grief counseling certification

Multicultural Counseling in Grief with Native American Populations

Posted on by Mark Moran

Multicultural counseling proficiencies are essential to good counseling.  Since Western counseling initially emerged from Europe it is culturally immersed with European culture values.  European culture is very individualistic, self-centered and free of many forms of oppression due to the fact Europe was the colonizing force between the 16th and 19th Centuries.   Furthermore, while Europe’s secular awakening drove a wedge between its Christian culture and itself, Christianity still plays a key part of life   in millions of individuals of European descent, as well as a driving force behind the intent of nations to colonize.   With these things in mind, the classic male European descent counselor must be aware of his cultural identity and how that same identity translates his world views, as well as how others of different cultures perceive him as a person when counseling.   Within melting pots nations, such as the United States or Canada, many minority cultures can look upon counseling itself with suspicion as a Western custom created by white men.

Native Americans have unique ways of expressing grief. Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification

Grief and loss is also cultural and is expressed differently.  This type of difference that inherently exists within different grieving cultures needs to be understood and respected within the grief counseling session itself.  Kastenbaum points out that many from a different culture can misinterpret expressions of grief or rituals within another culture (2018, p.372).  Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification, as well as its Grief Diversity Counseling Certification to learn more about responding better to other cultures during times of grief.

Basic Understandings When Helping Others

There is  strong scientific documentation that minority cultures mistrust counseling services (Pedersen, 2016. p.14).   Also from a human perspective and counseling perspective, when similarities become less and differences rise between groups one can see a correlated sharp rise in disinterest.   Grief Counselors need to be aware of these realities and be able to utilize inclusive cultural empathy to increase awareness against false assumptions, increase knowledge to better comprehend and improves skill for proper calls to action (Pedersen, 2016, p.28).

Different Native American populations experience different levels of integration. Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Diversity Counseling Certification

While employing multiculturalism on grief counseling or any counseling is critical, it is still important to identify a few clear points when working with a group outside one’s cultural circle.  Leong cautions against homogeneity to all clients from a particular group (Pedersen, 2016,. p. 44).    This simply means, one should not assume certain individuals exist a stereotypes of their particular culture.  If working with a culturally distinct client, the grief counselor or counselor should not assume the problem of this individual automatically correlates with the problem of the race or population itself.  Different individuals will have different levels and ties to their cultural heritage, creed, race or forms of expression.  It is important to realize different persons exist at different facets and are unique hence requiring individual focus, or in some cases universal focus.  When counseling across culture, it is important to remember the dictum of Kluckhohn and Murray (1949) that “each person is like all other persons, like some other persons and like no other person (Pedersen, 2016. p.42)”.

This ideal of personhood is key.  Many within populations have varying degrees of cultural awareness.  Some are aware of microaggressions even against themselves, while others may be very naive to not only differences but also microaggressions.  Many individuals within diverse populations exist at an integrated level where they maintain their culture of origin but adopt the culture of the majority.  They exist at a dual level.  Others my completely assimilate and function and exist within the majority culture.  Still others may separate from the majority culture and exist primarily within their culture of origin, or oppositely exist within marginalization that adopts the majority culture (Pedersen, 2018. p. 103).

In any of these four cases, this presents a diverse reaction from ethnic individuals who may appear a certain way but may personally very different.  In grief counseling, it is important to understand the individual and not hold that individual to a particular paradigm of how to grieve.

Multicultural Issues and Grief within Native Populations

Within Native American populations and other indigenous people worldwide, European contact has left extreme historical trauma due to centuries of war, massacres, exploitation, relocations, betrayals and disease (Pedersen, 2016, p. 103).  This concept of past wrongs that leave a history of cultural trauma is referred to as soul wounds.  These wounds shape the culture because the history of it not only shaped the present but also the community living in the present.  Present conditions due to massive trauma to ancestors greatly affect present day living conditions and economic wealth due to past exploitation and theft from previous generations.  Many tribes were stripped of identity when children were cruelly separated from their families and culturally indoctrinated into European culture.  Hence, these type of soul wounds are essentially an intergenerational transmission of trauma from one generation to the next (Ivey, 2018.p. 33).  Native Americans hence have a unique collective grief of past historical wrongs against their tribes at the hands of European aggression.  These past wrongs has been transmitted into a strong and heavy mistrust of indigenous communities with Western forms of counseling (Pedersen, 2018, p.103).

Native American populations due to these wrongs look to reassert cultural identity and pursue more traditional forms of treatment as well ritual.  Numerous cultural recovery programs exist within the country that looks to help these groups rediscover their culture (Pedersen, 2018, p. 105).   This strive for identity has at times also put native populations at odds with European and conventional forms of counseling with suspicion.

Counselors must be multicultural proficient to understand the different ways native communities communicate

Grief counselors who work with native populations need to be self aware of their own ethnic background and how this is perceived by native populations.  Pedersen notes that counselors cannot blindly pretend a cultural difference does not exist between a client and counselor, especially with native populations (2018, p. 105).   In some cases, counselors can also sometimes question the efficacy of conventional methods of treatment for depression or other mental disorders when working with a mistrusting client.  Of course, all persons are still persons and genuine empathy, warmth and respect are critical for any person much less one of a different culture (Pedersen, 2018, p. 106).

Many Native Americans are essentially spiritual in healing and those spiritual traditions are important to their identity.   Hence counselors working in indigenous populations should work with healers within the community.  Counselors should seek the advice of healers and when clients request it, form a care team that best meets the overall needs of the client.  Presenting a ethnocentric therapeutic approach to a population with distrust can be disastrous and lead to no healing.   Pederson recommends a healing combination of both Western and Native modalities that link the community and spiritual nature of native populations (2018, p. 110).

