crisis intervention specialist program

Crisis Intervention and Domestic Violence

Posted on by Mark Moran

Crisis workers, specialists and counselors who help those in crisis and trauma come across many cases of abuse or domestic violence.  Whether lower tier, on site, or dealing with long term trauma, domestic violence is a large problem within the world, especially against women.  This is not to say it does not also occur against men, but the higher percentage of abuse and domestic violence is against women and children.  Women especially suffer the brunt of domestic violence cases and suffer as victims sometimes unable to act.  This blog will review what domestic violence is, factors surrounding the victim and perpetrator, as well as intervention strategies to help victims, usually women, to be able to heal and move forward.

Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program as well as its Anger Management Consulting Program and see if these programs meet your needs.  Professionals in the Human Service Field who help battered women and other victims can utilize these certifications to broaden their knowledge and understanding of domestic violence.

What is Domestic Violence?

Domestic violence is any physical or verbal harm to another in a household. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention and Anger Management Certifications

Domestic violence goes well beyond merely anger and loss of control but has many elements that go deeply into the psychology of the abuser and the willingness for the victim to sometimes endure for years.  Domestic Violence also known as Intimate Partner Violence encompasses all types of couples including not only married, but those living together, same sex couples, and abuse of children or elderly (James, 2017, p. 286).  Within Domestic Violence are key terms that designate the crime.  Battering refers to any type of physical assault, while abuse is a more general term that not only encompasses physical violence but also emotional, verbal abuse as well as threatening (James, 2017, p. 287).

There are many theories that surround the relationship that ties abuser and victim together.  Attachment/Traumatic Bonding Theory speculates that abusers abuse because of fear of losing the significant other due to childhood trauma of losing loved ones and lack of stability.  Another theory is Exchange Theory which postulates that the abuser will continue to be violent as long as the reward outweighs the cost of utilizing violence to control.  Intraindividual Theory investigates various psychological and neurophysiological disorders that play a part in why batterers abuse.  From the victim perspective, many women suffer from learned helplessness and battered woman syndrome in which the woman accepts the abuse and the results as a learned behavior.  In reverse, the abuser, usually a man, falls into the learned behavior of achieving results through inherent abuse.  Feminist theory attributes abuse by men to be tied to sexist and patriarchal views within society that glorify the dominance of the man over the woman.  Cultural reinforcement and glorification of aggression for success can also play a role in advancing aggression as a positive attribute.  Finally, psychological entrapment proposes that women have to much to lose financially if they report or leave the abuser.  In addition, the secret fills the victim with shame and ties the abused to the abuser and looks for the abused to justify and find ways to stay (James, 2017, p. 290-293).

There are also numerous secondary stressors and issues  that can add or complicate to the abuse case.  Issues surrounding geographic location can affect the duration of abuse if the abused is isolated.  Economic and financial stressors can play a role in a woman staying with an abuser, as well as religious beliefs and stigma.  Many women may feel disenfranchised or rejected if abuse was made public.  Other stressors and factors include the age of the couple, with younger couples experiencing abuse at a higher level, as well as the role of drugs and alcohol (James, 2017, p. 294).

In addition, there are many myths about domestic violence that can sometimes look to dismiss it as not as serious.  One such myth is that battered women overstate their case, display too much sensitivity, or hate men or are looking for revenge.  The reality is most women who report are not reporting the first incident but are reporting after multiple cases.   Other myths involve justifying the abuse as if the woman or victim provoked the beating, or that if it was truly so bad, she would leave the relationship.  These false myths need dismissed in order to give domestic violence the spotlight it deserves and the importance for society to make it not a family personal issue but a community one (James, 2017. p. 294).

