Author: Dominick Flarey

Three Conditions of Grief

Posted on by Dominick Flarey

The Three Bonds That Provoke The Grief Reaction

There are three states of being in regards to grief reaction that grief counselors and other psychological professionals have identified.  They deal primarily with the state of bonding and the loss that correlates with that.  Like all ideal states of happiness, things can be taken, threatened or never fulfilled.  This is the state of man in the fallen and temporal world.  True happiness can never be found in this world which forces people to seek the supernatural where in the next life, happiness is never lost, threatened or unfulfilled.
In regards to grief, the change that participates the loss creates grief within the heart of the person.  When someone loses a loved one, the bond is broken or altered.  This can be compared to death, broken relationships or divorce.  In regards to death, this bond can later be re-altered into a new relationship.  When this adjustment is accomplished, one then officially heals, although, the anxiety of separation always exists but at normal pre-loss levels.
Grief, however, can be felt if any existing bond is threatened.  For instance, the mere thought of losing a loved one can cause an ache within the heart.  Also, people who care for their terminally ill family, also experience the threat to an existing bond.
Finally, the unestablished bond creates an emptiness within the heart of man.  The miscarriage, the unreciprocated love, or any dream that can never become a reality are found in this pains.

These are the painful losses people can experience due to bonding.  It is quite ironic that what feeds the soul of man via social interaction is also eventually his greatest pain.  This again only alludes to the reality that the temporal plane is not man’s highest aim for no true happiness can come in this valley tears, but every now and then, a bond is formed, and that bond gives us a glimpse of the eternal bond we will share in Heaven.
If you are interested in Grief Counseling Training, please review the program.
(Material for this blog was found in “Helping Grieving People-When Tears Are Not Enough” by J. Shep Jeffereys

Mark Moran, MA, GC-C, SCC-C

Human Grief and Basic Principles

Posted on by Dominick Flarey

Seven Principles of Human Grief

There are seven principles that collect the vast and diverse experience of human emotion and grief.  Grief counselors should be aware of these seven principles when counseling the bereaved.
The first principle is there is no one right way to grieve.  Remembering this will prevent counselors from forcing everyone into one paradigm that may not fit for a particular person.  For instance, some people show resilience in their grieving.  If one was to assert that these people are in denial, then proper counseling would not correlate with those who are in fact resilient.
Second, one cannot fix or cure grief.  This is fundamental.  Grief is a natural process that must work itself through due to loss.
Third, there is no universal time table.  Although most professionals give normal grief reactions six months to come to a acceptable close, one cannot assert this for every individual.  There are too many variables that can influence how long one will grieve verus another person.
Fourth, every loss is a multiple loss.  This simply means, when one loses someone, they also lose another aspect in their life.  These are called secondary losses.  A wife who loses a husband, not only loses her love, but also loses a bread winner.
Fifth, is a simple equation that all should remember: Change=Loss=Grief.  Any type of change produces a loss of something that was previously different.  In the losing of the past, grief takes place, even if the change brings some joy as well.  An example of this would be moving away from home.  The new challenges and start are exciting, but we are still losing some part of life we once cherished.
Sixth, when one grieves a new loss, we also grieve old losses.  It is only natural to compare and contrast the present with the past.  The dying of a loved one can remind us of the loss of past loved ones and how they suffered.
Finally, we can grieve when a loss has occurred or is even threatened.  This is referred to as Anticipatory Grief.
If you are interested in Grief Counseling Training, please review the program.
(The Seven Principles of Grief can be found in the text, “Helping Grieving People-When Tears Are Not Enough” by J. Shep Jeffreys)

Mark Moran, MA, GC-C, SCC-C

Crisis Intervention Education for Substance Abuse

Posted on by Dominick Flarey

Crisis Intervention Utilized in Substance Abuse

The United States requires very strict and conservative laws pertaining to the use of mind altering substances. For example, a majority of the countries in Western Europe have drinking laws that allow an individual whom is either 16 or 18 years of age to consume alcohol legally. However in the United States the legal age for an individual to consume alcohol is at least 21 years of age. This demographic information is relevant to the prevalence and continuing incidence of Crisis Intervention for acute and chronic substance abusers, because of the evolution of culturally accepted norms. Recent sociological surveys have produced substantial evidence comparing and contrasting similar cohorts of age groups from both the United States and many countries located in Western Europe. The evidence seems to consistently portray that the introduction of alcohol at an earlier age may actually reduce the incidence of Crisis Intervention Education in populations who abuse alcohol