In addition, Pedersen points out that counselors need to become comfortable with ways natives express themselves, not only in grief but also in communication.  Within Native American populations, clients are usually more comfortable with silence and long pauses and responses (2018, p. 107). If a counselor is ignorant of these types of responses or pauses, then the counselor may perceive it as a form of pathological grieving, or denial, or lack of intelligence.  Grief counselors need to properly understand the social patterns of interaction within natives to better understand their grieving process.  Obviously, grieving and ritual within these populations is also more communal in nature and the community plays a key role in helping others grieve.  When natives are isolated or stripped from this population then it can negatively affect their ability to grieve in a healthy way.

In conclusion, Herring points out that counselors should discuss differences instead of pretending one does not exist between client and counselor, secondly, schedule appoints that are flexible and even open to family if requested, third, the allowance for natural trust to grow, fourth, the respect of silence and pause, fifth, a strong respect and honor for the client’s culture and application when necessary of it, and finally, the universal ideal of all counseling, confidentiality (Pedersen, 2018, p. 114).

Conclusion

Counseling across multicultural scopes is difficult.  This is especially true when one is a counselor of European descent.  With that ancestry carries a history of incidents, that through no fault of oneself. can lead to mistrust between client and counselor.  It is important to be self aware of these differences and to be able to show empathy and respect cross cultural lines to the client if one truly hopes to help the client.  This involves adaption and flexibility in how one approaches certain clients.  This is especially true of Native Americans who have their own unique views on counseling and healing and how they express and communicate grief.  It is also important to have a true understanding the of the nature of soul wounds that exist within the Native American population and how this not only affects grief but also present day economic and social life.   While it is still critical to acknowledge this, a counselor still cannot assume each Native American is cultural.  Every person is diverse and only through communication and genuineness can one truly understand the subjective nature of the individual.

Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification.  The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a grief counseling certification.  In addition to AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification, AIHCP also offers for Grief Certified Counselors a specialty program in Grief Diversity that covers in greater detail many multicultural aspects of grief and diverse populations.

References

Ivey, A. et, al (2018). “International Interviewing and Counseling” (9th). Cengage.

Kastenbaum, R & Moreman, C. (2018). “Death, Dying and Human Experience” (12th). Routledge

Pedersen, P. et. al. (2018). “Counseling Across Cultures” (7th). Cengage

Additional Resources

“Healing Trauma, Attending To Grief – Native Wellness Institute & Jillene Joseph” Click here

Lovering, C. (2022).  “Mental Health in Native American and Indigenous Communities”.  PsychCentral. Click here

Franco, M. (2020). “Culture Impacts How We Grieve”. Psychology Today.  Click here

Stringer, H. (2022). “The healing power of Native American culture is inspiring psychologists to embrace cultural humility”. APA. Click here

 

Animal Therapy with Grief and Stress Issues

Posted on by Mark Moran

In the area of grief and loss, anxiety, trauma, or in special needs, individuals are or can become more closed off from other human beings.  Many are unable to express emotions properly, communicate with others, or feel independent to do things or interact with others.   Individuals can become closed off to the world and unable to communicate with it.  Counselors can utilize a variety of the therapies to help individuals cope better with emotions and also open back up with the world, but sometimes, especially in the case of those with mental defect, individuals need other ways to communicate and express emotion.

Animals and pets can help individuals suffering from anxiety and depression find healing. Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification

Animals and pets are an excellent source of love and way to heal.  Animals can bring out the best in people and their presence can reduce stress and depression.  Animals hence can play a key role in helping individuals who are grieving or dealing with anxiety.

Animal Therapy for Grief, Depression and Anxiety

Animal Therapy is broad spectrum approach to healing and helping those with autism express themselves, but also those who have experienced trauma, or even those who have anxiety or depression issues.  Animals help individuals in a broad variety of ways to rediscover self, heal and move forward.  While those who face life long mental issues can gradually improve through animal therapy, those with trauma or temporary issues can also benefit greatly with the company of an animal.

Animal Therapy has a long history, back to even Sigmund Freud, and with the advances of the its modern father, Boris Levinson.  The idea of the comforting nature of an animal or pet and his/her presence has a calming effect on human beings.  The company of animals can increase serotonin and dopamine, as well as lower cortisol levels by awakening the para sympathetic system.  The presence releases tension and allows the person to find healing.

There is no limit to the types of animals that can be utilized.  Horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, ferrets and other small mammals, birds, fish and even lizards can all be utilized.  Different species have different end goals that can help individuals with particular needs.  Dogs play a key role providing comfort and unconditional love, while cats help with individuals who are more awkward with initial touch and need.  Horses and equine therapy play a large role in animal therapy and are provided at various locations for those who need to form better connections, trust, and responsibility.  Even birds or fish can play a role in helping individuals find connection but also responsibility.

Benefits of Animal Therapy

Animal Therapy helps those with a wide variety of mental issues, but also those dealing with stress, anxiety, loss and depression.  Physically, animal therapy, reduces stress and lowers blood pressure and increases dopamine and serotonin.  It reduces cortisol and helps the person find comfort and calm.  Emotionally, animal therapy, helps individuals find love and support.  The unconditional love an animal can supply, or the fact, the animal needs the person, can help the individual feel love when sometimes love is absent in the person’s world.

Psychologically, animals help individual feel love and from that love individuals can find stronger self esteem to feel loved but also to express love to a fellow creature.  The need and dependency of the animal upon the person helps build the person’s purpose.  In addition, this purpose gives the person duty and responsibility.  During therapy, the person is called to care for the animal, supply food and water, or provide basic care such as grooming or walking.  Even the smallest duty of having to feed a fish and supplying a need to another creature can have huge therapeutic effects on the person. This sense of purpose also increases self esteem especially with the depressed.

Animals can help the bereaved form new bonds, feel loved and find purpose again

In addition, training and teaching an animal helps individuals improve communication skills, social interaction, and independence to push forward in an endeavor or task.  Individuals plagued with depression or other psychological maladies may be less receptive to enter the social arena of human interaction, but through animals, they can find it easier to communicate, wake up and do tasks, and exercise.  This also increases one’s sense of trust between another being.  Horse riding, or walking form bonds of trust which may be difficult with another person.  This trust permits the person to feel more safe in social settings and to put oneself into the hands of another while also giving purpose to care for the other.  Individuals experiencing loss may need to form new bonds and the bonds of love and trust and the social skills that are re-introduced through animals can be physically, emotionally and mentally rewarding.

