Crisis workers, specialists and counselors who help those in crisis and trauma come across many cases of abuse or domestic violence. Whether lower tier, on site, or dealing with long term trauma, domestic violence is a large problem within the world, especially against women. This is not to say it does not also occur against men, but the higher percentage of abuse and domestic violence is against women and children. Women especially suffer the brunt of domestic violence cases and suffer as victims sometimes unable to act. This blog will review what domestic violence is, factors surrounding the victim and perpetrator, as well as intervention strategies to help victims, usually women, to be able to heal and move forward.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program as well as its Anger Management Consulting Program and see if these programs meet your needs. Professionals in the Human Service Field who help battered women and other victims can utilize these certifications to broaden their knowledge and understanding of domestic violence.
What is Domestic Violence?
Domestic violence is any physical or verbal harm to another in a household. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention and Anger Management Certifications
Domestic violence goes well beyond merely anger and loss of control but has many elements that go deeply into the psychology of the abuser and the willingness for the victim to sometimes endure for years. Domestic Violence also known as Intimate Partner Violence encompasses all types of couples including not only married, but those living together, same sex couples, and abuse of children or elderly (James, 2017, p. 286). Within Domestic Violence are key terms that designate the crime. Battering refers to any type of physical assault, while abuse is a more general term that not only encompasses physical violence but also emotional, verbal abuse as well as threatening (James, 2017, p. 287).
There are many theories that surround the relationship that ties abuser and victim together. Attachment/Traumatic Bonding Theory speculates that abusers abuse because of fear of losing the significant other due to childhood trauma of losing loved ones and lack of stability. Another theory is Exchange Theory which postulates that the abuser will continue to be violent as long as the reward outweighs the cost of utilizing violence to control. Intraindividual Theory investigates various psychological and neurophysiological disorders that play a part in why batterers abuse. From the victim perspective, many women suffer from learned helplessness and battered woman syndrome in which the woman accepts the abuse and the results as a learned behavior. In reverse, the abuser, usually a man, falls into the learned behavior of achieving results through inherent abuse. Feminist theory attributes abuse by men to be tied to sexist and patriarchal views within society that glorify the dominance of the man over the woman. Cultural reinforcement and glorification of aggression for success can also play a role in advancing aggression as a positive attribute. Finally, psychological entrapment proposes that women have to much to lose financially if they report or leave the abuser. In addition, the secret fills the victim with shame and ties the abused to the abuser and looks for the abused to justify and find ways to stay (James, 2017, p. 290-293).
There are also numerous secondary stressors and issues that can add or complicate to the abuse case. Issues surrounding geographic location can affect the duration of abuse if the abused is isolated. Economic and financial stressors can play a role in a woman staying with an abuser, as well as religious beliefs and stigma. Many women may feel disenfranchised or rejected if abuse was made public. Other stressors and factors include the age of the couple, with younger couples experiencing abuse at a higher level, as well as the role of drugs and alcohol (James, 2017, p. 294).
In addition, there are many myths about domestic violence that can sometimes look to dismiss it as not as serious. One such myth is that battered women overstate their case, display too much sensitivity, or hate men or are looking for revenge. The reality is most women who report are not reporting the first incident but are reporting after multiple cases. Other myths involve justifying the abuse as if the woman or victim provoked the beating, or that if it was truly so bad, she would leave the relationship. These false myths need dismissed in order to give domestic violence the spotlight it deserves and the importance for society to make it not a family personal issue but a community one (James, 2017. p. 294).
Profile of the Batterer and Abuser
Batterer suffer from a variety of emotional impulse controls but also are possibly suffer from past abuse, as well as addiction issues. Many find wish to exert dominance over others
Batterers usually can have any of the following issues. They were battered themselves, faced poor family conditions as children, have anger and impulse control issues, deal with addictions, or suffer from a variety of emotional and cognitive disorders. Characteristics of individuals, in particular men, who abuse suffer from a variety of issues. Many demonstrate excessive dependency and possessiveness toward a women. Others have poor communication skills and can only filter anger to express. Others may have unreal expectations of their spouses or partners. Others may see themselves as dominant and set up rigid family control patterns for the spouse and children that cannot be infringed upon. Many men who abuse also are characterized as jealous, impulsive, denying, depressive, demanding, aggressive and violent. In addition, many suffer from low self esteem and form addictive habits (James, 2019, p. 293). Many abusers usually look to minimize abuse. They may deny battering, minimize the battery, or project the battery onto the victim (James, 2017, .p. 321).
Some batterers are a family only batterers. These types act out but are quick to seek forgiveness. Others with low level anti-social tendencies, or violent anti-social tendencies are far more dangerous and terroristic. This does not mean family only batterers do not have serious issues or can lead to fatal outcomes. It just means, there violence is more confined to the home and nowhere else and it may not be due to deeper psychological disorders (James, 2017., p. 296). However, it is important to note, any physical violence, even a push or shove, or threat is too much. There needs to be zero tolerance for any type of behavior.
Profile of the Abused
Abused women on the other hand suffer various characteristics that fall into compliance with abuse and perpetrate its continuance. These characteristics are sometimes sought out by abusers since it enables control. Many abused women lack self esteem due to the continuous verbal insults. They lack self confidence in abilities to make the situation better. Many women who are abused come from past history of being abused, much as the abuser. They may regularize the abuse as something familiar and normal. Many women who are subject to abuse are very dependent upon the spouse and are unable to escape the situation, or fear leaving due to stigma. Many women cannot differentiate between love and sex and also feel it is their duty to fix the abuser by staying (James, 2017, p. 294).
Many women simply live and relive the vicious cycle of abuse. They accept the the tranquil periods or first phase of tranquility of no violence but soon enough, the second phase of tension starts to build and the third phase of a violent outburst occurs. Upon this, the relationship enters into a pivotal crisis state of whether the abuser will seek forgiveness or re-assert dominance where the victim accepts the situation and re-enters a new tranquility phase. Only till the victim stops the cycle will the domestic violence end (James, 2017, p. 296).
Assessment and Intervention
Upon any report of domestic violence, human service professionals are required to report. This involves documenting the abuse with pictures and statements, assuring the victim of her rights and giving her a plan, and finally, reporting the incident to appropriate authorities (James, 2017, p. 300). Most disclosures occur at shelters, hospitals, on scene, via a crisis call or after an arrest. Unfortunately, sometimes it is difficult to access battered women or to get them to display bruises or report a crime. The Battered Woman Scale measures traits that make it difficult for battered woman to discuss or report abuse. Overall, most women possess traits of those with PTSD (James, 2017, p. 299).
During the clinical interview it is important to believe a woman who reports battering. Most women who finally have enough courage to report, are finally doing so after numerous incidents and are finally realizing the life or death nature of the situation. It is important to listen with empathy, provide support and facilitate the necessary course of action for the victim (James, 2017, p. 302). It is important as a crisis responder or counselor to be real with the victim and listen with empathy. The victim should be allowed to express emotion and the time she needs to express and tell it. The counselor should maintain eye contact during this phase and exercise empathetic listening skills. It is also important to remain respectful and non-judgemental. This is a very difficult story for the woman to tell and she needs to be applauded and not questioned with “why”. Counselors need to also help restate the victim’s thoughts and feelings and help guide the victim to better options and ways to resolve the issue and any fears she may have or possess. Finally, it is important to follow through and check on the victim’s process (James, 2017. p. 304).
Over the long term, it is important to provide psychoeducation about abuse and feelings associated with it. It is important to emphasize how unjust family violence is and how to better cope with it in the future. Other victims may also need aid in dealing with PSTD, or other stressors that are preventing them from healing and moving forward. In addition, women, families and victims need social support to help through the process (James, 2017, p.314)
Many abusers will need more than merely anger management, but additional support groups to help individuals face their own inner demons and to see the damage their violence does to the people they love. This may also involve drug and addiction therapy, as well as public intervention.
Conclusion
Domestic violence is not a family issue but a public issue. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis and Anger Management Programs
Domestic abuse whether verbal or physical is always wrong. It has deeper roots usually and cause deep crisis and trauma to victims. Many who perpetrate it have their own inner issues. While men usually are the perpetrator, it is important to note that not only women and children can be abused, but men can also be abused by women. In addition, same sex couples also face the same domestic issues heterosexual couples face. Counselors, crisis specialists, chaplains, pastors and social workers can play large roles in helping stop the cycle of violence and helping victims find safety through good assessment, reporting and future therapy.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program as well as its Anger Management Consulting Certification. The programs are online and independent study with mentorship as needed.
Resource
James, R & Gilliland, B. (2017). “Crisis Intervention Strategies”. (8th). Cengage
Additional Resources
“The National Domestic Violence Hotline”. Access here
“Domestic Violence”. Psychology Today. Access here
“Domestic violence against women: Recognize patterns, seek help”. Mayo Clinic Staff. Access here
Strong, R. (2023). “What Is Domestic Violence? Learn the Signs and How to Get Help Now”. Healthline. Access here
One of the most heinous actions against another human being is sexual assault. Sexual assault is a broad term that can include rape but also any type of sexual activity that includes not only women, but also men and children. In all, sexual abuse, or rape involves any type of deliberate violation of another that incurs an invasion of the body by force without consent. It violates the persons privacy and inner space hence scarring the individual emotionally, mentally and physically due to this violation (James, 2017, p.242). There are many forms of rape, sexual battery and assault upon numerous different victims with different genders, orientations or ages. Sexual abuse or rape can be committed by a complete stranger, or by a partner, friend or family member. It can occur through force, drugging, or coercive means. It can be severely violent with physical resistance or without.
Sexual Assault victims undergo extreme trauma. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Certification
Ultimately it is a violation of personhood and intimacy. It is a stealing of innocence and security. Due to this, in all cases, it causes different levels of trauma and crisis within the existence of the person. In this short blog, we will review some of the issues that result from sexual assault and how to help others through it.
There are many myths and fallacies surrounding sexual assault regarding its nature and the victims themselves. Such myths include that rape is merely rough sex, or that rape is a cry to avenge a man, or that rape is motivated by lust, or that rapists are loners and not everyday people, or that survivors provoke or asked for it, or that only bad women are raped, or that rapes only occur in certain bad areas of town. In addition, other fallacies include that men who are raped are willing victims due to their strength or position. Other myths blame only homosexuals as perpetrators of abuse upon young boys. Other fallacies include limiting male trauma to female trauma, that once a victim, one will become a future perpetrator, or if someone enjoyed pleasure during the sex of rape, then the person enjoyed it (James, 2017, p. 244-245). These fallacies can create many misconceptions about the nature of rape and how to help victims of rape. The reality is rape or sexual assault is a traumatic event that violates and invades a person. It can lead to a variety of traumas and when myths and fallacies circulate, it can cause intense grief for the victim.