About Social Services Case Managers

Posted on by Dominick Flarey

Social Work and Case Management

Social services case managers are normally men and women that have sociology backgrounds. Their job is to assess the needs of their clients along with their families. Once their needs have been assessed, they are responsible for arranging coordinating and monitoring the available resources to meet the needs that have been identified. To become a social services case manager, it will require a certain amount of work experience, social work education as well as professional credentials. Each individual must also be able to interact well with others including culturally diverse clients. In order to help their clients with what they need, they must also communicate with different types of community resources and a wide range of social service agencies. For those who are interested in pursuing a career in social work case management, the first step is to earn a four year degree in social work or a related area

Legal Nursing and Product Liability

Posted on by Dominick Flarey

The Legal Nurse: Understanding Product Liability

Legal nurse consultants are working today in cases involving legal nursing related product liability. Many people share a common misconception that the only proof that is required in product liability cases is prove regarding product defect and injury to the plaintiff. This is entirely not the case as the process is a little bit more complicated and specialized than that. In fact, product liability law suits are more expensive and complicated compared to other kinds of lawsuits. This article presents a good review of the issues surrounding product liability claims of negligence. Legal nurses will appreciate this quick review and incorporate the information into their practices.
For instance, in a typical product liability case, industry expert witnesses in the field that is in question have to be consulted for them to help prove that a particular product was indeed defective. They normally do this using a number of ways. It is important to note that there are many ways in which the experts can prove that a fault existed in a product liability law suit. The main ways of proving negligence include; through inaction or negligent acts; through strict liability; breach of warranty and fraud.

Inaction or negligent acts

If a lawsuit alleges that there is product liability negligence, then there are four main elements that have to be proven for the lawsuit to be successful. First and foremost, there must be proof of duty of care owed to the plaintiff by the defendant. For the case to be successful, the duty of care owed to the plaintiff has to have been breached thus resulting in injury to the plaintiff. Finally, a causal link has to exist between the resulting harm and the defendant’s actions which caused breach of duty.
In summary, it is important for the legal nurse  to understand the part of the case where inaction or acts of negligence applies to is basically anything that relates to the product in question before it reaches the market. It is however important to note that for product liability cases, it is very difficult to prove acts of negligence on the part of the defendant whether through a failure to act (omission) or a positive act. The basis or concern therefore of most product liability law suits is strict liability.

Strict Liability

As discussed above the only element that has to be proven in product liability lawsuits is strict liability i.e. if the product in question had defect/s that caused harm or injury to the plaintiff. For a product liability lawsuit to be successful in terms of proving strict liability, there needs to be no requirement for element of negligence. Also, there needs to be no proof of fault. This basically means that all a manufacturer has to have done is to make the product within the reach of consumers. By supplying the product/s in question to consumers, this has the direct effect of making available or bringing into question all the faults of all parties involved in manufacturing and distributing to the consumer. The manufacturer therefore bares the responsibilities related to the defect/s.
It therefore follows that manufactures should bare the greatest responsibility because they have the greatest control over their products. Manufactures have however argued against this strict liability clause on negligence in product liability law suits. For instance, manufacturers have argued that they should not be held accountable in cases where information came up after the product’s in question manufacture.

Deceit

Deceit is also an important factor among what must be proven for there to be negligence in product liability law suits. In the case of deceit, the manufacture or the seller has to have communicated truthful information to the consumer about products that are misleading or false for a case to be ruled in favor of the manufacturer/seller. If by any means a manufacturer communicates inaccurate information in order to make sure that a consumer doesn’t find harm in a certain product, then by all means, the responsibility will fall on the manufacturer. If on the other hand the consumer still goes ahead and ignores the warnings of the manufacturer and goes ahead to suffer injury as a result, then it is by no means the responsibility of the manufacturer.