Overall, animal therapy helps form new bonds, increases social interaction, improves communication skills, teaches trust and responsibility and reduces the physical manifestations of stress and anxiety.  It gives the person purpose and responsibility again and helps the person re-enter the social world of other human beings or at least better skills to reintegrate oneself into society after trauma or loss, or if dealing with a mental issue.  Animal Therapy can help with emotional release, talk therapy, and relief of various negative symptoms.

Obviously animal therapy is not for everyone.  Some individuals may have issues that may endanger the animal, or others may be allergic to certain animals.  Like all therapies, it depends upon the person but overall animal therapy is a very successful therapy when applied.  One can find animal therapy through the referral of a therapist.  Many are offered through campuses, hospitals and special programs at rehab centers or correctional facilities.

Conclusion

Animal Therapy can be supplemental with other therapies or a sole therapy. Ultimately, those with deeper issues such as Autism or permanent conditions can benefit greatly from animal therapy.  Animals have the ability to help individuals form new bonds, express feelings and explore new skills necessary in social settings.  Animals have the ability to bring out physical and emotional wellness by reducing stress and anxiety.  Those who experience grief and loss can also form new bonds and find new purpose through animal care and the reciprocity of love that is shared between a person and animal. While animal therapy may not be the answer for everyone, it is highly successful for those suffering from various mental ailments and temporary issues with anxiety or depression.

Horses can play a large role in animal therapy. Please also review AIHCP’s Grief and Stress Management programs

Please also review AIHCP’s mental and behavioral health certifications, as well as in particular, it’s Grief Counseling Certification as well as its Stress Management Certification.  The programs are online and independent study with mentorship as needed and is open to qualified professionals in the Healthcare, Human Service and Ministry fields.  Please review and see if the programs meet your academic and professional goals.

Additional Resources

Baer, B. (2024). “Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) and emotional support animals”. Therapist.com.  Access here

Jelinek, J. (2022). “All About Animal-Assisted Therapy”. PsychCentral.  Access here

“Emotional Support/Therapy Animals”. (2017). Good Therapy.  Access here

Olivine, A. (2024). “What Is Animal Therapy?” Very Well Health.  Access here

“Animal-Assisted Therapy” (2022). Psychology Today Staff.  Psychology Today.  Access here

 

Challenging and Confronting in Grief Counseling and Mental Health Counseling Video

Posted on by Mark Moran

This video discusses confronting and challenging clients to transform and find change.  Counselors many times have to help push clients see the truth when the client’s own view is distorted.  This involves careful and empathetic ways of challenging and confronting.  Empathetic confrontation is a key concept within this video.  Sometimes to help transformation, clients need have their view and story challenged or emotions confronted.

Please also review AIHCP’s mental health certifications, including Grief Counseling.  The certification programs are online and independent study with mentorship as needed.  The programs are designed for pastoral as well as clinical counselors in behavioral health, human service and ministry.  Please review and see if the programs meet your academic and professional goals

Complications in Grief Trajectory Video Blog

Posted on by Mark Moran

Grief while natural can go many different directions and become in some cases pathological.  There are many unique singularities that can make one loss different than another and transverse normal and healthy trajectories into abnormal and pathological trajectories.  Grief Counselors can play a key role in guiding clients and helping identify possible clues that can lead to complications in grief. While pastoral counselors who are grief certified can help those along normal trajectories, only licensed and clinical counselors can help those with complications.

Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification and see if it matches your academic and professional goals.  The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification in grief counseling.  AIHCP certifies both clinical as well as pastoral professionals within the Human Service professions. as well as others within the healthcare fields.

 

Gestalt and Grief Therapy

Posted on by Mark Moran

Licensed counselors, Human Service professionals, and other specialized behavioral health therapists can help the bereaved through advanced therapies.  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or CBT is one such example, but there are other humanistic approaches that are also patient centered in design.  Gestalt Therapy is one such humanistic approach that avoids psycho-analysis and looks to the present state of the person.  It looks for the fullness and wholeness of the entirety of the person and issue instead of reviewing merely smaller parts.  Designed by Fritz Perls. his wife, Laura Perls and John Goodman in the early 1940s, this approach helps individuals face and cope with emotion in the present moment (Good Therapy, 2018, p.1).

In regards to the bereaved, Gestalt can be an excellent way to help the grieving come more into contact with the emotions they are feeling in the present moment.  It can help the depressed focus on the emotions of the now moment and help them find resolution and self-awareness about these feelings.  This can usher forward a inner healing for some and help one find resolution with the present moment.  The important theme of Gestalt Therapy is that it focuses on the now and how one is feeling in the moment not how one felt in the past or the issues of the past.

Gestalt Therapy 

Gestalt focuses on the current emotional state of the client and emphasizes discussion of those emotions

Gestalt Therapy focuses on the now.  This is one of its defining qualities.  The counselor or therapist will help the client focus on what the client is experiencing in the moment and how to address those emotions in the now moment.  This now moment involves a mind and body connection and an awareness within the body of these feelings (Lindsey, 2022).  A strong counselor-client connection is important for the client to feel comfortable enough to identify these emotions and discuss them.  Furthermore, the Gestalt has a strong phenomenological emphasis on experiencing the process of emotion itself and exploring and evaluating it within the session.  This brings one closer to true feeling.  Within Gestalt, one is not so much looking for change, but acceptance and understanding of self to better cope and push forward in a productive and non-maladaptive way.

Fritz Perls wished for clients to find more self-awareness of oneself.  He hoped one to become more attune with one’s feelings and to better cope with them by identifying and feeling them (Guy-Evans, 2022).  Gestalt pushes for the here and now of the moment. It emphasizes that the past cannot change, but the present exists now and can produce transformation.  Hence, even past emotions are encouraged to be expressed in the present moment (Guy-Evans, 2023).   By understanding the emotion now, one can conclude the unfinished business of the past.