Profile of the Batterer and Abuser

Batterer suffer from a variety of emotional impulse controls but also are possibly suffer from past abuse, as well as addiction issues. Many find wish to exert dominance over others

Batterers usually can have any of the following issues.  They were battered themselves, faced poor family conditions as children, have anger and impulse control issues, deal with addictions, or suffer from a variety of emotional and cognitive disorders. Characteristics of individuals, in particular men, who abuse suffer from a variety of issues.  Many demonstrate excessive dependency and possessiveness toward a women.  Others have poor communication skills and can only filter anger to express.  Others may have unreal expectations of their spouses or partners.  Others may see themselves as dominant and set up rigid family control patterns for the spouse and children that cannot be infringed upon.  Many men who abuse also are characterized as jealous, impulsive, denying, depressive, demanding, aggressive and violent.  In addition, many suffer from low self esteem and form addictive habits (James, 2019, p. 293). Many abusers usually look to minimize abuse.   They may deny battering, minimize the battery, or project the battery onto the victim (James, 2017, .p. 321).

Some batterers are a family only batterers.  These types act out but are quick to seek forgiveness.  Others with low level anti-social tendencies, or violent anti-social tendencies are far more dangerous and terroristic.  This does not mean family only batterers do not have serious issues or can lead to fatal outcomes.  It just means, there violence is more confined to the home and nowhere else and it may not be due to deeper psychological disorders (James, 2017., p. 296).  However, it is important to note, any physical violence, even a push or shove, or threat is too much.  There needs to be zero tolerance for any type of behavior.

Profile of the Abused

Abused women on the other hand suffer various characteristics that fall into compliance with abuse and perpetrate its continuance.  These characteristics are sometimes sought out by abusers since it enables control.  Many abused women lack self esteem due to the continuous verbal insults.  They lack self confidence in abilities to make the situation better. Many women who are abused come from past history of being abused, much as the abuser.  They may regularize the abuse as something familiar and normal.  Many women who are subject to abuse are very dependent upon the spouse and are unable to escape the situation, or fear leaving due to stigma.  Many women cannot differentiate between love and sex and also feel it is their duty to fix the abuser by staying (James, 2017, p. 294).

Many women simply live and relive the vicious cycle of abuse.  They accept the the tranquil periods or first phase of tranquility of no violence but soon enough, the second phase of tension starts to build and the third phase of a violent outburst occurs.  Upon this, the relationship enters into a pivotal crisis state of whether the abuser will seek forgiveness or re-assert dominance where the victim accepts the situation and re-enters a new tranquility phase.  Only till the victim stops the cycle will the domestic violence end (James, 2017, p. 296).

Assessment and Intervention

Upon any report of domestic violence, human service professionals are required to report.  This involves documenting the abuse with pictures and statements, assuring the victim of her rights and giving her a plan, and finally, reporting the incident to appropriate authorities (James, 2017, p. 300).  Most disclosures occur at shelters, hospitals, on scene, via a crisis call or after an arrest. Unfortunately, sometimes it is difficult to access battered women or to get them to display bruises or report a crime.  The Battered Woman Scale measures traits that make it difficult for battered woman to discuss or report abuse.  Overall, most women possess traits of those with PTSD (James, 2017, p. 299).

During the clinical interview it is important to believe a woman who reports battering.  Most women who finally have enough courage to report, are finally doing so after numerous incidents and are finally realizing the life or death nature of the situation.  It is important to listen with empathy, provide support and facilitate the necessary course of action for the victim (James, 2017, p. 302).    It is important as a crisis responder or counselor to be real with the victim and listen with empathy.  The victim should be allowed to express emotion and the time she needs to express and tell it.  The counselor should maintain eye contact during this phase and exercise empathetic listening skills.  It is also important to remain respectful and non-judgemental.  This is a very difficult story for the woman to tell and she needs to be applauded and not questioned with “why”.  Counselors need to also help restate the victim’s thoughts and feelings and help guide the victim to better options and ways to resolve the issue and any fears she may have or possess.  Finally, it is important to follow through and check on the victim’s process (James, 2017. p. 304).

Over the long term, it is important to provide psychoeducation about abuse and feelings associated with it.  It is important to emphasize how unjust family violence is and how to better cope with it in the future.  Other victims may also need aid in dealing with PSTD, or other stressors that are preventing them from healing and moving forward.  In addition, women, families and victims need social support to help through the process (James, 2017, p.314)

Many abusers will need more than merely anger management, but additional support groups to help individuals face their own inner demons and to see the damage their violence does to the people they love.  This may also involve drug and addiction therapy, as well as public intervention.

