 2017, p. 206). Hopelessness remains a common theme in all situations where the person feels they have no power over the situation.
Another important theory was developed by Edwin Shneidman, the founder of suicidology. In understanding suicide he measured one’s psycheache or pain in the mind, one’s perturbation or the degree of the pain, and the press or stress due to external factors (James, 2017, p. 206), With the combination of these things, Shneidman saw how psycheache frustrates or blocks psychological needs leading to hopelessness and suicide and reaching the state of critical mass to activate suicide.
Durkeim in the 19th Century proposed the sociological theory which looks at a person’s connections to society and how social norms and society based on a person’s integration with those norms plays a large role. Egoistical suicide refers to one’s lack integration with any group. Anomic suicide refers to when economic and financial systems of society break down all around the person. Altruistic suicide refers when a person commits suicide for cultural reasons or the perceived better good according to the society. Fatalistic suicide refers to if a person is an intolerable or unescapable situation such a concentration camp (James, 2017, p. 207). According to Van Orden interpersonal states are also key in the mind of those contemplating suicide. Suicidal individuals may acquire capability by decreasing innate fear of pain and death gradually. In their personal views, they perceive themselves as burdensome to others as well as failing to belong to anyone or find attachment to anything (James, 2017. p. 207). Existentialism and meaning also play an important role in suicide theory. Ideas on death, existential isolation, meaning and meaningless in making sense of the world and the freedom of existentialist thought to make choices all play a role in the construction of existentialist thought. When challenges to existence and death are overwhelmed and an existentialist anchor is lost, then many individuals can fall into hopelessness without any reason to exist (James, 2017, p. 208).
Another interesting theory follows a basic suicide trajectory model based on various risk factors that correlate with suicide. This includes, biological, substance abuse history, genetic predispositions, gender, self esteem, psychological maladies, cognitive thinking and environmental stressors (James, 2017, p. 207). Psychology also points to imbalances within the brain, neurochemical reactions that do not allow a person to better respond to a situation (James, 2017, 208).
From these theories and multiple other ones, one has a better understanding that suicide is rarely a free choice but is committed in a state of emotional turmoil without true cognitive reasoning. This is why so many religious views on suicide as a choice or sin have been replaced with a better recognition that most if not all are victims of it.
Characteristics of Suicidal Individuals
For the most part, those thinking of suicide exist in an acute state of crisis or a chronic state of depression that leads to certain characteristics that manifest emotionally, socially, mentally and physically.
Many suicidal individuals suffer from depression or hopelessness. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Certification
Situationally, individuals face an endurable pain they cannot overcome. A stressor frustrates the psychological need (James, 2017, p. 209). Hence situations involving trauma, death, loss, finances, relationship or anything that creates a perceived unbearable loss appears. Motivation wise, individuals look to seek a solution and that solution entails to remove the stressor via cessation of consciousness. Accompanied with this are the affective emotions of hopelessness and helplessness. Cognitively, individuals see solutions in a very narrow scope with out any alternatives to think their way out of the situation. Relationally, an individual wishes to communicate intent and find mutual justification in it and acknowledgement of that right to do so. Serially, characteristics reveal a long history of trying everything else but no other option remains (James, 2017,p. 209).
Within these characteristics of the suicidal mind, it important to dismiss certain myths that distort. First, one needs to dismiss fears of discussing suicide as if it will cause it. In fact, discussing suicide and being very upfront is key. Second, one needs to dismiss the notion that those who say they will commit suicide rarely carry through with it. In fact, many who say they are contemplating are very high risk of attempting it. To the individual suicide is perceived as a very rational act. Third, individuals who commit suicide are insane. Most who commit or attempt suicide are only acutely affected with emotional issues. Fourth, suicide is only impulsive. In fact, most suicides are planned and plotted outside acute crisis. Fifth, suicide is painless. Many suicides can be very gruesome and some go awry and very wrong. Sixth, suicidal thoughts are rare. In fact, they are more common than one may think with 8.3 million have some type of suicidal ideation (James, 2017. p. 212).
Suicide Assessment is Key
Assessment is critical in saving a life. While some crisis specialists deal with suicidal individuals in an acute and heated moment, many suicides are well planned and plotted. Counselors need to be aware of the possibility and assess the lethality
James points out that there are a variety of verbal clues, statements and written letters. As well as behavioral clues such as self harm or isolation. Also situational clues that involve death of another person, financial woes, loss job, or divorce should be acknowledged. In addition, syndromatic clues such as depression, hopelessness and unhappiness with life can play key indicators in possible suicidal. This is why it is so important to also ask someone in assessment (2017, p. 212).
Another tool to utilize is PATHWARM. This is an acronym from the American Association of Suicidology. It utilizes the letter within the acronym to better identify various warning signs. Within the acronym is: Ideation, Substance Abuse, Purposefulness, Anxiety, Trapped, Hopelessness, Withdraw, Anger, Recklessness and Mood.