Gestalt Techniques

Gestalt Therapists will utilize a variety of techniques to help the client experience present emotion.  Many counselors encourage clients to utilize “I” statements.  When discussing an emotion such as anger, instead of stating “they made me angry”, the counselor encourages the client to say “I feel angry when”.  This again emphasizes the importance of individual emotion within the moment (Langmaid, 2024).

In addition to this, Gestalt therapists will identify various bodily manifestations correlated with emotion.  A person may clench a fist, look downward, raise one’s voice, tap their foot against the ground, twitch, or frown.  When these physical manifestations appear, the counselor will help the client identify these manifestations with the emotion felt.  Counselors should encourage the client to exaggerate these manifestations during the session.  This process in Gestalt is referred to as exaggeration (Good Therapy, 2018, p. 1). This will help clients become more aware of their emotions and how to better regulate them in the future.

The empty chair is perhaps the most famous Gestalt technique. It involves an empty chair where the client is able to speak to the person who is the source of the client’s frustration, abuse, or source of emotion.  It could represent an abuser, ex spouse, deceased family member, or even be a conversation between the self (Guy-Evans, 2023).  This permits the client to express present emotion but also allows the client to better understand that the power to heal does not depend upon another person but the power is within oneself.

Empathetic confrontation is sometimes a technique employed by therapists as well within Gestalt.  This was more widely common in its earlier phases, but in recent times is not as employed.  The purpose was to confront the false emotion or shield and help the true emotion to emerge.

Goals and Benefits of Gestalt Therapy

The primary goal of Gestalt is to help clients become more self aware of present emotion and how that emotion is affecting one’s life. It helps to push one to become more self aware and regulating of emotion and to find resolution by accepting the emotional reality that exists.  This promotes responsibility on the part of the client to accept certain emotions and work through them.

Guy Evans lists these benefits from Gestalt

  • Improved sense of self-control

  • Increased awareness of needs

  • Improved ability to monitor and regulate emotions

  • Improved communication skills

  • Increased tolerance for negative emotions

  • Improved mindfulness

  • Increased emotional understanding

  • Improved ability to view things from another perspective

  • Increased self-esteem

  • Increased decision-making skills

  • Increased interpersonal skills

  • Increased empathy for others

(Guy-Evans, O. (2023). “Gestalt Therapy: Definition, Types, Techniques, And Efficacy”.  Access here

Conclusion

Gestalt is another tool for the counselor.  It does not necessarily work for everyone.  It may need to be utilized with other therapies.  In some cases, clients who wish for more structure, or wish to focus on the past, may find it unhelpful.  While others who are still too traumatized by emotion, may find it disturbing.  It can definitely bring up strong emotions, so it should only be utilized in a secure setting with a strong client/counselor relationship.  Obviously, those who are only pastoral or only certified in grief counseling but lack a professional and clinical license in counseling should not utilize this therapy.

Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification and if it matches your academic and professional goals

For many though, it can help individuals find peace with the present moment and express emotion in a healthy and safe way.  It can help a person transform and move beyond past negative emotions and find new resolutions in life to move beyond the pain.  In grief, this is especially true.  It can provide for the bereaved an outlet to express current emotion and also sort through feelings and emotions with the deceased.

Please also review the American Academy of Grief Counseling’s Grief Counseling Certification and see if it meets your academic and professional goals.  The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification as a grief counselor.

 

 

 

 

Additional Resources

“Gestalt Therapy”. (2018). Good Therapy.  Access here

Langmaid, S. (2024). “How Does Gestalt Therapy Work?” WebMD. Access here

Guy-Evans, O. (2023). “Gestalt Therapy: Definition, Types, Techniques, And Efficacy”. Simple Psychology.  Access here

Lindsay, C. (2022). “All About Gestalt Therapy”. PsychCentral.  Access here

 

 

Grief Counseling Video on Dual Process Model

Posted on by Mark Moran

When dealing with grief, individuals deal with the immediate emotions of the loss itself but at the same time, the pain of dealing with secondary losses.  Unfortunately, life does not stop while grieving, so the dual process model addresses how a person faces both fronts of loss while grieving.  One must face how one is dealing with one’s own pain as well as dealing with life itself.

Grief Counselors many times utilize the Dual Process Model to help others face grief and loss

The video below deals with the Dual Process Model and how grief counselors utilize it. Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification and see if it meets your academic and professional goals.  The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Please review the video below

Grief and Play Therapy with Children

Posted on by Mark Moran

Grief is a universal and unbiased in who it afflicts.  Unfortunately, children suffer in this fallen world of pain and loss.  Throughout the world, children are plagued with horrible images that adults in many nations would never imagine.  Children are victims of war, bombings, loss of family and many traumatic incidents.  Children are abused in every corner of the world and face horrible trauma.  Beyond the most traumatic events, children experience loss at early ages.  The loss of a grandparent, or family member, or even a beloved pet.  No loss is too small for a child.

Licensed counselors who specialize in children psychology and have training in Play Therapy can help children face trauma, grief and loss.  In addition, many licensed professionals and human service professionals earn additional certifications to help children.  Some may even specialize in Child and Adolescent Grief Counseling and have a greater understanding of children and the nature of loss.  Licensed professionals with specialties and additional training certificates can help children process emotional pain because they are trained to identify and communicate to children.  Play Therapy is one type of advanced counseling technique that counselors can utilize to help children.

Children express themselves in play. Please also review AIHCP’s Child and Adolescent Grief Counseling Certification

Children grieve differently from adults due to their brain development.   Many children are so young that many communicate skills have yet to develop.  Children sometimes do not know how to say what emotionally hurts or what is bothering them because they do not know how to articulate it.  Children are more right brain developed and many of the feelings, traumas and losses associated with them are experienced in the lower areas of the brain.  The Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Thalamus are non-verbal areas of the brain and with children, one must engage in non-verbal ways.  In addition, while children have billions of brain cells still forming and becoming more complex within their first five years, these neural pathways are still not complex enough to effectively communicate.  The Pre-Frontal Cortex of the adult brain possesses the ability to better communicate, while the child’s less developed area to communicate still needs time. Hence counselors who deal with children, utilize a variety of non-verbal ways to help the child express.  Understanding that communication and judgement are operations of the higher parts of the brain, counselors look for signs from the lower areas of the brain that are more primal in expression.