Nature of the Rapist
Most rapes and sexual assaults obviously occur to women or children, but the nature and makeup can be attributed to anyone who seeks to sexually hurt another person. In case of usually men, the rapist or assailant performs hostile acts and is filled with anger. Many may feel mistreated, anxious or threatened and have issues with women. Many see women as inferior or submissive, and feel the need to display power over them. Many display poor interpersonal skills and also show sadistic patterns of behavior (James, 2017, p.242). Regardless of gender, those who victimize others in cases of sexual assault fall into four categories. The first is commit due to raw anger. The second commit due to power exploitation. The third commit to power reassurance and finally the fourth commit due to sadistic needs (James, 2017, p. 242).
Rapists, especially molesters, will utilize grooming techniques to find victims and entice them with rewards, only later to entrap them with manipulation to continue in the action by degrading them, blaming them, threatening them, or blackmailing them into secrecy. Blaming, shaming and disenfranchising the voice of the young person is key to the predation (James, 2017, p. 268).
The rapist or assailant can commit these crimes on a date, abduction, or even within a relationship. It be between a family member, spouse, friend or total stranger. All cases are a grave injustice to the autonomy of the other person and leaves great traumatic scars that require crisis care and long term counseling. The crimes against children are especially heinous and cry to heaven for justice. Fortunately, crisis specialists can play the role of angels on earth and try to help these victims.
Helping Sexual Assault Survivors
The initial impact stage of sexual assault and rape leaves the person within the first 2 weeks raw with emotion and maybe even physical pain from the assault. The person may be haunted by nightmares, flashbacks, dissociation, hypervigilance, or other reactions to acute stress (James, 2017, p. 248). These peritraumatic stress syndromes are natural for anyone who was involved in a severe trauma. They may gradually over time relax or persist into traumatic stress disorder or even PTSD (James, 2017. p. 250).
Among the many possible reactions, some may exhibit multiple emotions, while some may appear unaffected on in a state of shock. Some may wish to not discuss the event. Others may feel humiliated, demeaned or degraded without value. They may feel stigmatized, shamed or an extreme impaired self image. Some may blame themselves for the rape or assault. Others may have difficulty trusting others again. Some may become depressed or suicidal. Others may become extremely angry and seek revenge (James, 2017, p. 252).
Its important to help the victim find stability/safety and meaning after sexual assault
After 3 months, many will still need to continue medical care for physical issues as well as mental counseling. Some may have difficulty resuming or returning to work. Others may have a hard time resuming sexual relations. Some may also display mood swings and emotional outbursts. Others may continue to display nightmares, flashbacks and other symptoms of PTSD, as well as depression or suicidal ideation (James, 2017, p. 253). Children will show regression, odd behaviors, or acting out and if left untreated may deal with unresolved grief and trauma throughout life.
Counselors, as well as social support among friends and family can play key roles in healing. It is important for those around the victim to be understanding of the trauma and the damage it causes in regards to mood swings, emotional outbursts and the need to express anger. Friends and family need to be available and counselors need to show empathy and listening. In doing so, it means recognizing the hurt, the trauma, the self esteem issues, the lack of trust, the fears and triggers, as well as letting her make some decisions on her/him on his/her own to again feel autonomy (James, 2017, p. 254).
While those suffering from more traumatic reactions may require exposure treatments, affective regulation and cognitive therapies through licensed counselors, crisis specialists can help the victim feel safe and secure. The crisis specialist can reassure and help the person see solutions and answers to the problem and offer insight to their emotions. In these cases, helping individuals find grounding through breathing and relaxation techniques can be helpful. It can help an individual regain equilibrium. In addition, many will need help with grief and understanding loss. Grief resolution and meaning making will be essential as the person attempts to tie together this horrible event with one’s life story and finding meaning it. James points out that the two first tasks are clearly stabilization and finding meaning (2017. p. 266).
Many individuals may require support groups that share the similar trauma of sexual assault, as well as ways again to feel safe and regain autonomy. This can be through the help of others or through other ways of taking control, whether it be through self defense training, or weapons training. It may involve also finding closure through justice through the judicial system. Some may also look to find even deeper meanings by helping others. Many may form support groups or push forward into forming organizations or public awareness groups for sexual assault survivors.
Conclusion
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program and see if it meets your professional goals
Sexual assault is one of the most disgusting and grievous offenses against another human being. It is broad and wide against numerous target populations according to orientation, gender and age but it usually involves power, anger and sadistic energy. Individuals suffer intense trauma by this violation and many feel a variety of emotions that can lead to various behavioral issues and future PTSD. Even for those who suffer the general trajectory still suffer emotionally, mentally and physically and must go through a process of stabilization meaning making and finding autonomy, safety and healing again.
Crisis Specialist play a big role in the initial phases of helping sexual assault victims find safety and ability to stabilize their emotions and mind after the assault. They then guide the victim to finding the necessary long term aids to help the person again find healing and wholeness.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Certification. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification in crisis counseling. The program is great for counselors, social workers, chaplains, as well as nurses, EMT and police and rescue.
Resource
James, R & Gilliland, B. (2017). “Crisis Intervention Strategies”. (8th). Cengage
Additional Resources
National Resources for Sexual Assault Survivors and their Loved Ones. Access here
I am a victim of rape/sexual assault. What do I do? Access here
Legg, T. (2019). “Sexual Assault Resource Guide”. Healthline. Access here
Pappas, S. (2022). “How to support patients who have experienced sexual assault”. APA. Access here
Crisis intervention is an important part of mental health services that seeks to help and stabilize people during times of serious emotional distress. When individuals face intense challenges, the need for quick and effective help becomes very important, as prompt support can change the outcome of a crisis. The ABC Model of crisis intervention provides a clear structure for professionals to understand and meet the immediate needs of those in crisis. This model involves three steps: A (Achieving contact), B (Boiling down the problem), and C (Coping). Each step is meant to help clarify the client’s situation and empower them to take back control. By using the ABC Model, professionals can assess the urgency of their client’s emotional distress and use strategies that build resilience and encourage positive coping methods, which can lead to better mental health results.
Crisis Intervention Specialists utilize the ABC model to help individuals find orientation after crisis
Crisis intervention is an important process meant to help people who are having severe emotional and psychological issues, so they can find their balance again. This method usually includes looking at the situation, understanding immediate needs, and checking available resources to provide support. Professionals use various techniques that fit the person’s needs, creating a feeling of safety and empowerment when times are tough. Since crises upset personal balance, quick intervention is important to prevent lasting psychological damage. The success of crisis intervention can be significant; it not only eases immediate pain but also lays the groundwork for further healing and strength. By using structured methods like the ABC model, professionals can assess the issue, find coping strategies, and help individuals move toward positive solutions. Ultimately, grasping the meaning and range of crisis intervention highlights its importance in maintaining mental health and improving quality of life during difficult situations.
B. Importance of effective crisis intervention
During crises, the ability to act well can greatly affect both personal well-being and the stability of society. The need for quick response during crises is highlighted by the rise in childhood challenges impacting mental health, which can cause long-lasting harmful effects if not quickly addressed. The American Academy of Pediatrics notes that having safe, stable, and nurturing relationships (SSNRs) helps reduce toxic stress in children, promoting resilience and better coping with future challenges (Andrew S. Garner et al., 2021). In workplaces, especially in the hospitality sector, good crisis intervention is important for keeping employees safe and meeting health standards. Research shows that a clear psychological plan can improve compliance and protect both staff and the community during emergencies (Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020). Ultimately, effective crisis intervention is key to changing individual paths and building healthier, more resilient communities.
C. Overview of the ABC model
The ABC model is an important framework in crisis help, focusing on a clear method to meet emotional and psychological needs during tough times. This model has three main parts: Activating Event, Beliefs, and Consequences. First, an activating event causes emotional reactions, which leads people to think about their beliefs regarding the situation. This belief system greatly affects the emotional and behavioral outcomes that come next. Knowing this link helps professionals help individuals change their thoughts for better coping methods. Also, using the ABC model in crisis help is vital, particularly in fields like hospitality, where following health and safety rules is very important. For instance, a study shows that good communication and management can lead to employees really following safety rules, demonstrating how the ABC model can improve how organizations handle crises ((Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020)).
II. Understanding the ABC Model
In crisis help, the ABC Model gives a clear way to meet urgent needs and build strength. This model focuses on three main parts: feelings, actions, and thoughts that people have during a crisis. Knowing these parts helps workers to improve conversation, respond to feelings, and spot unhelpful behaviors that slow down recovery. For example, the use of artificial intelligence and large data sets to find and track the mental effects of crises is similar to how health markers show health levels in medicine. This shows that an in-depth understanding matters in both fields. By using new technologies, mental health workers can improve their responses, focusing on emotions and choices. In the end, using the ABC Model helps with quick crisis fixes and gives people tools for long-term coping, highlighting its important role in modern therapy.
A. Explanation of the ABC model components
The ABC Model of crisis intervention has three main parts: Affection, Behavior, and Cognition. Affection means showing emotional support to people in crisis, creating a safe and understanding space for open talks. This emotional bond is important because it helps set the stage for the next steps in intervention. Behavior involves what both the person in crisis and the helper do; it looks at harmful actions that might make things worse and supports healthier choices. Lastly, cognition is about helping the person change how they think and see the crisis, which builds resilience and promotes positive problem-solving approaches. This complete method not only deals with current issues but also gives people skills for managing themselves in the future, with the goal of restoring their sense of control and well-being. All these parts together build a solid framework for good crisis intervention.
B. Historical development of the ABC model
The ABC model’s history is important to know for its use in crisis help. It started in the 1970s by Albert Ellis and was later changed by people like Gerald Caplan, who focused on a methodical way to handle psychological crises. This model aimed to provide quick assistance to those in distress, concentrating on using resources and ways to cope. Over the years, the model has changed a lot, with its main ideas being updated to include new research and methods. For example, with climate change making mental health risks worse, there is a greater need for thorough plans that combine risk evaluation with crisis help, similar to what is proposed in studies of financial stability and sustainability (Simon Dikau et al., 2021). Additionally, the use of technology and data-driven strategies, as seen in responses to recent pandemics, shows that the ABC model remains important for addressing modern crises effectively (Israel Edem Agbehadji et al., 2020).
C. Application of the ABC model in crisis situations
In crisis intervention, the ABC model is a key structure for grasping and addressing the needs of people in tough situations. This model focuses on three parts: Activating events, Beliefs, and Consequences, which help professionals respond to crises. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, health emergencies brought enormous stress and uncertainty, making the ABC model very useful. When hospitality workers faced health risks and operational issues, knowing their beliefs about safety protocols helped improve their compliance with these protocols ((Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020)). Likewise, stakeholders used advanced computing methods to predict and handle crises well, showing how belief systems are important for responses. Overall, the ABC model not only gives a clear method for crisis intervention but also builds resilience in challenging times, highlighting its importance in modern crisis management ((Israel Edem Agbehadji et al., 2020)).