Breach of Warranty

A product liability case also has to prove breach of warranty to stand trial and sentencing. If a product liability case is based on any form of breach of warranty, then the plaintiff has to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant was responsible for causing the injury by asserting that the product/s in question was harmless or free of any defects yet the defendant failed to confirm/ensure that the products were indeed free of defects.
This kind of a claim is unique and different from claims such as strict liability or negligent acts because the claim is directly related to broking a contractual promise and not inaccurate information like in the case of deceit. It is important to note that in the case of breach of warranty, a promise has to be made either implicitly or explicitly as part of the contract. When a certain promise regarding a product is implied, it has to relate either to the failure to ensure that a certain product is capable of functioning, or that that product will be able to work or serve a specific purpose.
Conclusion
In summary, to be able to prove negligence in a product liability case, there has to be evidence that a manufacturer/supplier holds the responsibility of selling a safe or harmless product. Proving this is easy because all businesses that are tasked with the responsibility of manufacturing and distributing consumer goods have to make sure that they provide safe goods that have warnings in case the goods pose any danger. Also, for a product liability case to be successful, there has to be negligence prove i.e. the seller violating the responsibility to offer safe/harmless products up to the point the consumer gets the goods. This basically means that there has to be proof of a breach of warranty. Lastly a product liability case based on negligence has to prove that the harm or injury was directly caused by the product in question and not any other factors such as sickness. By proving the existence of all the above factors, a product liability law suit will stand a chance. Legal nurse consultants are providing excellent consultations in product liability cases as they relate to medical/health care products. For those registered nurses interesting in learning more about this practice specialty, click here: legal nurse consulting program.

Christian Counseling Education: Interior Castle: Meditative Classics for Christian Counselors

Posted on by Dominick Flarey

St. Theresa of Avila and the Interior Castle: Christian Meditation

Christian Counseling without meditation is like a well without water-it has no purpose.  This is why counselors should frequently seek meditation, prayer and retreats to refresh their souls and strengthen their resolve to help those in pain and mental anguish.  St. Theresa of Avila presents an excellent guide in spirituality and meditation in her classic, the Interior Castle.
The text is written in a delightful fashion by St. Theresa in a simple language.  A language that makes one feel as if she is purposely writing each word for one’s own sake.  This personal style of writing is very pleasing to read and her sanctity is felt through the words.
The primary premise of the text is the various levels of intimate union the soul can experience with God while on earth.  St. Theresa refers to these levels as mansions within the castle of the soul.  The first mansions are the entry levels into mystical union but are surrounded by the noises of the world.  As one progresses deeper into the silence of the soul, the tricks of the enemy or Satan become less influential on it.  However, the soul as it becomes more in union with God, releases a bitter sweet reality; that complete union with something so wonderful is never completed on earth.  Eventually, the presence of God becomes more constant in the soul after it passes many spiritual tests.  Although the final union and 7th mansion is incomplete, the soul accepts the reality of this earthly union, and willfully fulfils the will of God on earth until it can meet God face to face in the Beatific Vision.
A few concepts that struck me greatly included these issues.  The first issue regarded how easily the soul falls from the outer mansions to outside the castle, then back in again.  In these phases the soul struggles with the illusions of the material world and the reality of God.  I think as counselors, we come across people who are “troubled by many things” and cannot retain focus on the Lord.  The devil steals the peace of the soul and throws forth the materialisms of the world.  These distractions pull the soul back and forth between God and the world.  These souls are far from evil, but bound by their fallen nature.  Are these not our own battles?  and…are these not the majority of people we counsel?  Pay special attention to these outer mansions and utilize the knowledge of St. Theresa in helping those who need to progress deeper into their own castle.
The second concept St. Theresa emphasizes is love of neighbor.  So many contemplatives sometimes seek solitude to find Christ.  They wish not to be distracted but to solely focus on him.  St. Theresa reminds the reader that true union seeks to share Christ’s love and to find Christ in everyone.  One cannot be completely absorbed in Christ without being part of the life of the church itself.  Christian Counselors should take this to heart as well.  In counseling, we attempt to share divine wisdom and to help one’s neighbor.

Finally, from a purely Catholic perspective, but nonetheless an applicable hypothesis for non-Catholics as well, one needs to have frequent reception of the Eucharist.  Although Protestant brothers in Christ, do not believe in the true presence, they still also share in a symbolic or grace filled belief in the unitative nature of the Eucharist.  There is clearly from a minimal perspective a spiritual union.  For Catholics, this union is even more in-depth and dare I say, a free ticket to the 7th mansion which can be shared for those 15 minutes with Christ.  Counselors of any Christian denomination should take use of the spiritual nature of the Eucharist and allow the grace that accompanies it to help one spiritually re-energize and take Christ to the market place.
If you are interested in Christian Counseling Education, please review the program and please also, in the very least, give yourself the spiritual treasure of reading the Interior Castle.
If you would like to learn more about our Christian Counseling Education Program, then please review.
Witten By Mark Moran, MA, GC-C, SCC-C

Nurse Educators: Teaching Asthma Patients.