Conclusion

Domestic violence is not a family issue but a public issue. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis and Anger Management Programs

Domestic abuse whether verbal or physical is always wrong.  It has deeper roots usually and cause deep crisis and trauma to victims.  Many who perpetrate it have their own inner issues.  While men usually are the perpetrator, it is important to note that not only women and children can be abused, but men can also be abused by women.  In addition, same sex couples also face the same domestic issues heterosexual couples face. Counselors, crisis specialists, chaplains, pastors and social workers can play large roles in helping stop the cycle of violence and helping victims find safety through good assessment, reporting and future therapy.

Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program as well as its Anger Management Consulting Certification.  The programs are online and independent study with mentorship as needed.

 

 

 

Resource

James, R & Gilliland, B. (2017). “Crisis Intervention Strategies”. (8th). Cengage

Additional Resources

“The National Domestic Violence Hotline”. Access here

“Domestic Violence”. Psychology Today. Access here

“Domestic violence against women: Recognize patterns, seek help”. Mayo Clinic Staff.  Access here

Strong, R. (2023). “What Is Domestic Violence? Learn the Signs and How to Get Help Now”. Healthline. Access here

 

A Closer Look at Crisis Intervention

Posted on by Mark Moran

Crisis Intervention is a specialty field that is on the battlefield itself.  It is the first aid of those in initial emotional pain and mental disorientation.  It involves emergency workers, fire, police, paramedics, but also trained professionals in social work, chaplaincy and mental health.  These individuals go to the distressed whether the situation is individual or collective at a local or state level.  They meet the emotionally distressed at their home, whether it is due to violent crime, rape, murder, suicide, or sudden death, or to sites where national disasters such as hurricanes have wiped out a person’s home, or to terrorist or shooting sites where communities are left without meaning.  Crisis Intervention Specialists look to help individuals find sanity in the insanity and help equip them with the necessary immediate physical, mental, emotional and spiritual care needed to access and find direction.  They are not long term specialists for trauma but the first mental health responders to crisis itself.

Those in crisis intervention look to stabilize the person and help them regain emotional balance and the ability to cope when things personal or local disaster strikes

Crisis Intervention stems back the very first Suicide phone line in 1906 and the need for it was escalated with the infamous Coconut Grove Nightclub fire of 1942 (James, 2017, p. 3).   The crisis emergency became more apparent with the Community Mental Health Act of 1963 that closed asylums and referred those with mental issues to local mental health services (James, 2017. p. 3-4).  Unfortunately, without observation, most suffering from mental trauma, addiction, or minor mental health became the problem of law enforcement and many now find themselves in prisons.  The constant and sometimes fatal interactions with mentally unstable individuals with police have led to multiple unfortunate deaths which have called for better mental health accountability by society as well as police training in crisis intervention.  With the awakening of post Vietnam PTSD among veterans, addiction, as well as women rights and abuse, the need for crisis intervention grew even more.  Today it is a must in a society with many mental maladies that lead to acute instance of crisis.

AIHCP offers a four year certification for those interested in a Crisis Intervention Specialist Certification

What is Crisis?

Crisis definition while sharing key qualities is defined by many mental health professionals.  According to James there are a variety of instances that constitute crisis.  People can face crisis when obstacle to life goals seems to insurmountable that it leads to despair and disorganization in life.  People can face crisis when a traumatic event occurs that totally usurps one’s life and life narrative.  People face crisis when a person has no response for the problem or immobilizes them and prevents them from moving forward.  People face crisis when fall into anxiety, fear, shock and distress about a disruption in life.  People face crisis a loss of psychological equilibrium and emotional instability and imbalance result.  People face crisis when they enter into an acute emotional situation arising from external sources that one has temporary inability to cope with or deal with.  People face crisis with extraordinary events of disaster and terror or rapidly building stressors that upset the homeostatic balance of the person’s life creating a vulnerable state (2017, p. 9).