III. Phases of Crisis Intervention
Crisis specialists help individuals through the phases of crisis until at a pre crisis level
The crisis intervention process happens in separate steps, each important for dealing with the individual’s immediate issues and helping them recover. The first step focuses on figuring out the crisis, where the helper identifies what is happening and how serious it is. This step gives important details and makes sure the intervention is suited to the person’s specific situation. After this assessment, the next step is about building trust and creating a supportive space. This part is essential, as it helps the individual feel comfortable to communicate and be more open to the process. In the end, the intervention results in creating and putting into action a specific plan aimed at solving the crisis and encouraging long-term stability. By carefully going through these steps, crisis responders can really enhance results and support individuals in taking back control of their lives, highlighting the key ideas of the ABC model of crisis intervention. These steps show how crucial a structured method is in crisis intervention. For example, as seen in healthcare studies, knowing patient histories and building trust are critical for effective help (Mitchell S.V. Elkind et al., 2020). Likewise, research from clinical studies shows that systematically evaluating patient needs can lead to meaningful improvements in health results, especially when dealing with crises (George W. Sledge et al., 2019).
A. Assessment of the crisis situation
In dealing with a crisis situation, doing a full assessment is very important for good intervention. The first step is to find out the urgent needs and problems faced by people or groups affected by the crisis. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the sudden school closures harmed more than one billion learners, causing major learning interruptions and access issues ((Edeh Michael Onyema et al., 2020)). This crisis not only slowed down learning but made existing inequalities worse, showing the need for specific responses. In health crises, advanced breast cancer (ABC) also brings big management challenges, with many patients facing a poor prognosis ((Fátima Cardoso et al., 2018)). Understanding these details helps practitioners focus on solutions that deal with both immediate and root issues, making sure that the responses are not just immediate but also aim to deal with the unique problems caused by the crisis in a lasting way. Therefore, a complete assessment is key to any good crisis intervention plan.
B. Development of a crisis intervention plan
A complete crisis intervention plan is important for handling and reducing crises in different areas like healthcare, business, or communities. This plan should start with a careful look at the situation, figuring out the main causes of the crisis and checking the resources available for help. This step includes looking at market conditions and reviewing internal abilities, similar to anti-crisis financial management ideas that focus on prevention and managing risk (I. Zaichko et al., 2024). After the assessment, the plan should set out clear goals, using the ABC model to make interventions clear and often relying on evidence-based practices to shape the response. Since crises can grow quickly, acting promptly is vital, along with ongoing monitoring and feedback loops to adjust plans as needed. The end goal is not only to fix current problems but to build resilience, making sure organizations can learn from the crisis and set up systems to avoid future issues (Rifat Zahan et al., 2024).
C. Implementation of intervention strategies
To make interventions work well, a clear and organized method must be used that looks at what each person in crisis needs. Using frameworks like the ABC model of crisis intervention—Assessment, Building rapport, and Coping strategies—can help professionals plan their actions. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many families reported more stress in parenting and a drop in mental health, with two out of five parents showing signs of major depression (40.0%). This points to the need for focused support systems ((Shawna J. Lee et al., 2020)). By recognizing this situation, interventions can be adjusted to improve how parents manage stress while also looking after children’s emotional health. Additionally, teamwork among different professionals from various areas, as shown by researchers in global health, highlights the need to bring together diverse viewpoints in crisis intervention strategies ((Thomas Unger et al., 2020)). This all-encompassing method leads to better long-term results for people in crisis.
IV. Effectiveness of the ABC Model in Crisis Intervention
In looking at how well the ABC Model works in crisis intervention, it is important to think about how it has a clear way to deal with immediate emotional and psychological needs. The ABC Model stands for Achieving Contact, Boiling the Problem Down, and Coping. It effectively helps practitioners set up a safe place for people who are having a tough time. This model focuses on understanding the specific situation of the crisis, which helps in creating a response that fits. For example, the ongoing issues from global crises like the COVID-19 pandemic have greatly affected mental health and access to resources. The ABC Model shows it can adapt to these complicated situations, focusing on communication and practical solutions (Edeh Michael Onyema et al., 2020). Additionally, as situations change, using technology in interventions allows for a wider reach and more involvement, showing the model’s relevance in today’s world, which is often unstable. This is similar to what is seen in Alzheimer’s disease, where early help can lessen long-lasting suffering (Michael DeTure et al., 2019).
Crisis Intervention Specialists are able to help others through crisis via the ABC Model
A. Case studies demonstrating the ABC model’s success
Many case studies show how well the ABC model works in crisis intervention, proving it gives organized help in tough situations. A notable example is a case with COVID-19 patients, where the model improved communication and understanding of patients’ emotional and mental needs during the pandemic chaos (Israel Edem Agbehadji et al., 2020). In this case, clinicians used the ABC model to look at the triggers, actions, and results related to patients’ experiences, which led to specific interventions that enhanced patient cooperation and overall health. Moreover, another study pointed out how this model effectively dealt with the long-term impacts of COVID-19, emphasizing the need for ongoing support and adjustment to patients’ changing needs (Chen Chen et al., 2020). These results not only highlight the flexibility of the ABC model but also confirm its key role in providing caring, effective crisis intervention in different situations.
B. Comparison with other crisis intervention models
When assessing how well the ABC model of crisis intervention works, it’s important to compare it to other well-known models like Psychological First Aid (PFA) and the Crisis Development Model (CDM). The ABC model focuses on looking at a person’s feelings, actions, and thoughts to help stabilize a crisis. In contrast, the PFA model puts more emphasis on providing emotional support and ensuring safety right after a traumatic event. This approach aims to give practical help while promoting a sense of connection and normal life. The CDM, on the other hand, highlights the importance of understanding how people behave in a crisis, providing a clear way to predict and manage situations as they escalate. These models showcase various methods for handling crisis intervention, yet the ABC model stands out for its focus on evaluating and addressing emotional and thinking processes. As seen in discussions about stress in parents and the well-being of children in crisis situations, knowing about different intervention models can improve practitioners’ ability to work effectively in various scenarios (Shawna J. Lee et al., 2020)(Chen Chen et al., 2020).
C. Limitations and challenges of the ABC model
The ABC model is a basic framework in crisis intervention, but it has limits and problems. A major issue is that the model depends on how individuals in crisis are judged, which can lead to different views on what they need. This can be a big problem for people with serious mental health issues, like during the COVID-19 pandemic, when rising parental anxiety and depression changed how children’s wellbeing was seen (Shawna J. Lee et al., 2020). Moreover, the model might miss external factors that add to someone’s crisis, like economic difficulties, making intervention less effective. Recent research shows that there is a need for broader approaches that use new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and big data, to better spot and predict crises. These technologies could help fix some of the ABC model’s shortcomings (Israel Edem Agbehadji et al., 2020). If the model does not change, it may struggle to deal with the complicated nature of real-life crises.
V. Conclusion
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program
In summary, handling crises well is very important for dealing with the complex problems that come up in tough situations. The ABC model is a method that helps professionals look at, react to, and aid in recovery for people who are in distress. This model not only considers the urgent emotional and psychological needs of individuals but also includes key plans for long-term health. The recent disruptions in many fields due to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the negative impacts on education and the hospitality industry noted in studies, show that quick and informed responses are essential ((Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020); (Edeh Michael Onyema et al., 2020)). Putting strong crisis plans and clear safety measures in place creates workplaces that encourage compliance and flexibility among employees and other stakeholders. Therefore, by using models like ABC, professionals can handle crises better, ensuring that those affected get the help they need to regain their balance and return to normal.
A. Summary of key points discussed
When looking at crisis intervention, especially using the ABC model, several key discussions highlight its role in providing psychological support. The model focuses on how lab medicine and psychological tests have changed over time, enabling professionals to better address the pre- and post-intervention stages, which are often prone to mistakes (cite33). This change stresses the need for careful focus on assessment and intervention processes to ensure a well-informed approach to client care. Moreover, the guidelines for engaging with individuals with disabilities stress the importance of fairness and respect in assessment methods, fostering a more inclusive approach that improves intervention results (cite34). In summary, these points together confirm the ABC model’s position as an organized approach in crisis situations, promoting a thorough and caring method for intervention that emphasizes client well-being and informed choices.
B. Future implications for crisis intervention practices
As society deals with challenges from global crises, it is important to look at and improve crisis intervention methods. The results related to the COVID-19 pandemic show a key future need: organizations must create a space that encourages strict adherence to health and safety rules among workers, which is especially important in fields like hospitality that depend on in-person interactions (Xiaowen Hu et al., 2020). Moreover, the education system’s experiences during the pandemic indicate that being able to adapt to technology will be essential for handling crises, which highlights the need for strong digital systems and training for teachers and students to enable effective distance learning (Edeh Michael Onyema et al., 2020). These points suggest that future crisis intervention methods should be adaptable, combining technology and mental preparedness to ensure resilience against unexpected issues. By focusing on these areas, organizations can better equip themselves for upcoming crises, protecting their employees and the communities they support.
C. Final thoughts on the importance of the ABC model in crisis situations
In crisis intervention, the ABC model is an important framework that aids professionals in how they respond. It focuses on three steps: Achieving contact, Boiling down the problem, and Co-constructing a plan. This model offers a clear method that helps during confusing times. It helps interventionists build a connection quickly while understanding key parts of a person’s crisis, making sure the response fits their specific needs. Additionally, the ABC model encourages teamwork between the helper and the person in crisis, fostering a feeling of control and empowerment. The strength of this model lies in its organized approach and its ability to adapt, which makes it a crucial tool for dealing with the complex emotions and behaviors people face in difficult times.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program and see if it meets your academic and professional goals. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals within human services, first responses, healthcare and chaplaincy.
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Crisis Intervention specialists deal with an array of issues. Usually issues of self harm, harm of others and suicide are a very common theme. In crisis, logical thinking and hope are erased and the person can sometimes do things out of character that are very lethal in nature. Understanding suicide, suicide assessment, prevention and intervention are key components of helping individuals in crisis not make a permanent and fateful decision.
Suicide is rarely a conscious choice but one with emotional and mental implications that remove one from a state logical thinking
It is critical for crisis counselors, grief counselors, pastoral care givers and ministry, licensed mental health professionals, as well as those in healthcare to have a strong training and educational background in suicide and crises of lethality. AIHCP offers certifications in Grief Counseling but also in Crisis Intervention to help train members in those fields with the additional knowledge and abilities to handle crisis of lethality.