It is because children have less verbal communicate abilities that counselors must look for visible manifestations of emotion within children which can be displayed during play.  Among the most common types of physical signs of emotional distress in children, Melinda points out tension, fidgeting, repetitive movements, aggression, self harm, low energy, increased heart rate, hyperactivity, somatic pains, and rapid breathing as things to watch for with children as a way they express emotional distress (2018).  These types of physical signs can manifest in counseling, play therapy, or at school or home in children experiencing emotional issues.  Many children brought to therapy are already manifesting various social outbursts or behavioral issues that are merely ways of attempting to express difficult emotions due to loss, trauma, or grief.

Play Therapy and Grief

Alan Wolfelt points out that helping children grieve is not just about therapy but is a companioning experience that involves actively participating in the child’s healing (p.1, 2012).  Play Therapy involves actively entering into the child’s world, earning the child’s trust, creating a safe place for the child to express in his/her own way and being able to translate those expressions and help the child heal.

Play Therapy owes its origin to Hermine Hug-Helmuth who in 1921, first introduced ideas of allowing children to express themselves in play with toys and other games.  Melanie Klein, as well, was a pioneer in the field who discovered that play was a doorway into the child’s subconscious mind.  Later in 1938, David Levy would utilize toys and other objects chosen by the child as a way to identify past trauma and relive the traumatic event via play.  This became known as Release Therapy.    Joseph Solomon employed Active Play as a way to allow children to express emotions such as a fear and anger in a controlled way to help them become more able to interact later socially

Counselors utilize Play Therapy as a way to be build relationship with the child to earn a way into their inner mind according to Anna Freud.  Carl Rogers also saw Play Therapy as a way to center the therapy around the needs of the child and build genuine and trustful relationships.  These are all critical elements in helping the child express.  It is time consuming but necessary to help the child trust and be able to learn the language of the child during play.

Play Therapy helps the counselor understand the language of the child

During Play Therapy, the counselor wants to give the child controlled freedom.  The child is allowed to choose the toys in the room or games.  The counselor does not look to push serious questions but instead observes and plays with the child.  Usually sitting at eye level with the child, the counselor will ask the child about the toys or games the child likes and enjoys.  Many times, the counselor will reflect and repeat what the child says and encourage the child to name the toys and express how the toys make them feel.  To the foreign eye, it may seem as nothing is occurring but the counselor is attempting to not only gain trust, but is also engaging the child at symbolic and non-verbal way looking for cues of the child’s behavior.  In other ways, the counselor is attempting to help the child better express verbally by granting the child freedom of labeling and naming toys.  Some counselors may approach with a more directly with more interaction, while others may be less direct.

The room itself is a play room with numerous options for the child to choose from.  This includes miniature figures, dolls, doll houses, stuffed animals, puppets,  legos, building materials, and other sporting equipment.  The toys are a doorway to the child’s symbolic mind and help facilitate healthy expression.  Counselors may utilize other ways to express and open creative mindsets through songs and music, story telling or through uses of art, drawing, clay and painting.  The key is to help the child tell his/her story, find healing, and discover other ways to find outlets and creative ways to express and rediscover oneself.

Some children who may be grieving, may use dolls or action figures as a way to reflect the life of family members around them.  This symbolic expression correlates with their inability to express verbally but through play and expression instead.  A child who may be experiencing grief over the loss of a family member, may play out death with a doll or action figure.  In addition, certain toys or games or songs may trigger within the child physical symptoms of discomfort that the counselor may identify and notate.  During certain activities, children may share information that otherwise would never emerge in an adult conversation.

Conclusion

All people grieve and children are no exception.  When children are emotionally hurting, they sometimes do not act logically.  To help children grieve and express emotion, counselors need to understand the language of the child.  Due to brain development that is not as verbal  in children, Child Grief Counselors need to understand the symptoms of emotional distress in children via Play Therapy.  Play Therapy helps the child find safety and trust in expressing issues in the child’s own special way during play.  Child Grief Counselors who specialize in Play Therapy can help children heal during play by allowing them to express in conducive and healthy ways.

Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling and Child and Adolescent Grief Counseling Certifications and see if it matches your academic and professional goals

AIHCP offers a specialty certification in Child and Adolescent Grief Counseling for the American Academy of Grief Counseling’s certified Grief Counselors.  This certification trains and educates Grief Counselors in the knowledge of grief in children.  While pastoral and non licensed counselors can help individuals with grief, only licensed counselors with grief background, child psychology and training in Play Therapy are permitted to treat children suffering from emotional damage.  Pastoral counselors trained in Grief Counseling and Child Grief Counseling, if not licensed, should refer children to clinical professionals with Play Therapy training.

AIHCP’s Child and Adolescent Grief Counseling Certification is online and independent study and open to qualified pastoral and clinical human service professionals, as well as those in the healthcare fields.

 

 

 

References and Additional Resources

Wolfelt, A. (2012). “Companioning the Grieving Child”. Companion Press

Good Therapy. “Play Therapy”.  Access here

Melinda, S. et al. (2018). “Why Is Engaging a Child’s Brain and Body in Therapy Important?”.   Good Therapy. Access here

Sutton, J. (2017). “Play Therapy: What Is It and How Does It Work?” Positive Psychology. Access here

Cohen, J. (2023). “How to Help Children Cope With Death and Grief”. Psychology Today.  Access here

 

 

 

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Grief Counseling Video Blog

Posted on by Mark Moran

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or CBT can help the bereaved reassess and reframe negative schemas or feelings surrounding the loss.  Clinical counselors can help individuals via CBT to correct and reframe the ideas the bereaved shares and properly understand the loss.  If someone is angry or experiencing unneeded guilt, the counselor can help the individual see the situation in a different light. CBT can also help the person face these negative feelings and express them so that they can be properly understood and interpreted.