Posted on by Dominick Flarey

Asthma Patient Teaching: Information that Nurse Educators Should Teach

An older man using an inhaler
Asthma affects young and old.

An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Unfortunately, this does not apply to asthma patients.
Asthma is characterized by an inflammation or tightening of the bronchial tube passages. Though this can be curable, it affects more than 22 million Americans each year – 6 million of which are children. This is according to the findings of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute.
A typical asthma attack involves wheezing, shortness of breath, tightness or pain in the chest and profuse coughing. It occurs mostly at night or early in the morning. Recurrence of the symptoms is often a bad news, as it leads to deadly acute asthma attacks.
This is why doctors recommend attendance in nurse-patient teaching for patients to help them avoid asthma attacks.

A nursing teaching a boy how to use an inhaler
Nurse educators need to properly train patients on how to use their inhalers.

It is vital that patients understand what is going on in their bodies.
Asthma attacks often lead individuals to feel threatened and nervous, thereby reducing their oxygen supply and making the attacks worse. Nurses should then explain the reason behind these occurrences and why they happen.
It is imperative that asthma patients be educated that they have the tendency to hyperventilate during an attack. This results to low carbon dioxide content in their lungs, which is a powerful bronchodilator.
Nurse educators should show patients how to battle this out and the means at which they can normalize their breathing patterns. Acquiring ample oxygen for their body dramatically improves the situation and their health state in the long run. Studies show that when an oxygen level of 20 is achieved, asthma symptoms are alleviated – even without taking medications or using the inhaler. These findings were actually certified genuine by Russian scientists who came up with the Boteyko breathing technique (now recognized by the Russian Ministry of Health).
Patients should have a clear idea on proper medications.
Relief from acute asthma attacks can only be achieved when the inflammation of the air passages is reduced, or the constriction of the bronchial tubes is loosened. The ultimate goal is to foster more oxygen intake into the lungs to give ample supply to the heart, brain and other organs.
Medications can help when breathing exercises no longer work.
But taking the drugs should be taken with caution. Nurses should be able to teach their patients on the proper medications in alleviating acute attacks. If the exacerbation extends for more than 5 minutes, for example, patients should take 1/3 of their prescribed medicine. Breathing exercises should follow.
If this does not work, patients should take another third of the medication and repeat the breathing exercises.
The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute does not recommend that the drugs will be taken all at the same time. As such, patients and doctors should come up with pre-defined medication parameters and plans that set the ideal dose to be taken during the attack.
Nurses should help their patients to determine the factors that trigger asthma attacks.
Logically, something can be avoided by keeping out from those that cause it. This works in the cases of asthma attacks.
Patient teachings should involve an analysis of the common root of acute attacks. This would include poor air quality, cigarette smoke, pet dander and other air-borne allergens, excessive exercise, fatigue, infections, strong scent from cleaning agents, and thick air.
Nurse-Patient Educators should discuss the possible ways on how the patients can avoid these triggering factors: limiting hours inside the gym, spraying deodorizers, using oxygen tanks, or wearing face masks in crowded areas. They have to make sure that these methods will not drastically alter the patients’ lifestyle. A good asthma doctor strives to help the patients without necessarily overwhelming them.
Laying Out Signs of Acute Attacks
Just as said, acute asthma attacks can be life-threatening. There may be several ways to hamper an attack, but it is a must for the patients to call the attention of anyone who could call 911 just in case things get worst. Nurse-Patient Educators should then discuss the early signs of a significant asthma attack to allow the patients to call help promptly.
Decrease in the peak flow meter readings, immediate feeling of tiredness, and signs of allergies should raise a red flag. Sudden shortness of breath and profuse coughing should signal the need to take the patients to the nearest hospital.
If you want to earn your nurse patient educator certification then you need to visit our site.