Suicide
While in the past, AIHCP has offered blogs, as well as video content on the nature of suicide, this particular blog will focus on the crisis element of it. It will identify suicidal signs, assessments, but also focus on intervention in particular.
James points out that a person in suicidal crisis is engaged in an expressive act of homicide where emotional state looks to reduce psychological pain (2017, p. 203). According to statistics, James point out that 600, 000 to 100, 000 suicides are attempted each year in the United States and 30, 000 to 60, 000 die each year in those attempts, with 19, 000 permanently injured (2017, p. 204). While different groups within the US have different rates of suicide as compared to others, the leading group is older white males.
Theories surrounding suicide share many common features but also have different emphasis on certain reasons why one attempts to kill oneself. Freud’s psychodynamic theories saw suicide as a reaction of some inner conflict with external stressors (James, 2017, p. 206). Erickson saw reasons for suicide correlated with developmental issues that prevented the person from advancing and reaching certain goals in life. Individuals who become stagnant and unable to develop sometimes choose suicide as an option to escape (James, 2017, p. 206). Escapist theory views suicide as the only way out of a bad situation during fight or flight. Within this theory, individuals feel they fell short, blame themselves, focus on narrow deficits only, and only see a view of perfectionism that if not met can only end in suicide due to the hopelessness perceived (James, 2017, p. 206). Hopelessness remains a common theme in all situations where the person feels they have no power over the situation.
Another important theory was developed by Edwin Shneidman, the founder of suicidology. In understanding suicide he measured one’s psycheache or pain in the mind, one’s perturbation or the degree of the pain, and the press or stress due to external factors (James, 2017, p. 206), With the combination of these things, Shneidman saw how psycheache frustrates or blocks psychological needs leading to hopelessness and suicide and reaching the state of critical mass to activate suicide.
Durkeim in the 19th Century proposed the sociological theory which looks at a person’s connections to society and how social norms and society based on a person’s integration with those norms plays a large role. Egoistical suicide refers to one’s lack integration with any group. Anomic suicide refers to when economic and financial systems of society break down all around the person. Altruistic suicide refers when a person commits suicide for cultural reasons or the perceived better good according to the society. Fatalistic suicide refers to if a person is an intolerable or unescapable situation such a concentration camp (James, 2017, p. 207). According to Van Orden interpersonal states are also key in the mind of those contemplating suicide. Suicidal individuals may acquire capability by decreasing innate fear of pain and death gradually. In their personal views, they perceive themselves as burdensome to others as well as failing to belong to anyone or find attachment to anything (James, 2017. p. 207). Existentialism and meaning also play an important role in suicide theory. Ideas on death, existential isolation, meaning and meaningless in making sense of the world and the freedom of existentialist thought to make choices all play a role in the construction of existentialist thought. When challenges to existence and death are overwhelmed and an existentialist anchor is lost, then many individuals can fall into hopelessness without any reason to exist (James, 2017, p. 208).
Another interesting theory follows a basic suicide trajectory model based on various risk factors that correlate with suicide. This includes, biological, substance abuse history, genetic predispositions, gender, self esteem, psychological maladies, cognitive thinking and environmental stressors (James, 2017, p. 207). Psychology also points to imbalances within the brain, neurochemical reactions that do not allow a person to better respond to a situation (James, 2017, 208).
From these theories and multiple other ones, one has a better understanding that suicide is rarely a free choice but is committed in a state of emotional turmoil without true cognitive reasoning. This is why so many religious views on suicide as a choice or sin have been replaced with a better recognition that most if not all are victims of it.
Characteristics of Suicidal Individuals
For the most part, those thinking of suicide exist in an acute state of crisis or a chronic state of depression that leads to certain characteristics that manifest emotionally, socially, mentally and physically.
Many suicidal individuals suffer from depression or hopelessness. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Certification
Situationally, individuals face an endurable pain they cannot overcome. A stressor frustrates the psychological need (James, 2017, p. 209). Hence situations involving trauma, death, loss, finances, relationship or anything that creates a perceived unbearable loss appears. Motivation wise, individuals look to seek a solution and that solution entails to remove the stressor via cessation of consciousness. Accompanied with this are the affective emotions of hopelessness and helplessness. Cognitively, individuals see solutions in a very narrow scope with out any alternatives to think their way out of the situation. Relationally, an individual wishes to communicate intent and find mutual justification in it and acknowledgement of that right to do so. Serially, characteristics reveal a long history of trying everything else but no other option remains (James, 2017,p. 209).
Within these characteristics of the suicidal mind, it important to dismiss certain myths that distort. First, one needs to dismiss fears of discussing suicide as if it will cause it. In fact, discussing suicide and being very upfront is key. Second, one needs to dismiss the notion that those who say they will commit suicide rarely carry through with it. In fact, many who say they are contemplating are very high risk of attempting it. To the individual suicide is perceived as a very rational act. Third, individuals who commit suicide are insane. Most who commit or attempt suicide are only acutely affected with emotional issues. Fourth, suicide is only impulsive. In fact, most suicides are planned and plotted outside acute crisis. Fifth, suicide is painless. Many suicides can be very gruesome and some go awry and very wrong. Sixth, suicidal thoughts are rare. In fact, they are more common than one may think with 8.3 million have some type of suicidal ideation (James, 2017. p. 212).
Suicide Assessment is Key
Assessment is critical in saving a life. While some crisis specialists deal with suicidal individuals in an acute and heated moment, many suicides are well planned and plotted. Counselors need to be aware of the possibility and assess the lethality
James points out that there are a variety of verbal clues, statements and written letters. As well as behavioral clues such as self harm or isolation. Also situational clues that involve death of another person, financial woes, loss job, or divorce should be acknowledged. In addition, syndromatic clues such as depression, hopelessness and unhappiness with life can play key indicators in possible suicidal. This is why it is so important to also ask someone in assessment (2017, p. 212).
Another tool to utilize is PATHWARM. This is an acronym from the American Association of Suicidology. It utilizes the letter within the acronym to better identify various warning signs. Within the acronym is: Ideation, Substance Abuse, Purposefulness, Anxiety, Trapped, Hopelessness, Withdraw, Anger, Recklessness and Mood.
There are many, many assessment keys, questions, or triages one can utilize. We will briefly go over a select few.
First, the basic clinical interview is essential in determining suicidal ideation. Within it is a long laundry list of observations and questions. Here are a few: Does the person exhibit suicidal intent or tendencies? Does the person have a family history of suicide? Does the person have past suicide attempts? Does the person have a specific plan? Has the person experienced a death recently? Does the person have a history of drugs and substance abuse? Does the person display radical changes in mood and behavior? Does the person display hopelessness? Has the person experienced past trauma? Has the person discontinued medication? Does the person exhibit extreme emotions? Has the person faced financial troubles or loss of job? Does the person feel threatened? Does the person see everything as all or nothing? Does the person feel as if he or she does not belong? Does the person struggle with identity and self esteem? Does the person have access to firearms? Has the person explored suicide through online search or literature? Has the person not seen a medical professional within the last 3 to 6 months? (James, 2017, p. 215).
SIMPLE STEPS is another acronym that can utilized in assessment during interview. Again it emphasizes the importance of asking the question are you thinking of killing oneself? Within the acronym are the following points. Suicidal? Ideation? Method? Pain? Loss? Earlier attempts? Substance abuse? Troubleshooting for alternatives? Emotions? Parental history? Stressors? (James, 2017, p. 216-17). This triage captures the basic essence again of all assessment in that it asks the difficult question and looks to identify potential lethality and danger of a plan. Not all cases may present an immediate acute threat while others may require immediate intervention and reference to medical professionals or notification of authorities and family.
Suicide Intervention
In intervention, whether in acute setting or discussing possible plans of a person to commit suicide, professionals need to not judge the person, or demean the person’s perceived tragic nature of life. Instead, crisis professionals are encouraged to gain an understanding, form a bond and offer alternative options.
The Three “I”s are essential to know if looking to defuse suicidal situations. The person feels the situation is inescapable, intolerable and interminable (James, 2017,p. 218). Hence it is important to help the person feel secure, less painful, and offer hope with solid solutions. When a person is facing crisis, they may feel there is no other way out and may need alternatives presented and applied to the situation. In addition, the crisis counselor may try to help the person reframe the situation with attributes of CBT to see the situation from a different light. The crisis counselor must also help the individual face the pain and discover that is not forever. Helping focus on not so much the lethality but the perturbation of the person can help the person see more clearly, utilize problem solving abilities, and offer alternatives to the current issue. Addressing stressors and helping the person see hope is the biggest key. At this core, Crisis Management looks to help the person plan a response to suicidal issues (James, 2017, p. 222).
Those in suicidal ideation need alternatives and options. They need to know the there is escape and an end to the pain that involves not ceasing consciousness
In counseling, professionals should help clients reframe. This involves not only a new line of thinking but also validating emotions and discussing future suicidal behaviors and how to counter them. It is important to help the person learn real problem solving skills for issues but also address teaching individuals how to cope with pain and emotions in better ways. In addition, counselors can help clients find better social connections to prevent isolation as well as play an important role in life coaching with positive thoughts, plans and goals. Importantly as well, a counselor should obtain from the person a no harm commitment through a suicide “Do not Harm Contract” or “Stay Alive” contract which the individual signs. It is important to let the person know he or she is not alone and can reach out or call when certain triggers may appear that seem unbearable (James, 2017, p. 227)> In some cases, calls to the authorities may be needed, or a person may need observed for a period of time before the crisis has subsided.
Conclusion
Suicide is not simply a call for help but a true crisis situation that demands attention. Through warning signs, assessment and proper intervention, crisis counselors can save lives. It is also important to note that suicide is not something rationally chosen but one that is mentally and emotionally chosen when in a illogical state of mind. Hence negative social stigmas need removed and professionals as well as society need to see these individuals who attempt or complete suicide as victims. This is why it is so important to be educated on the subject and listening and observing with empathy for those who shows signs of suicidal ideation.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Program and see if it meets your academic and professional goals. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification. Counselors, first responders, clergy and other mental health professionals can play a key role crisis intervention and saving lives from suicide.
Resources
James, R & Gilliland, B. (2017). “Crisis Intervention Strategies”. (8th). Cengage
Additional Resources
Clay, R. (2022). “How to assess and intervene with patients at risk of suicide”. APA. Access here
Are you thinking about suicide? How to stay safe and find treatment. Mayo Clinic. Access here
Ryan, E. & Oquendo, M. (2020). “Suicide Risk Assessment and Prevention: Challenges and Opportunities”. Psychiatry Online. Access here
Suicide and suicidal thoughts. Mayo Clinic. Access here
Suicide Prevention Tools for Public Health Professionals. CDC. Access here
Obviously crisis counseling is sometimes on the scene of the event. It is emotional first aid that attempts to restore equilibrium and mobility to the person. It is short term in its plan and it briefs the individual and carries through necessary tasks to help the person return to pre-crisis state. It also looks to help the person find orientation and resources to help avoid future crisis and find resolution to what caused the crisis reaction.