Pastoral counselors or limited in grief therapy and CBT is reserved for grief counselors who are clinical in practice, but pastoral counselor can use aspects of CBT to help the bereaved understand grief that is following normal trajectories.

Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification and see if it matches your academic and professional goals.  The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification in grief counseling.  The program is open to both pastoral and clinical counselors or those in the Human Service and Healthcare fields.

 

Rogerian Approach in Counseling with Depression

Posted on by Dominick Flarey

Carl Rogers, the famous psychologist and counselor, in the 1950s presented a far different approach than past Freudian psychological views that emphasized psycho-analysis and subconscious treatments.  Like others, he wanted to approach counseling and the patient differently.   He emphasized a more Humanistic approach that involved patient or client-centered therapies that addressed the feelings that existed now within the client.   In an earlier blog, AIHCP discusses in a broader stroke the Humanistic approach to grief and counseling, but in this short blog, we will instead focus more solely on Rogerian concepts in helping individuals express feelings, in particular feelings associated with depression.  Please also review AIHCP’s numerous counseling certifications for Human Service professionals.

Rogerian Theory

While Cognitive Behavioral Therapy looks to restructure and reframe illogical and negative emotional schemas with healthy and positive thoughts to alter behavior, Rogerian approaches look to address the the feelings of the client him/herself with unconditional love, genuineness, empathy and support.  It looks to transform and strengthen the person.  The term “client” is utilized instead of “patient” to remove stigmas that the person is sick or ill but merely needs love and guidance for life altering change.   The counselor guides the client but the client ultimately has more control in the sessions and is able to express and discuss his/her feelings within a far less structured environment.  Narrative is key.  The counselor does not look to confront, but to listen.

Rogerian approaches in counseling are client centered and focuses in an empathetic and non-judgmental way the feelings of the client. Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification

Roger’s goal was to help the client reach self-actualization of what the person can become through a process of helping the client see him/herself as he/she is, wishes to be and how to become.  Within this, a client learns to discover one’s self worth.  The counselor also helps the client distinguish between self image and real image and how to reach the ideal image.  When dealing with many individuals suffering with depression, self worth is something that is greatly damaged.  Many depressed individuals feel they have very little worth or value.  Whether this is due to something that occurred or merely depression without correlation to direct loss, the person feels a blanket of darkness over him/herself.  Allowing the client to express these emotions, both positive and negative are key in Rogerian approaches.  The counselor listens to these concerns with congruence and empathy, allowing the client to express and discuss the sadness and low self worth.  The counselor helps the client direct the session into accurately describing how he/she feels  and also views oneself.   Many who are depressed also possess a very low self image. In many cases, this self image is not properly balanced with reality.  Various distortions will emerge that are tied to the person’s feelings. It is not necessarily the role of the Rogerian approach to reframe these immediate concerns as in CBT, but to help the client understand the feelings and empathetically listen and restate these feelings to help the client re-discover where this false self image and true image lie.   The counselor’s ultimate goal is help the client find a genuine understanding of his/her real self despite feelings.  The counselor then looks to help the client find the ideal self.  In this way, one’s self image and ideal self can become congruent and tied together.

 

Once congruence is established where the depressed individual is able to find self image and ideal image as a true reality, Rogers speaks of the possibility of self actualization where the person is able to thrive and exist again in an emotionally healthy way.    Rogers listed five particular qualities of a fully functioning person who has tied self image and ideal together via self actualization.  First, he pointed out that the person is open again to new experiences.  Many depressed individuals are afraid to move on or seek out new things.  A healthy functioning individual is able to seek out and find new meanings through new experiences.  Second, Rogers spoke of existential living, where the person lives in the present and is able to experience the present in new fresh ways without prejudice or fear of the past.  Many times, depressed individuals cannot untie themselves from the past and are unable to experience the present.  Third, Rogers remarked that those who are functioning at a healthy level trust their feelings.  Individuals are able to make decisions with certitude without doubt and not second guess oneself.  Depressed individuals usually labor with decisions and fear what others may think or if they may fail.  Fourth, Rogers pointed out that individuals should be creative without fear and able to move forward and share thoughts and ideas without fear of fallout from others.  Depressed individuals lack the confidence to create or stand out.  Finally, Rogers illustrated the idea of a fulfilled life where an individual is able to live life to its fullest. The person is able to find satisfaction in decisions, goals and challenges.  Depressed individuals are unable to find joy in little things, much less have the energy for goals or the ability to face challenges.

These five qualities of a fully functional person are critical to overcoming the depressed state.  When individuals are able to express these points within life, then they are again functional and free of the dark grip of depression.  We will now in the next half of the blog look at how to implement Rogerian concepts and put them into practice.  This will involve reviewing and understanding the basics of client-centered attending and responding skills.

Rogerian Practice

It is once congruence occurs and emotions are faced that the client is able to reach this type of fulfillment.  The long process of helping the client discover this congruence and self-actualization is the key .  While those who study the Rogerian approach understand the theory, it is the practical approach from person to person that is key.

Attending and Responding Skills are imperative in Rogerian Counseling. Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification

The counselor within the Rogerian approach utilizes a variety of micro counseling skills discussed in previous AIHCP blogs.  Within Rogerian practice, basic attending skills are critical in helping the client discuss emotions and properly relate those emotions back.  The counselor attends the client with empathetic listening.  Rogers believed that genuine and empathetic listening was the first key in learning the story of the client.  This involved active and intense focus on the client.  The counselor should not only listen but show intense interest via eye contact, gestures, and physical positioning.  In regards to response, the counselor looks not to judge the feelings of the client, but instead to restate or paraphrase them to the client.  This helps the client not only understand that the counselor is listening but also to hear these feelings out loud. Sometimes, speaking about negative feelings also needs hearing them back to begin to decipher the false reality of those negative feelings.  In essence, the empathetic approach of active listening and responding creates not only trust between client and counselor but also creates a safe zone where the client is able to fully express inner feelings.  The counselor helps create this environment through multiple sessions and active and empathetic support for the client.  The client feels he/she exists in a safe zone where no judgement or confrontation exists.  It allows the client to take center stage and control and with the help of the counselor, unravel the negative emotions and find the real and possible ideal self that depression has hidden from the client.  Rogers refers to this type of empathetic environment as one of unconditional love.  It is place where feelings are not questioned or given positive or negative value, but only spoken about and understood within the context of the session.  The counselor helps foster this environment because the counselor is not judging or giving qualitive value to the feelings.  Instead the counselor is allowing the client to direct and discover value to the feelings.