There are many, many assessment keys, questions, or triages one can utilize. We will briefly go over a select few.
First, the basic clinical interview is essential in determining suicidal ideation. Within it is a long laundry list of observations and questions. Here are a few: Does the person exhibit suicidal intent or tendencies? Does the person have a family history of suicide? Does the person have past suicide attempts? Does the person have a specific plan? Has the person experienced a death recently? Does the person have a history of drugs and substance abuse? Does the person display radical changes in mood and behavior? Does the person display hopelessness? Has the person experienced past trauma? Has the person discontinued medication? Does the person exhibit extreme emotions? Has the person faced financial troubles or loss of job? Does the person feel threatened? Does the person see everything as all or nothing? Does the person feel as if he or she does not belong? Does the person struggle with identity and self esteem? Does the person have access to firearms? Has the person explored suicide through online search or literature? Has the person not seen a medical professional within the last 3 to 6 months? (James, 2017, p. 215).
SIMPLE STEPS is another acronym that can utilized in assessment during interview. Again it emphasizes the importance of asking the question are you thinking of killing oneself? Within the acronym are the following points. Suicidal? Ideation? Method? Pain? Loss? Earlier attempts? Substance abuse? Troubleshooting for alternatives? Emotions? Parental history? Stressors? (James, 2017, p. 216-17). This triage captures the basic essence again of all assessment in that it asks the difficult question and looks to identify potential lethality and danger of a plan. Not all cases may present an immediate acute threat while others may require immediate intervention and reference to medical professionals or notification of authorities and family.
Suicide Intervention
In intervention, whether in acute setting or discussing possible plans of a person to commit suicide, professionals need to not judge the person, or demean the person’s perceived tragic nature of life. Instead, crisis professionals are encouraged to gain an understanding, form a bond and offer alternative options.
The Three “I”s are essential to know if looking to defuse suicidal situations. The person feels the situation is inescapable, intolerable and interminable (James, 2017,p. 218). Hence it is important to help the person feel secure, less painful, and offer hope with solid solutions. When a person is facing crisis, they may feel there is no other way out and may need alternatives presented and applied to the situation. In addition, the crisis counselor may try to help the person reframe the situation with attributes of CBT to see the situation from a different light. The crisis counselor must also help the individual face the pain and discover that is not forever. Helping focus on not so much the lethality but the perturbation of the person can help the person see more clearly, utilize problem solving abilities, and offer alternatives to the current issue. Addressing stressors and helping the person see hope is the biggest key. At this core, Crisis Management looks to help the person plan a response to suicidal issues (James, 2017, p. 222).
Those in suicidal ideation need alternatives and options. They need to know the there is escape and an end to the pain that involves not ceasing consciousness
In counseling, professionals should help clients reframe. This involves not only a new line of thinking but also validating emotions and discussing future suicidal behaviors and how to counter them. It is important to help the person learn real problem solving skills for issues but also address teaching individuals how to cope with pain and emotions in better ways. In addition, counselors can help clients find better social connections to prevent isolation as well as play an important role in life coaching with positive thoughts, plans and goals. Importantly as well, a counselor should obtain from the person a no harm commitment through a suicide “Do not Harm Contract” or “Stay Alive” contract which the individual signs. It is important to let the person know he or she is not alone and can reach out or call when certain triggers may appear that seem unbearable (James, 2017, p. 227)> In some cases, calls to the authorities may be needed, or a person may need observed for a period of time before the crisis has subsided.
Conclusion
Suicide is not simply a call for help but a true crisis situation that demands attention. Through warning signs, assessment and proper intervention, crisis counselors can save lives. It is also important to note that suicide is not something rationally chosen but one that is mentally and emotionally chosen when in a illogical state of mind. Hence negative social stigmas need removed and professionals as well as society need to see these individuals who attempt or complete suicide as victims. This is why it is so important to be educated on the subject and listening and observing with empathy for those who shows signs of suicidal ideation.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Program and see if it meets your academic and professional goals. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification. Counselors, first responders, clergy and other mental health professionals can play a key role crisis intervention and saving lives from suicide.
Resources
James, R & Gilliland, B. (2017). “Crisis Intervention Strategies”. (8th). Cengage
Additional Resources
Clay, R. (2022). “How to assess and intervene with patients at risk of suicide”. APA. Access here
Are you thinking about suicide? How to stay safe and find treatment. Mayo Clinic. Access here
Ryan, E. & Oquendo, M. (2020). “Suicide Risk Assessment and Prevention: Challenges and Opportunities”. Psychiatry Online. Access here
Suicide and suicidal thoughts. Mayo Clinic. Access here
Suicide Prevention Tools for Public Health Professionals. CDC. Access here