Crisis specialists who arrive on scene have an entirely different approach to counseling than long term counselors in mental health
In this blog, we will look at crisis counseling in settings where intake occurs and how counselors work to help individuals leave the state of crisis. In these cases, the individual is brought in by the police, or rescue and the person requires mental care until able to be released. These types of counseling sessions differ greatly from traditional counseling settings. They still are not long term but they do look to alleviate crisis as much as any work on the scene itself. In addition to reviewing these types of crisis counseling settings, we will look at the efforts to better concert the police with mental health professionals in ensuring mutual safety of first responders and those in crisis.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program, as well as its Substance Abuse Specialist Program for qualified professionals in Human Services and first response.
Crisis Counseling in Facilities
Many mental health community centers are equipped to handle walk-ins, police escorted individuals in crisis, family admitted or social service recommended cases (James, 2017, p. 100). Like the crisis specialist in the field and on the scene, these professionals provide the same type of de-escalation model to help the person find equilibrium and mobility. They can also keep the person a few days if necessary and later coordinate with case managers to ensure the person receives continued observation, medication, or future counseling. Some facilities are 24 hour facilities, while others have emergency call centers beyond the regular hours (James, 2017, p. 102).
Upon entry into a facility, a person is assessed across the range of the triage scale to determine if someone is mildly or severely impaired. For more severe cases, a senior technician is called upon to help the person. Crisis specialists will also try to receive a case history of the person to better determine the onset of crisis. If mental pathology is present, a psychiatrist may be called to better meet the needs of the person (James, 2017, p. 100). James also references that those who face more severe mental fragmentation will be committed until safe to self and others (2017, p. 100).
The initial intake interview is a key process where questions and basic crisis intervention tasks can be completed. If the person is appraised negatively with a high level of lethality as well as drug use, then the person will need to stay longer. The clinician or team following the intake interview, prepares a disposition that describes the case as well as suggestions for treatment. In some cases, the facility will supply the person with a psychological anchor. This refers to a professional who will serve as their case worker, advocate or contact person (James, 2017, p. 101). In some cases, the individual will need short term disposition which meets the immediate physical needs of food, water or shelter. The Department of Family Services plays a big role with social workers to ensure the proper government entities meet the needs of the person. However, sometimes, long term disposition occur where the person needs long term care plan which includes counseling abd medication to help the person deal with future issues and crisis (James, 2017, p. 101).
Crisis and Short Term Vs Counseling and Long Term Cases
Since crisis is about mental and emotional first aid that looks to stop emotional bleeding, its goals and procedures to reach those goals differ greatly from long term counseling and cases. James lists numerous differences between these two types of mental health models. In regards to the initial tasks themselves, there is a large difference. Crisis counseling looks to ensure client safety and assess lethality initially, while long term looks to prevent future problems. Where crisis counselors look in the first task to form a bond with the person in crisis, long term counselors look to correct issues with sound and tested evidence based treatments. Where crisis counselors help the person define the immediate problem, long term counselors help provide systematic support for that problem. Where crisis counselors provides support to help calm the person in crisis, long term counselors help facilitate growth in the healing process. Where crisis counselors look to help those in crisis see alternate options and develop a plan, long term counselors look to re-educate and help clients express and clarify emotions. Where crisis counselors resolve with commitment to plan and follow up, long term care counselor continue treatment with resolving issues, accepting realities, reorganizing attitudes and working on maximizing intellectual resources to deal with issues (2017, p. 98).
Those admitted into crisis centers are facing affective, behavioral and cognitive issues that are preventing proper emotional balance and coping. These facilities face different types of intake individuals who face acute crisis
Crisis intervention specialists utilize diagnosis via the triage method looking at the affective, behavioral and cognitive issues on the spot and face to face, while long term counselors work with a detailed case history as well as observation throughout a period of time with most patients not experiencing a state of acute crisis. Where crisis specialists treat acute trauma and help to stabilize, long term counselors look at the underlying causes for issues over an extended period of time. Where a crisis specialist’s plan is to meet the immediate physical and emotional needs to stabilize a person, a long term counselor’s plan is a comprehensive effort that covers time and numerous personal and social environments that looks to help alleviate a non acute issue. (James, 2017, p. 98). Hence crisis intervention specialists deal with individuals who are affectively in an impaired state, cognitively unable to think logically and behaviorally out of control and pose a threat to themselves and others, while a long term counselor deals with individuals not in impairment emotionally and is able to think and socially behave (James, 2017, p. 99). This means that crisis professionals whether on the scene, or in a facility helping a person in crisis are working at a mental emergency level where decisions and observations must be quicker and plans may need be adjusted quickly due to safety issues (James, 2017, p. 99)
Types of Issues with Crisis
Obviously dealing with those in crisis requires quick thinking and assessment but it also entails dealing with individuals who are a lethal threat to self and others, as well as many times on multiple types of drugs. Crisis professionals deal with chronic mental illness, acute interpersonal problems due to relationships and other social factors, and combinations of both (James, 2017, p. 97). While long term care counselors deal with these type of issues, usually the person is not actually intoxicated, or in a state of mania, or suicidal with gun in hand during a session. Many crisis counselors deal with an array of acute issues that include those who are constantly in a transcrisis state that can be activated at any moment. Those facing multiple stressors or anxiety or depression can easily fall into a state of acute crisis in these cases. In addition to transcrisis, many individuals in chronic crisis will face regression and fall back into old issues that led to crisis. Others may face issues with possible termination of future sessions with counselor since the counselor has become an anchor (James, 2017, p. 108). In addition to dealing with those in transcrisis, many counselors deal with individuals with addiction issues and psychotic breaks with reality. One common type of malady that corresponds with crisis in Borderline Personality Disorder. This disorder prevents the person from past trauma to achieve stable moods from hour to hour, day to day or month to month. They can erupt into anger or sadness over minor things they perceive as slights. Many are also impulsive, self destructive, confused with goals, unable to maintain self esteem, possess suicidal ideation, and have destructive choices in relationships (James, 2017, p. 111). Obviously this type of disorder is a chaotic recipe for crisis calls for the police and later mental health intervention.
These types of issues can lead to big problems with counselors and those in crisis as well as those who offer long term counseling. It can lead an array of issues where the client is suicidal, deals with abuse, or problems with finances or the law, as well as one who frequently misinterprets a therapist’s statements, reacts strongly to advice, fears resistance and follow through of treatments, as well as transgressing professional boundaries with calls and insults (James, 2017, p. 111). James points out that when dealing with individuals in chronic crisis or facing other mental maladies, one needs to set ground rules that apply for everyone. Sessions need to start and end on time. Sessions need to be void of threats. Everyone speaks for oneself and is fully heard. Everyone faces all issues discussed and does not have the option to abruptly leave. The session will not include gaslighting or avoiding the subject. No one is to arrive drunk or intoxicated. The crisis counselor or counselor will not take sides. Time will be respected outside the office and the needs of other clients will not be dismissed for another’s immediate demands (James, 2017, p. 114). Obviously dealing with those that face multiple issues and chronic crisis is a heavy task. It involves professionalism, boundaries and sometimes a place to vent for the counselor afterwards.
Crisis Facilities and Law Enforcement
Since the closing of mental asylums in 1963, law enforcement and prisons have picked up the slack of dealing with those in mental crisis. This has led to many unfortunate incidents of police shootings, or police brutality cases. While most police officers and law enforcement are good people, the job of dealing with those in mental crisis is exhausting and can trigger a sane individual into actions not normal for fear of safety of self or frustration. Most police historically have dealt with criminals in the true sense. Upon apprehending of a thief, the thief understands to drop the weapon or the stop. Unfortunately in heated situations of mental crisis, people sometimes cannot emotionally understand or comprehend orders. Due to equilibrium and immobility of a person in crisis, an officer has to show constraint and avoid authoritative and aggressive commands or he/she may escalate the situation. Some officers are not able to handle this type of mental health interaction but modern policing requires it. As more and more unfortunate death by cop whether intentional or intentional occurs, the more police need trained in crisis intervention and de-escalation. Police officers who cannot handle this adjustment either need to find a new profession or soon risk the chance of ending up in prison, sued, or fired themselves.
Police are responding more and more to crisis calls than merely criminal calls. They need to be trained in how to help individuals face crisis to avoid future fatalities
James mentioned the change in policing from instrumental crimes to more expressive crimes where officers are required to adjust their approach in dealing with the person in crisis (2017, p. 102). James illustrated one of the first joint task teams of law enforcement and mental health and crisis centers with the Memphis Police Department in 1987 (James, 2017. p. 103). The Crisis Intervention Team or CIT was designed to train police when dealing with those in crisis as well as to coordinate with mental facilities instead of prisons. James pointed out that the model was not just about training police but also to help create better coordination with the mental health community and consumer advocates promoting mental health awareness (2017, p. 104). James pointed out that the program covered 40 hours of CIT training that covered cultural awareness of mental illness, substance abuse, developmental disabilities, treatment strategies and mental health resources, patient and legal rights in crisis intervention, suicide intervention, use of mobile crisis teams, education on psychotic meditations and effects, verbal defusing and de-escalating techniques and education on borderline personality disorder and other mental issues (2017, P. 105).
According to James, the program has been a success and a model for other law enforcement agencies in other communities and cities. Within its first 16 months of operation in 1987 to 1988, Memphis CIT trained officers responded to 5, 831 mental disturbance calls, transported 3, 424 cases to proper mental health facilities without patient fatality (2017, p. 106). In the 20 and more years since, more calls are received to the hotline differentiating crime and mental crisis and there has been a reduction in the use of force and more individuals being sent to mental facilities instead of jail (James, 2017, p. 106).
This is an important issue and the success shows that modern policing can meet the needs of mental crisis. Some departments also receive additional aid from social workers, chaplains and other crisis professionals on calls related to mental disturbance. This does not mean that danger and risk exists both for the person in crisis as well as the first responders but it does reduce the chance for unnecessary and tragic fatality. This should be an issue every person cares about because anyone can become a victim of crisis and police when called need to be able to de-escalate and not escalate.