Hence, how the counselor presents him/herself, listens, responds and creates a safe environment is critical to the success of Rogerian approaches.  While the practice itself takes more time, seems unstructured, and is more about the now of emotion, it does have success with many patients facing depression and negative emotions.  Obviously, sometimes supplemental approaches may be need introduced, as well as pharmaceutical remedies when issues beyond behavior  exist such as neurological or hormonal, but overall, Rogerian approaches are very common place in counseling.  The humanistic approach is very classical and non evasive for many individuals with already low self esteem issues that feel an abundance of negative emotions.

Those facing loss and depression need an empathetic ear and voice to help them heal.  The emotional release and discussion of issues is a key part of grief healing.  Through these discussions and release of emotions, the client can begin much of the grief work required that goes through the various emotional stages of denial, emotion, anger, and bargaining.  The grief counselor utilizing Rogerian approaches will be able to listen as the person works through his/her grief and also notate any maladaptive emotions such as guilt that may appear.  Through a non judgement zone, the counselor will be able to help the person come to grips with these emotions and help the person self-actualize beyond the loss or depression and find new hope.

Conclusion

Rogers client-centered care in the 1950s revolutionized counseling and forever changed how counselors approached clients. Humanistic approaches are in many ways the classical counseling sessions that individuals imagine where one speaks of feelings and the counselor paraphrases and asks how this makes one feel? It directly and openly deals with emotion without judgement and with complete empathy.  This is a very important aspect to consider when dealing with depressed populations who may not be ready to deal with confrontations in counseling or face fast changes.  Instead, the Rogerian approach gives the client control to discuss feelings and work them out. It slowly helps the client sort out negative feelings and replace them with positive vibes. The key is to help the client move forward in a productive and healthy life style that is congruent and true to self.

The counselor utilizes different micro counseling skills.  The counselor refrains from direct reframing, or empathetic confrontations that may upset the client. Instead the counselor becomes more passive in direction and gently moves the client through good attending and responding skills that create a safe and no judgement zone.  Depressed individuals, especially, need this type of environment to regain their voice and ability to move forward.

Please also review AIHCP’s numerous Human Service related certifications in counseling ranging from just not grief but also from stress to anger and crisis to spiritual counseling

Ultimately, as counseling continues, different techniques may need added to fit particular clients, or maybe even the necessity of medication, but overall, the initial Rogerian approaches will help the client feel safe and help form a strong bond between counselor and client.

If you would like to learn more about grief counseling, then please review the American Academy of Grief Counseling’s certification program in Grief Counseling.  The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification as a grief counselor.  AIHCP certified both pastoral counselors as well as clinical counselors.  Bear in mind, certified grief counselors who are not licensed or clinical do face restrictions in what therapies they may utilize as well as treating complicated versions of grief that lead down trajectories that include depression.

AIHCP also offers a broad range of other Human Service counseling certifications that revolve around Anger Management, Crisis Intervention, Stress Management and both Spiritual Counseling and Christian Counseling.

 

 

 

References and Additional Resources

Mcleod, S. (2024). “Carl Rogers Humanistic Theory And Contribution To Psychology”. Simple Psychology.  Access here

Bottaro, A. (2024). “Everything to Know About Person-Centered Therapy”. Very Well Health.  Access here

Joseph, S. (2015). “Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Approach”.  Psychology Today.  Access here

Hopper, E.  (2018). “An Introduction to Rogerian Therapy”.  Thoughtco.  Access here

Miller, K.  (2019). “Carl Rogers’s Actualizing Tendency: Your Ultimate Guide”. Positive Psychology.  Access here

 

 

Finding the Real and Right Story in Counseling

Posted on by Dominick Flarey

Counseling is about the person and the person’s story.   Like so many things in life, everything is not usually black and white.  There are a variety of shades of color from multiple perspectives in life that can make the story of the client incomplete.  For starters, the client has  his/her own subjective experience with the events within the story.  The unique experience of the client may very well be true from the client’s point of view due to the subjective factors and information available.  In addition, the client may possess a variety of blinders to certain truths that may be painful to accept or realize.  In other cases, the client may have various personality disorders that completely distort the reality of the events.  Whether purposeful or not, these distortions can cause larger issues in the healing, changing and transformational process.

Counselor help clients tell their story but also help them see the real story and how to find the right story

Throughout the blogs on counseling techniques, we have discussed numerous skills a counselor must utilize to help a client find change.  This blog will bring many of these skills together in helping forge the client’s initial story into the real and right story (Egan, 2019, p. 270).  Egan guides the counselor in addressing the story told, but also how to help push the client forward into telling the real and right story.  This helps the client enter into a state of self discovery so that as the story progresses, the client not only heals but also changes and transforms with the reality of the story.

Of course, as a counselor, one cannot make a client change, nor can a counselor sometimes ruthlessly correct or tell a client he/she is wrong.  The skills of counseling help the counselor with empathy and patience, gently nudge and guide the client to truth and help the client choose to pursue that truth.  This stems first by forming a strong relationship of trust with the client. It involves basic attending skills of empathetic listening, observing and responding to help understand the client and better address the issues.  Through empathetic listening and excellent observations, one can begin to see if any discrepancies exist within the story and how to better empathetically confront the client to recognizing the real story and then challenging the client to the right story and course of action, all the while, supplying the client with resources and encouragement to move forward.