Substance Abuse Counselor Strategies

Posted on by Dominick Flarey

Substance abuse counselor strategies are the answer to a challenging problem to treat. Most substance abusers derive a lot of pleasure from their substance abusing behaviors. In order to effectively overcome their additions, they need to make a lot of important psychological changes. The main role of a substance abuse counselor is to facilitate these changes.

A Substance Abuse Counselor Should Empathize with the Client’s Situation

A counselor working with a young man
A substance abuse counselor should care about their clients’ well being.

The most important strategy a substance abuse counselor can employ is empathizing with clients. Empathizing with clients does not mean excusing their behavior and helping them to avoid the negative consequences of their drug abuse. Empathizing with clients involves identifying with the emotional and social backdrop of their drug abuse and letting them know that they are not alone.
Social support is a major factor in successful substance abuse treatment. While it is ideal if the client obtains social support from a wide variety of sources, support from their substance abuse counselor is definitely helpful. Clients that feel unsupported by their counselors are much more likely to relapse or completely discontinue treatment.
Emphasize the Client’s Personal Responsibility for Change

The clients that recover from substance abuse the most effectively, are, generally speaking, those that take the most personal responsibility for their predicament. Clients that refuse to accept any responsibility for their actions generally have a very poor prognosis. Successful counselors do their best to guide clients to take more responsibility for their actions.
This does not mean, however, that aggressive strategies are employed to force the client to acknowledge responsibility for their actions. Clients tend to react in a counter-productive fashion to accusations and aggressive hints that they are failing to accomplish important goals. Present research supports the idea that gentle guidance is preferable to more aggressive counseling.
Emphasizing the client’s personal responsibility for change can be effected in a number of subtle, beneficial ways. One of the best strategies for accomplishing this is analyzing the client’s actions in terms of the client’s motives, beliefs, and other psychological aspects instead of in terms of external forces. The more clients adopt what is known as an “internal locus of control,” the more rapidly they will succeed with their prescribed treatment regimen.
Negotiate Treatment Goals

A young lady in therapy
We should learn to set realistic treatment goals.

Not all clients have the same treatment goals at the start of treatment. Counselors with a “hard-hitting” approach that tend to disregard clients’ personal treatment goals are much less likely to be successful with effecting lasting change than counselors that seriously take into account their clients’ personal treatment goals. Of course, most counselors want all their clients to completely break the destructive cycle of substance abuse they are caught up in.
Gradually helping the client to adjust their treatment goals to more closely match those of the counselor is a good idea. Influencing changes in the clients’ personal treatment goals is not easy, but it can be done if the counselor has sufficient patience and empathy for the client. For the first couple of visits, the counselor should focus more on keeping the client interested in treatment than emphasizing specific treatment goals. Retention is a big problem in an outpatient setting. Consequently, retaining clients is of key importance.
Avoid Frustration and Anger
Clients are remarkably perceptive when it comes to picking up on feelings of frustration or anger. Counselors that want to make a lot of progress with their clients need to avoid the temptation to display frustration or anger when their clients fail to fully comply with prescribed behaviors. Relapses are common in substance abuse treatment, and it is the role of counselors to help minimize the occurrence of relapses without showing undue anger towards their clients.
Clients generally react badly to displays of anger for a variety of reasons. Most clients become defensive in the face of anger. It is not uncommon for them to rationalize their actions as appropriate when they receive angry criticism. This rationalization process is almost always counterproductive. The more clients engage in it, the less likely they are to successfully complete treatment.
Avoiding frustration and anger can be difficult for substance abuse therapists, because substance abuse therapy does not always have a stellar success rate. Substance abuse is a very difficult-to-change behavior. While it is true that future advances in anti-addiction drugs may make substance abuse therapy more successful, right now there are few helpful anti-addition drugs, and they play an insignificant role in most substance abuse therapy programs.

A lady pushing pills away
With substance abuse counseling your clients will learn to push drugs away!

If you are interested in earn your substance abuse counseling certification then you might want to visit our webpage.

Euthanasia: A Pastoral Care Paradox?