Conclusion
Crisis intervention care is not for the faint of heart. It requires quick thinking and decisions which need to be adjusted on the fly as danger and possible death loom with every call. Crisis cases whether on scene or in a facility deal with acute crisis. Individuals are facing dis equilibrium and immobility. They are affected emotionally, behaviorally and cognitively. This leads to a different type of response than long term care. Crisis counselors understand the different nature of their calling and profession. In addition, mental health facilities, the public, and police are all beginning to incorporate better crisis response to negate police brutality or illegal shootings of those in crisis. This involves understanding that modern policing is more about arresting bad guys but also helping sick people find balance and the proper treatment.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention and Substance Abuse Specialist Programs
Conflict resolution is key is every aspect of human interaction. Since human beings are social beings there is bound to be communication and needs that lead to conflict. How one manages one’s emotions is key to conflict resolution. Whether as a regular person, officer, diplomat, or politician, it is essential to know how to de-escalate, control emotion, and resolve conflict. Anger Management and Crisis Intervention are key ingredients to managing conflict.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Program as well as AIHCP’s Anger Management Specialist Program and see if they match your academic and professional goals. The programs are online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification.
Exploring the Mind: Understanding the Phenomenon of Dissociation
Dissociation is a complex psychological phenomenon that involves a disconnection from reality, often as a coping mechanism for overwhelming stress or trauma. This article explores the various aspects of dissociation, including its impact on the mind-body connection, spiritual awakening, and healing. By delving into the spiritual aspect of dissociation and its linkages to personal growth, we aim to gain a deeper understanding of this intriguing phenomenon.
Key Takeaways
Dissociation is a mental response to triggers of past trauma. It reacts as a self defense mechanism but can be dangerous and cause injury if in public.
Dissociation is a coping mechanism for overwhelming stress or trauma, leading to disconnection from reality.
Dissociation can act as a catalyst for spiritual awakening, prompting individuals to question their reality and seek answers beyond the physical world.
Dissociation can create an opportunity for individuals to release past traumas and access a deeper sense of self.
There is a complex and intricate link between dissociation and spiritual insights, leading to personal growth and transformation.
Understanding Dissociation
What Is Dissociation?
Dissociation is a psychological coping mechanism that activates when an individual is faced with overwhelming stress or trauma. It represents a disconnection from reality, often resulting in disruptions to memory, emotions, and identity.
Common symptoms of dissociation include:
Feeling as though one is in a trance or daydream
Memory loss or difficulty with recall
A sense of detachment from oneself or the environment
Emotional numbness or being overwhelmed
Loss of control over emotions
Sensory disconnection, such as impaired touch or vision
Dissociation serves as a protective barrier, allowing individuals to distance themselves from distressing experiences. While it can be a temporary refuge, persistent dissociative states may require professional intervention to address underlying issues and restore a sense of reality.
Grounding Oneself
One who experiences dissociation may sometimes try to calm oneself due to the manifested trigger. There are multiple ways one can seek grounding techniques to keep oneself from dissociating from reality. Part of grounding can include touching something in the present moment, such as the soft side of a chair, or rubbing one’s feet against the carpet. This type of physical grounding is only one strategy, others also include mental grounding where one utilizes mentally stimulating thoughts such as counting, recalling memories, or other visual affects. Emotional grounding can also be employed with breathing exercises.
It is important to try to ground oneself when dissociation occurs. While it can help one deal with triggers, it can be very dangerous if in an active area. One could fall or hurt, or cause an accident.
It is sometimes extremely important to be able to ground oneself because sometimes if one dissociates, one can harm oneself or others due to lack of attention to driving, or moving around in public. This can lead to accidents, falling, or injuring oneself.
If experiencing these types of issues, contact a mental health professional.
Manifestation of Dissociation
Dissociation is a complex phenomenon that presents itself in various forms, often as a psychological defense mechanism in response to trauma. Symptoms can range from mild detachment to severe disconnection from reality, impacting an individual’s daily functioning and sense of self.
Feeling as though one is in a trance or daydream
Experiencing memory loss or difficulty with recall
Sensing a detachment from oneself or surroundings
Encountering overwhelming emotions or emotional numbness
Challenges in controlling emotions
Disconnection from sensory experiences, such as touch or sight
Dissociation serves as a coping strategy, allowing individuals to distance themselves from extreme stress or traumatic events. This disconnection can be both protective and disruptive, altering one’s perception of reality and interaction with the world.
While the manifestations of dissociation are diverse, they often signal an underlying need for healing and support. Recognizing these signs is the first step towards understanding and addressing the root causes of dissociative experiences.
In addition, the manifestation of this state can lead to isolation, addictions and other ways to help cope with it. It is important to recognize it and seek counseling and help to prevent it from possibly harming oneself.
Types of Dissociative States
Dissociative states are complex phenomena that can be categorized into three primary types: depersonalization, derealization, and dissociative amnesia. Depersonalization involves a sense of detachment from oneself, often described as feeling like an outside observer of one’s own body or thoughts. Derealization is characterized by a feeling of unreality or detachment from the environment, making the world seem foggy or dreamlike. Lastly, dissociative amnesia pertains to gaps in memory for personal information, sometimes specific to traumatic events.
Depersonalization: Detachment from self
Derealization: Detachment from environment
Dissociative Amnesia: Memory gaps
Each type of dissociative state represents a unique way in which the mind copes with stress or trauma. While they can be unsettling, understanding these states is crucial for effective treatment and personal growth.
It’s important to recognize that these states can occur independently or concurrently, and their manifestation can vary greatly among individuals. The experience of dissociation can be transient or part of a more chronic condition, such as dissociative identity disorder. Identifying the type of dissociative state is a critical step in addressing the underlying issues and moving towards healing.
Dissociative states can include according to the DSM-5 various levels of severity. It can include an amnesia state that is simple to complex, a de-attachment state from self or environment or multiple personalities in its most severe form.
Dissociation and the Mind-Body Connection
Impact on Consciousness
Dissociation profoundly affects the landscape of consciousness, often leading to a disruption in the normal integration of thoughts, feelings, and experiences. The alteration in consciousness can range from mild detachment to a more severe disconnection from reality.
The default mode network, often associated with self-referential thoughts, is impacted during dissociative states.
Studies using fMRI have shown changes in the prefrontal parietal network, which is crucial for attention and working memory.
Consciousness supporting networks, including the anterior and posterior cortex, exhibit distinct patterns during dissociative episodes.
Dissociation challenges our understanding of consciousness, revealing the intricate workings of the mind and the delicate balance that sustains our sense of self and reality.
The neural correlates of consciousness, such as the default mode network and the prefrontal parietal network, are key areas of study to unravel the mysteries of dissociation. By examining the changes in these networks, researchers can gain insights into the mechanisms that underlie altered states of consciousness.
Spiritual Awakening
Spiritual awakening is often described as a profound shift in consciousness, where one experiences a deep connection with the essence of being and a recognition of a more expansive reality. It is a transformative journey that can lead to a profound understanding of oneself and the universe.
A shift in one’s perspective on life
Detachment from material possessions and ego
Increased compassion and empathy towards others
A feeling of oneness with the universe
A deepened sense of intuition and spiritual connection
While the path to spiritual awakening can be enlightening, it may also bring about challenges such as feelings of alienation or difficulty integrating experiences into everyday life. Nonetheless, the journey is often seen as a pivotal moment in personal growth and self-discovery.
The process of awakening can be spontaneous or induced by practices like meditation. It is marked by a series of internal changes:
A reevaluation of personal values and beliefs
An enhanced awareness of life’s interconnectedness
A pursuit of deeper meaning and purpose beyond the self
Link to Personal Growth
The concept of dissociation, often perceived as a detachment from reality, can paradoxically serve as a bridge to personal growth. Dissociation provides a unique space for reflection and self-exploration, allowing individuals to step back from the immediacy of their experiences and view their lives from a new perspective. This detachment can lead to a deeper understanding of one’s self and the challenges faced, fostering a sense of competence and efficacy.
In the realm of personal development, dissociation can be a catalyst for change, offering an opportunity to reassess one’s goals and values without the interference of external pressures.
The process of personal growth through dissociation can be outlined in the following steps:
Recognizing the occurrence of dissociative states.
Understanding the triggers and underlying emotions.
Utilizing the reflective space provided by dissociation to gain insights.
Integrating these insights into daily life to foster resilience and adaptability.
This transformative journey can lead to an increase in intrinsic motivation, self-directed learning, and ultimately, a more profound sense of self-realization.
Healing and Transformation
Releasing Past Traumas
Dissociation can awaken us to deeper issues that are not healed. Please also review AIHCP’s Mental Health Certifications for qualified professionals
Dissociation offers a unique pathway for individuals to confront and release past traumas, paving the way to rediscover a more authentic self. This process often involves delving into the unconscious mind, where unresolved emotions and memories reside. By accessing these hidden parts of the psyche, one can begin the journey of healing and transformation.
Dissociation can serve as a bridge to personal growth, allowing for a re-examination of beliefs and identity. It is in this introspective space that many find the strength to let go of the pain that has held them back.
To facilitate this healing, certain practices can be adopted:
Breathwork: Engage in breathing exercises to help regulate emotions and achieve a sense of calm.
Creative expression: Utilize art, music, or writing as outlets for emotional release and self-discovery.
Mindfulness: Practice being present in the moment to reconnect with oneself and the environment.
While the journey through dissociation can be disorienting, it ultimately can lead to a profound spiritual awakening and a renewed search for meaning and purpose in life.
Accessing Deeper Self
In the journey of healing and transformation, dissociation can serve as a gateway to accessing deeper levels of the self. This process often involves delving into the unconscious mind, where dormant emotions and memories reside. By confronting and releasing these suppressed elements, individuals may experience a profound shift in their sense of identity and consciousness.
Exploration of beliefs and identity questioning
Release of past traumas
Unlocking of unconscious pathways
Potential for spiritual awakening
The act of accessing one’s deeper self is not just about self-discovery; it’s about reconstructing the very fabric of one’s being from the inside out.
As individuals navigate through this transformative phase, they may find themselves on the precipice of a spiritual awakening. The sense of emptiness that once pervaded their existence begins to fill with a newfound purpose and connection to something greater. This spiritual dimension adds a rich layer to the healing process, offering a sense of wholeness that transcends the individual experience.
Treatment
While coping involves grounding exercises, the best way to overcome and limit the dissociation is facing the trauma and understanding the triggers. Treatments include medications such as anti-psychotics, anxiety reducing medications, anti depressants and sleep aids. Counseling can also help. Individuals can go through cognitive behavioral therapy to better understand and react to the issue when it occurs. One can also better learn to manage emotional reactions to triggers. EDMR can also help de-sensitive individuals to the triggers by discussing and visualizing them in a safe place with a trained mental health professional.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the phenomenon of dissociation is a complex and multifaceted coping mechanism that the brain initiates in response to overwhelming stress or trauma. It manifests in various forms, affecting memory, emotions, and identity. The three types of dissociative states, depersonalization, derealization, and dissociative amnesia, present unique challenges for individuals experiencing dissociation. Additionally, dissociation may trigger spiritual awakening, leading individuals to question their reality and seek answers beyond the physical world. This exploration of dissociation and its potential connection to spiritual awakening provides valuable insights into the intricate workings of the human mind and the profound impact of coping mechanisms on personal growth and transformation. It is also important to understand ways to cope with it but also treat it to prevent serious injury or further pathological onset. While it can help us identify past trauma, it must also be identified and worked on to prevent further issues.