 

The Story

Egan emphasizes that when helping the client tell the story that the counselor needs to make the client feel safe in the encounter.  Egan also encourages counselors to understand the styles between different cultures and how different cultures may express stories.  Some clients divulge and talk, others are more quiet, while others supply numerous details and others are vague.  Some clients may tell the core of the story and leave out secondary issues, while others may approach the story the opposite direction.  Some clients may go off topic, while others may stay on topic (Egan, 2019, p. 274-275). This is why it is important to identify what is going on or what the client is feeling at the moment, identify what the client wants and how to get what the client needs.  In this regard, counselors can help clients identify key issues and help them discuss the past but in a productive way that helps the past not define them but help them learn (Egan, 2019, p. 181).  Egan also points out it is imperative to identify the severity of the initial story.  Will this client need basic counseling or require crisis counseling?  Clinical counselors may be able to better handle the issue presented or see the need for a specialist.  Pastoral counselors dealing with issues beyond basic loss and grief, may identify something more severe and need to refer the client to a clinical counselor.

Sometimes when helping a client tell their story, it can also be useful to utilize Narrative Therapy which helps differentiate the person from the issues.  At the end of the blog, there are links to better understand Narrative Therapy and its role in telling the story.

The Real Story

After identifying the key elements of the story, counselors can help clients start to see the real story by exposing with empathy any discrepancies or any blinders a client may possess.  Through empathetic confrontation, a counselor can help a client see both sides or different angles to the story that the client may not had seen initially.  In this way, the counselor challenges the client in the quality of their perception and participation in the story (Egan, 2019, p. 289).  In dealing with the real story, Egan also points out that counselors can help clients understand their own problems and be better equipped to own their own problems and unused opportunities.  When a client is gently nudged to the realities of the real story, a counselor can help the client see that the real issue is not impossible to rectify and begin to present problem maintenance structures which help clients identify, explore and act properly with their real issues (Egan, 2019,p. 292).  Challenging and encouraging like a coach, can help clients move forward to begin to make the right story in their life.

The Right Story

In telling the right story, the client is pushed to new directions.  The client no longer denies the need to change, but has to some extent acknowledged it.  In previous blogs, we discuss issues that correlate with change in a client.  When the client is ready to change, the client still requires guidance and help.  The counselor helps the client choose various issues that will make a true difference in his/her life.   When looking at these issues, the counselor helps the client set goals.  The goals should be manageable at first and lead to bigger things but only after smaller steps to avoid let down.  The counselor can help the client choose from various options and cost benefits, as well as helping the client make proper choices (Egan, 2019, p. 299-301).   The counselor, like a coach, helps the client push forward and improve in life.  Within the phase of telling the right story, the counselor helps the client with goals but also helps the client see the impact new goals can give to life as well as the needed commitment to those goals to ensure a continued transformation.  In previous blogs, we discuss the importance of helping clients face change and develop goals. In essence, goals are developed and strategies are conceived to meet those goals

Stages of Change 

Throughout the process, Egan points out that the process involves three stages.  First, telling the story so that it transforms into the real and right one.  Second, helping the client design and set forth problem managing goals and third and finally, setting into motion those plans with strategies (Egan, 2019).  These phases involve various skillsets that the counselor must employ at different phases and stages. It involves the counselor being a listener, advisor, encourager and coach.  The counselor applies basic attending skills, in previous blogs, and utilize those attending skills in productive responses and when necessary confrontations.  Everything is accomplished with empathy and patience but the skills, built upon trust, allow the counselor to awaken the client to new realities.  Following these earlier discussions, the counselor becomes and advisor and coach in helping the client find ways to change and implement new goals and strategies.  The counselor uses encouragement skills, coaching skills, and directive skills to help the client discover the power to choose wisely and act in a more healthy fashion.  Ultimately it is about the client discovering his/her own inner abilities to not only change but to sustain change.

Conclusion

No client is the same and many will have different innate virtues or vices, talents or deficiencies, strengths or weaknesses.  It is up to the counselor to help cultivate what is best in the client and help the client become his/her very best.  Through individual skills, the counselor can help within each session, but the counselor must try and fail with multiple different theories and therapies that work best for his/her client.  This involves realizing that each case is unique and different people will respond differently to different practices or approaches.  A counselor must forever remain creative and flexible in approaches and adhere to the standards of empathy which helps establish trust with clients.

Counselors play the role of listener, advisor and coach. Please also review AIHCP’s numerous mental healthcare certifications for Human Service and Healthcare professionals

A counselor can utilize a basic structure of identifying the problem, helping the client see where he/she wishes to be and help the client find ways to do it.  This involves working the client through the story and helping them see the real and right story moving forward.  It involves then goal setting and moving forward with action.  It makes the counselor more than a listener and advisor but also a coach.

Please also review AIHCP’s numerous counseling programs for those in the Human Service and Healthcare fields.  While clinical counselors have more ability to help clients deeper with issues, pastoral counselors in Human Service can also help.  This is why AIHCP offers these certifications to both clinical and non clinical Human Service professionals.  The programs in mental health include a Grief Counseling Certification, as well as a Christian Counseling Certification, Crisis Counseling Certification, Stress Management Consulting Certification and Anger Management Specialist Certification. The programs themselves are online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification.  Please review AIHCP’s numerous certification programs.

 

 

Reference

Egan, G. and Reese, R. (2019). “The Skilled Helper: A Problem Management and Opportunity-Development Approach to Helping” (11th Ed.) Cengage.

Additional Resources

Ackerman, C. (2017). “19 Best Narrative Therapy Techniques & Worksheets”. Positive Psychology. Access here

Bates, D. (2022). “Storytelling in Counseling Is Often the Key to Successful Outcomes”. Psychotherapy.net.  Access here

Guy Evans, O. (2023). “Narrative Therapy: Definition, Techniques & Interventions”. Simply Psychology.  Access here

“Narrative Therapy”. Psychology Today.  Access here