Posted on by Dominick Flarey

Pastoral Care and Euthanasia

Many in pastoral care are faced with the dilemma of euthanasia.  Although banned in many states, the right to die movement is a powerful one.  This movement, however, is far from pastoral.  It may paint images of taking someone out of their misery with compassion or ironically tying the words “mercy” and “killing” together, but if one looks beyond this, one will find nothing pastoral regarding euthanasia.
Euthansia is murder.  It is that simple and those who seek to bring Christ to the dying and wish to represent a pastoral element can never condone it.  Euthanais is suicide of despair.  It is the rejection of Christ’s will and cross he has given someone.  Furthermore it is the attempt to make oneself the author of life instead of God.  As a sin of suicide, it shows the active act and the direct willing of death by the agent and requires the assistance of an outside agent to conspire in this taking of life.  With this, it contradicts the laws of life and mocks the oath of all doctors to preserve life.
From a pastoral element,however, one is stricken with the images of such pain and suffering.  Obviously a person in such condition does not deserve harsh criticism for seeking death but to the one thats duty is to preserve and protect is a different story.  While some may be acting out of ignorance in such affairs, it is imperative that care givers realize that true pastoral care is not about ending life but comforting the final phase of it.
In such ways, hospice takes those who cannot survive via ordinary measures into its fold.  These patients do not wish to end their life, but wish to spend the remainder of it as God wills.  Of course, God does not forbid one to find comfort in sickness and sorrow.  In this way, one who seeks death willingly or actively but merely accepts the natural reality of life does not contradicts the laws of God.  From another extreme, as care givers, we cannot forget also that while some piously champion the value of life, they sometimes forget that unnatural prolongation of life or the use of extraordinary measures to preserve life are unneeded and sometimes more burdensome and painful to the dying and his/her family.
It is for these reasons that when one accepts the fact of death, one can with good conscience deny extraordinary measures and know they have not given in to the despair of euthanasia but instead have carried their cross to their own calvary with Christian dignity and heroism.

Pastoral care givers need to focus on making the journey of the dying to their personal Calvary a spiritually and emotionally healthy experience where comfort, love, and support are given instead of despair.
If you are interested in Pastoral Thanatology Education, please review the program.

Mark Moran, MA, GC-C, SCC-C

Hospice and Pastoral Care

Posted on by Dominick Flarey

Hospice and Pastoral Care Giving

For many the choice of hospice is a painful one.  Intrinsic to hospice is the idea that one has given up and medicine can no longer save one’s loved one.  One feels defeat and dismay but the reality is one is freeing him or herself from the bondage of self and accepting the will of Christ.  Pastoral Care Givers have an opportunity to help others accept the final leg of their journey.  They can also help families learn acceptance and find some joy in the final days.  Furthermore, once prolongation of life is no longer the goal, then comfort becomes primary.  This is the essence of hospice.  It accepts the end but allows the person to die with dignity, comfort and consolation.  It is not defeat but victory over denial.  In many ways it is heroic decision for a person to submit his or her will to Christ and prepare for the next world.
Hospice should actually be seen as a pasture for the dying.  The word actually comes from the Latin word, meaning hospitality. With such a warm meaning, it points to a better ending for the dying.  In fact,  88 percent of the dying wish to die in their own home.  Hospice in most cases can make this happen, unless certain critical conditions prevent this.  It was a great joy personally to allow my grandfather to pass away in the comfort of his home.  Fortunately, my grandmother was a retired nurse, but this is not the case for many and hospice gives individuals a chance to die comfort with dignity.
Hospice as a care giving service focuses on the whole human person instead of just the medical condition of a person.  It  has professionals who specialize in physical comfort for those dying of particular diseases but also professionals in counseling and ministry that help one find solace in their final moments.  Although hospice service is only for those diagnosed with six months to live, there are many people who are re-diagnosed and have received care longer.

Hospice Services

Hospice offers four types of care.  The first type of care is routine home care.  Standard services and visits are conducted in this first type of care.  Registered nurses, chaplains, social workers and other care givers can come to the home and check on the patient.  The second type of care is Respite Care.  Within this care, a patient can spend five days with the hospice unit giving the primary care giver the much needed time to relax and refocus.  The third type of care is General Inpatient Care.  This type of care is a continuing care for someone who requires special treatment and care before death.  The final type of care is Continuous Care.  This type of care service allows the patient who is near death to stay home but is cared for by a mobile unit.

These services are critical in fitting a certain person’s needs but also giving the person the spiritual and emotional comfort before death.
If you are interested in Pastoral Care and care for the dying, please review the program.

Mark Moran, MA,  GC-C, SCC-C