Please also review AIHCP’s Mental Health Certifications for qualified professionals.
Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling, Crisis Intervention and other mental health certification programs. Licensed professional counselors or human service professionals can enhance their professional expertise with AIHCP’s certifications. The programs are online and independent study and open to qualified professionals.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is dissociation and how does it manifest?
Dissociation refers to a coping mechanism that the brain initiates when dealing with overwhelming stress or anxiety, leading to disconnection from reality. It can manifest in various forms, such as problems with memory, emotions, and identity.
What are the types of dissociative states?
There are three types of dissociative states, including depersonalization, derealization, and dissociative amnesia. Depersonalization: A person feels disconnected from themselves, as if they are watching themselves from a distance.
How does dissociation impact consciousness?
Dissociation causes a split between an individual’s mind and body. In a dissociative episode, an individual might feel like they are watching themselves from a distance, leading to a sense of detachment from their surroundings.
Is dissociation linked to spiritual awakening?
Yes, dissociation can act as a catalyst for spiritual awakening, prompting individuals to question their reality and seek answers that extend beyond the physical world.
How can dissociation lead to personal growth?
Dissociation can create an opportunity for individuals to explore their beliefs and question their identity. This self-reflection can lead to a spiritual awakening as the individual begins to search for meaning and purpose.
What is the relationship between dissociation and reality?
Dissociation is often a response to traumatic experiences, leading individuals to disconnect from reality as a coping mechanism. It can be characterized by feelings of being detached or disoriented and can lead to conditions like dissociative identity disorder.
How can spiritual insights help heal trauma-induced dissociation?
Spiritual insights can broaden one’s consciousness and deepen one’s understanding of life’s interconnectedness, potentially aiding in the healing of trauma-induced dissociation.
What are ways to practice spiritual growth while dissociating?
Embracing spiritual awakening, seeking meaning and purpose, and accessing deeper levels of consciousness are ways to practice spiritual growth while dissociating.
Additional Resources
“How to Stop Dissociating | 17 Grounding & Coping Strategies”. Access here
“What Happens When You Dissociate?”. Pugle, M. (2023). Very Well Health. Access here
Suicide is vital in any counseling whether clinical or pastoral. Pastoral counselors should refer patients or members of the community to a professional counselor if he or she feels the person is experiencing depression and suicidal ideation. In most cases, suicide assessment will consider a person to be low risk or high risk. As opposed to low risk, high risk individuals have a far worst depression and a more lethal plan.
Suicide assessment is key in assigning low or high risk individuals. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention program
When anyone feels depressed, especially over time, it can become overwhelming. This is why when helping depressed and grieving individuals to probe and ask questions about suicide. It is critical to ask if one wishes to hurt or harm oneself when interviewing the patient. It is important to see if those types of thoughts or ideas are entering the person’s mind. If someone who is experiencing depression states they feel hopeless, then this is definitely a warning sign. Not all hopeless individuals commit suicide, but anyone who has ever attempted or committed suicide definitely felt hopeless.
If the seriousness of an assessment manifests, then one needs to determine if one is low risk or high risk. Many individuals in pain or depressed may think occasionally of killing oneself, but do not have the intention, desire or capability to do so, but as thoughts of suicidal ideation become more frequent and loud, then an assessment is definitely needed. Hence after assessing symptoms of depression and the thought or at least implicit idea of suicide within the patient’s mind, it is important to access whether this person is low or high risk. High risk individuals will require more intense observation and measures, while low risk will require less intense intervention.
If one makes comments about harming oneself, the next question is to determine lethality of the plan. Is the plan doable? Are the means, times and places for the event possible? If someone dictates one would like to shoot oneself, then access if this person has access to firearms. A person who points out that he owns a gun that is at home and currently loaded in his closet poses a severely high risk. Hence the more detailed the plan the higher the risk level. If a person has access to the weapon named in the thought and a time planned, then immediate intervention is required. Police should be called or the person should be submitted to a psych ward for observation. If the person on the other hand does not have access or ability to commit immediately, one should be immediately referenced to professional counseling for depression.
Someone who is high risk has more detailed plans, numerous thoughts, deeper depression, more drinking and drug issues, and access to carry out the plans. High risk individuals are also individuals who have survived past attempts. So it is important to ask these questions as well, but also including family history of suicide. Unfortunately, many individuals due to mental health stigmas, keep their sadness and depression to themselves. No-one is aware of the high risk involved with the loved one or friend. Many times, friends and family miss the subtle comments about life and death or the anxiety and depression someone is enduring. Awareness, questions and listening are key in helping depressed individuals find the help they need. Assessments can later be employed to determine the risk level.
When one is in crisis, it is important to ask questions about self harm or hurting oneself and see if anyone is frequently thinking of it or planning it
If anyone manifests any level of suicidal ideation, it is important to convince the person to make a no-suicide contract in which the individual promises to call someone if the person feels low, hopeless, or ideation of killing oneself manifests. This last outlet may be the helping hand one needs not to take it to the next step. In this type of contact, the person promises to call a loved one or yourself if ideation manifests. Sometimes this last call for help is the difference between life and death. It is also important to discuss the frequency of alcohol and drug use during this period of time and how it can play a role in poor decisions.
Individuals kill themselves not because they want to die but because they do not feel life is worth living. Many of them are not in the proper state of mind due to depression, trauma or extreme pain. These individuals need counseling and help so they do not fall victim to suicide itself. With so many stigmas surrounding suicide, it is important to remember that someone who commits it or attempts is dealing with temporary mental illness. One should not blame but try to help. It is not a true sin in the classical sense that once was attributed to it but a true mental state of imbalance.
Pastoral caregivers can play a key role in helping members of the congregation work through suicidal thoughts. They can be the first line of defense for those who have noone to talk to or discuss their feelings with. They can mentor, guide and help individuals find hope when they are depressed. Christian Counselors, pastoral counselors and those in ministry should all have crisis intervention training and suicide prevention training. This will enable them to better help individuals suffering from these types of thoughts.
Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling, Christian Counseling and Crisis Intervention Counseling Programs. The programs all to some extent touch on suicide. The Grief program discussing the role of depression and loss in suicide. The Christian Counseling Program discusses the pastoral implications from a Christian perspective and the Crisis Intervention Program discusses suicide prevention, assessment and helping individuals who are in a state of acute crisis. All the programs are online and independent study and open to qualified professionals who work in the counseling and ministry fields. Please review and see if the program meets your academic and professional goals.
Again, if in any type of counseling, whether professional or pastoral, be sure to have a complete understanding and working suicide assessment list. Also, if anyone is feeling worthless or hopeless, please call the National Suicide Hotline and seek help. Simply dial 988. Hurting oneself is never the answer.
Mental health and crisis response remains an important issue in the United States. Poor crisis management and mental health issues have led to shootings and a variety of unstable social encounters. While better care is still needed, another issue that remains forefront is how emergency response teams handle calls with those experiencing mental issues. Police in recent years have made negative news stories with using excessive force against those with mental issues. Instead of de-escalating, police and emergency response answer calls more so from a military perspective of controlling and subduing the individual.
Crisis training for emergency response professionals is critical to better save lives and give appropriate response to the situation
Crisis Counselors and other mental health professionals need to be utilized more in response to these calls and emergency response and police need better training how to de-escalate a situation with someone. Police, while needing to protect themselves, also need to be able to subdue someone in mental crisis without killing them. This takes more training in mental health and better non lethal restraint methods. The article, “10 Tips for Responding to Mental Health Crisis Calls” by Wayne Parham looks closer at how police can better respond. He states,
“Departments across the country in recent years have placed a growing emphasis on improving how they respond to mental health crisis calls. In Texas, one agency both deploys clinicians in the field with deputies and also taps into technology through telehealth. The Harris County Sheriff’s Office is one of only 15 agencies that have been designated as a learning site for mental health and law enforcement professionals by the Council of State Governments Justice Center, which strives to develop research-driven strategies to increase public safety and strengthen communities.”
Parham, W. (June 2nd, 2023) . “10 Tips for Responding to Mental Health Crisis Calls”. Police: Law Enforcement Solutions.
When it comes to responding to mental health crises, police departments face numerous challenges. One major challenge is the lack of adequate training in dealing with individuals experiencing mental health issues. Police officers often receive minimal training in this area, which can lead to misunderstandings, miscommunication, and potentially dangerous situations. Without the necessary knowledge and skills to handle mental health crises, officers may resort to using force or making arrests, exacerbating the situation and potentially causing harm to both the individual in crisis and the officers involved.
Another challenge is the lack of collaboration between law enforcement and mental health professionals. In many cases, police officers are the first responders to mental health crises, but they may not have the expertise to provide appropriate care or connect individuals with the appropriate resources. This disjointed approach can result in individuals not receiving the care they need, leading to repeated crises and even tragic outcomes.
The impact of inadequate training on police response to mental health crisis
The lack of adequate training in responding to mental health crises has a significant impact on how police officers handle these situations. Without proper training, officers may rely on their instincts or previous experiences, which may not be applicable to the unique challenges presented by mental health crises. This can lead to misunderstandings, fear, and escalating tensions, making it difficult to de-escalate the situation and provide the necessary support to individuals in crisis.
Additionally, inadequate training can contribute to stigmatization and bias towards individuals with mental health issues. Without understanding the complexities of mental health, officers may rely on stereotypes or assumptions, potentially leading to discriminatory practices. This not only violates the rights of individuals in crisis but also undermines trust between law enforcement and the community they serve. Crisis Intervention Training as well as Mental Health Training is important
The need for collaboration between law enforcement and mental health professionals
To address the challenges in police response to mental health crises, collaboration between law enforcement and mental health professionals is crucial. By working together, these two sectors can pool their resources, knowledge, and expertise to develop comprehensive approaches to addressing mental health crises. Mental health professionals can provide training and guidance to police officers, helping them understand the nuances of mental health and providing strategies for de-escalation and crisis intervention.
Police need to be able to integrate crisis and de-escalation techniques for calls involving the mentally ill
Furthermore, collaboration can lead to the establishment of specialized crisis intervention teams. These teams consist of both police officers and mental health professionals who respond to mental health crises together. By combining their skills and knowledge, these teams can provide a more compassionate and effective response, ensuring that individuals in crisis receive the appropriate care and support they need.
The role of community-based mental health services in reducing police involvement
One effective solution to reducing police involvement in mental health crises is the expansion of community-based mental health services. By providing individuals with access to mental health resources and support within their own communities, the reliance on police as first responders can be minimized. Community-based mental health services can offer early intervention, prevention, and ongoing support, reducing the likelihood of crises occurring in the first place.
These services can include mobile crisis teams that respond to mental health crises directly, providing immediate assessment and intervention. Additionally, community-based mental health centers can offer ongoing counseling, therapy, and support groups, helping individuals manage their mental health and prevent crises from escalating.
Crisis intervention teams: a specialized approach to police response
Crisis intervention teams (CIT) are a specialized approach to police response in mental health crises. CIT programs train police officers to recognize and respond to individuals experiencing mental health crises in a safe and appropriate manner. Officers who undergo CIT training receive education on mental health, de-escalation techniques, and community resources, equipping them with the skills needed to effectively respond to mental health crises.
CIT programs also emphasize collaboration and partnership with mental health professionals. Through partnerships with local mental health agencies, CIT officers can refer individuals to appropriate resources and ensure they receive the care they need. This collaborative approach not only improves the outcomes for individuals in crisis but also strengthens the relationship between law enforcement and the community.
Alternative response models: exploring non-police options for mental health crisis
While police response is often the default in mental health crises, alternative response models are gaining recognition as effective alternatives. These models involve diverting mental health crisis calls away from police departments and towards specialized mental health teams. These teams, consisting of mental health professionals, social workers, or paramedics, are better equipped to provide the necessary support and care for individuals in crisis.
One example of an alternative response model is the implementation of co-responder programs. In these programs, mental health professionals accompany police officers when responding to mental health crisis calls. By having a mental health expert on-site, the focus shifts from a law enforcement response to a more therapeutic approach. This can lead to better outcomes for individuals in crisis, as they receive immediate mental health support and guidance.
Strategies for improving police training in mental health crisis response
Improving police training in mental health crisis response is essential for ensuring that officers are equipped to handle these situations effectively. One strategy is to incorporate mental health education and crisis intervention training into basic law enforcement training programs. By providing officers with a solid foundation in mental health awareness and crisis de-escalation techniques early on, they will be better prepared to respond appropriately in the field.
Apprehending those with mental health issues in a safe way is the new challenge for law enforcement
Additionally, ongoing training and professional development opportunities should be provided to police officers throughout their careers. This can include specialized workshops, scenario-based training, and access to mental health experts who can provide guidance and support. By investing in continuous training, police departments can ensure that their officers remain up-to-date with the latest best practices and strategies for responding to mental health crises.
The importance of data collection and analysis in addressing the challenges
Data collection and analysis play a crucial role in addressing the challenges faced by police in responding to mental health crises. By collecting data on the frequency, nature, and outcomes of these interactions, police departments can identify patterns, trends, and areas for improvement. This data can inform policy decisions, resource allocation, and training initiatives, ensuring that responses to mental health crises are evidence-based and effective.
Furthermore, data can help identify disparities and inequities in police response to mental health crises. By examining demographic information, such as race, gender, and socioeconomic status, departments can identify any biases or disproportionate impacts on specific communities. This information can then be used to implement targeted interventions and ensure that all individuals receive fair and equitable treatment.
Success stories and best practices in police response to mental health crisis
Despite the challenges, there have been notable success stories and best practices in police response to mental health crises. One example is the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) program implemented in Memphis, Tennessee. This program has resulted in a significant reduction in arrests and use of force incidents involving individuals with mental health issues. By providing officers with specialized training and support from mental health professionals, the program has transformed the way police respond to mental health crises in the community.
Another success story is the implementation of co-responder programs in various cities across the United States. These programs have shown promising results in diverting mental health crisis calls away from police departments and towards mental health professionals. By working together, these teams can provide immediate support, connect individuals with appropriate resources, and ensure that crises are resolved in a safe and compassionate manner.
Conclusion: the way forward for effective police response to mental health crisis
Addressing the challenges in police response to mental health crises requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach. By improving training, fostering collaboration between law enforcement and mental health professionals, expanding community-based mental health services, and implementing alternative response models, police departments can enhance their ability to respond effectively and compassionately to individuals in crisis.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Practitioner Program and see if it matches your academic and professional goals
Furthermore, prioritizing data collection and analysis, as well as learning from success stories and best practices, can inform evidence-based strategies and policies that promote equitable and humane responses to mental health crises. By working towards these solutions, we can create a future where individuals experiencing mental health crises receive the care and support they need, while also ensuring the safety and well-being of both the community and the officers involved.
Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Practitioner Program. The program is open to qualified professionals looking to implement crisis intervention into their careers or posts. The program is online and independent study and provides the necessary knowledge for counselors, social workers, and law enforcement to better answer crisis calls.
Additional Resources
“Best Practices for Addressing Mental Health Crises in the Community”. Laura Usher and Amy Watson, PhD. July 2020. Dispatch. Access here
“Mental Health And Police Violence: How Crisis Intervention Teams Are Failing”. Eric Westervelt. September 18th, 2020. NPR. Access here
Crisis Intervention: A Stabilizing Force. Megan Gates. January 1st, 2022. Security Management. Access here
“Mobile Crisis Teams: Providing an Alternative to Law Enforcement for Mental Health Crises”. Hannah Wesolowski. July 13th, 2022. NAMI. Access here
One of the most destructive and maladaptive forms of coping is self harm. Individuals who hurt themselves are not necessarily hoping to die but hoping to punish or escape reality due to past trauma, abuse, guilt, shame, anxiety, depression or mental disorder. Suicide can grow from it so risk assessment is key, as well as the fact, one can accidentally kill oneself due to the dangerous behavior.
Self harm does not have suicidal intent but looks to punish or distract oneself from mental pain or past unresolved trauma
Many who suffer from self harm are merely hurt individuals trying to escape reality. They need guidance, counseling and better coping strategies to deal with the emotions and trauma they are dealing with. Clinical Counselors deal with those who commit self harm and will usually discover a diagnosis as to the core reason why self harm is occurring. From a spiritual perspective, pastoral and Christian Counselors can also add moral and religious guidance.
The article, “What Is Self-Harm?” by Hope Gillette looks closer at the nature of self harm, the causes, what it entails and how to replace self harm with better coping strategies. She states,
“When you engage in NSSI, it replaces psychological distress with physical pain, pulling you out of your unhappy thoughts. The trauma to your body also generates a release of pain-killing endorphins, which can give you an all-around, feel-good boost. Being able to escape your thoughts and feel better at the same time can lay the foundation for self-harm to become compulsive and ritualistic. It can become that thing you go to whenever you need to de-stress.”
“What Is Self-Harm?”. Hope Gillette. April 11th, 2023. Healthline.
Those who suffer from self harm also need spiritual direction and see the spiritual value of self in Christ
As stated, self harm is not intended as a means to kill oneself, but to punish or escape mental pain. Individuals who suffer from self harm tendencies look to escape pain from unresolved trauma. Whether abuse, or severe violence, they look to the physical pain to distract themselves from the mental anguish associated with the unresolved trauma. This is also common with those who suffer from Borderline Personality Disorder as well as severe anxiety and depression. The physical pain becomes an outlet or escape from the mental anguish.
In other cases, it is a form of punishment to the person. One may feel extreme shame or guilt and feel the need to inflict punishment upon the body. Those who are sexually abused are made to feel guilty for the abuse by the abuser and will commonly hurt themselves as punishment.
In essence, this maladaptive form of self abuse without suicidal intent is an attempt to cope with pain and unresolved trauma. Individuals will cut, burn, bruise, bite, poison and engage is dangerous activities to cope with the primary issue. It is essential that family or friends identify these injuries or change in behaviors so they can be properly addressed
Unfortunately, many who engage in self harm will attempt to disguise or hide their injuries with longer sleeved shirts or attempt to withdraw more from public and become more private than usual. If behavioral changes occur and odd interests emerge that include items or medications to treat injuries, then one should further investigate the possibility one is engaging in self harm.
Emotional Self Harm
Individuals however can also harm themselves emotionally BEYOND physically. Numerous dangerous and high risk behaviors can also manifest. Individuals may engage in unsafe sex, remain in unsafe relationships, engage in drug abuse, or take high risks with fighting, driving, or various activities. In addition, individuals may indulge in negative talk about oneself in which abusive names or self labels are applied to oneself. In other cases, individuals may self restrict as a form of punishment by denying oneself food, water or sleep.
Cognitive distortions are also another way an individual may be too hard oneself. Individuals who magnify the situation, jump to conclusions, over compare, label oneself, over assume, disqualify oneself, minimize oneself or always speak in the extremes, can fall victim to self punishment and emotional torture.
Ways to Overcome Self Harm
Individuals who suffer from self harm usually require Dialectical Behavioral Therapy which focuses on intense emotions and ways to manage them. The therapy was primarily developed for those suffering with Borderline Personality Disorder and is a subdivision of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. There are also other special therapies that deal uniquely with self harm itself and how to better manage the emotions that lead to it
Obviously better coping strategies are also essential. In therapy, individuals can learn different ways to deal with negative emotions from unresolved trauma and abuse. Individuals can be introduced to meditation, deep breathing, types of prayer, journaling, artistic expression, exercise, reading or finding a good friend to confide in.
Christian Counseling and Self Harm
Self harm can lead to multiple risky and dangerous behaviors. Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification
Beyond the clinical aspects that treat unresolved trauma and correct imagery of self through therapy and dialogue, Christian Counseling looks to help the person understand key concepts regarding Christ and self. First, it teaches that everyone is dignified and born in the image and likeness of God. Hence, self harm shames the worth of the human person. It also assaults the body which is a temple of the Holy Spirit. Second, Christian Counselors can emphasize how much Christ loves and forgives all things in the past and looks to heal and bring peace to the chaos, consolation to the desolated and security to the anxious. Christian meditation and focus on the love of God and the value of the human person are key concepts that can help individuals find self worth and better ways to cope with trauma and pain.
Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification and see if it matches your academic and professional goals. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification
In addition, AIHCP also offers certifications in Crisis Intervention Counseling and Grief Counseling. Both these programs can help train professionals deal with the issue of self harm and help those in intense pain, grief and crisis itself.
Bibliography
“What Is Self-Harm?”. Hope Gillette. April 11th, 2023. Healthline.
Additional Resources
“Self-Harm”. Psychology Today Staff. Psychology Today. Access here
“The Self-Harming Brain”. Terri Apter, PhD. January 6th, 2020. Psychology Today. Access here
“Biblical Advice For Those Struggling With Cutting and Self Harm”. Michael Williams, PhD. What Christians Want to Know. Access here
“There’s a Scientific Reason Why Self-Harm Makes Some People Feel Better”. Colin Schultz. October 16th, 2014. Smithsonian Magazine. Access here