James  also gives a more precise definition accumulating the above ideas of crisis.  He refers to crisis  as the “perception or experiencing of an event or situation as intolerable difficulty that exceeds the person’s current resources and coping mechanisms.  Unless the person obtains relief, the crisis has the potential to cause severe affective, behavioral, cognitive malfunctioning up to the point of instigating injurious or lethal behavior to oneself or others (2017, p. 9)”.

Types of Emergencies

Behavioral emergencies when situations escalate to a point of immediate intervention to avoid death or injury (James, 2017. p. 9).  This can include suicide intervention, homicides , lethal situations, abuse, rape, or any type of violent interpersonal behavior.  It can be direct or indirect. Sometimes these emergencies occur due to accidents without intent of injury but injury or life risk occurs.  In other cases, they can be a product of emotional reaction

Another type of emergency is referred to systemic emergencies that affect organizations, communities or nations.  James defines a systemic emergency as a “when a traumatic event occurs such that people, institutions, communities and ecologies are overwhelmed and response systems are unable to effectively contain and control the event in regard to both physical and psychological reactions to it (2017, p.11)”.  These can include natural disasters such as hurricanes, tsunamis, earthquakes or tornadoes, as well as terrorist actions, or public shootings.  Within all crisis is the possible of it spreading.  The term metastasizing crisis is utilized to explain how crisis can outgrow one person and spread to another or how one local crisis can spread to a larger reason.  Crisis Intervention teams and emergency response units look to contain crisis through primary prevention as well as secondary intervention policies to prevent as well as minimize.

In all of these cases, the presence of danger exists. Things can change quickly and there are no quick fixes  In most of these crises, individuals are faced with choice or no choice.  Many are unable to make a choice without help but choosing to do something shows ability to respond and react.  Whether an individual is negatively effected by a crisis depends on their individual makeup.  Any human being can be victim of a crisis but how one responds depends on interior and exterior characteristics of both the person and the the type of emergency.  Resiliency plays a key role in whether one in crisis events and emergencies will go numb, or emotionally instable and uncapable of response.  Ultimately beyond exterior and interior sources of a person, it is ultimately one’s perception of the crisis that has a stronger influence than the actual event itself (James, 2017, p. 11-12).

 Types of Crisis and Transcrisis States

Within these types of emergencies, there exist numerous types of crisis to the individual.  Individuals can suffer from developmental crisis as a result of change throughout life that produces abnormal responses of crisis.  Such examples can include the birth of a child, college, a midlife crisis, or even aging (James, 2017, p. 18).  In addition to developmental crisis, individuals also face situational crises that are uncommon or extraordinary as to result in inability to respond or cope.  Existential crises are far deeper reaching and reach the core of the person’s belief system.  Finally, ecosystemic crises involve acts of nature, or human causes evils or disasters that affect individuals or communities (James, 2017. p. 18).

Individuals can experience many different types of crises.

While it is the job of the Crisis Intervention Specialist to help individuals again find balance during crisis, sometimes individuals carry baggage of unresolved issues and current stressors can trigger past unresolved trauma.  This is referred to as transcrisis states that can emerge.  These states can also occur due to a variety of mental issues ranging from development and unfilled duties, to repressed trauma,  as well as addiction which can lead one into crisis when faced with other issues.

James  notes however that transcrisis state should not be confused with PTSD which is an identifiable disorder linked to a specific trauma (2017, p. 13). While those with PTSD may be in a transcrisis situation, transcrisis by itself is more vague and due to multiple issues and stressors.  The state is one that is residual and reoccurring and always capable of catching fire with a stressor that overflows the cup of the person’s mental abilities.

Basic Crisis Intervention Theories

Lindermann introduced the first basic concepts of Crisis Intervention with his research from survivors from the Coconut Grove Nightclub fire but he focused more solely on normal grief reactions and adjustments to the loss.  Caplan, later would view the whole of the traumatic event as crisis beyond grief and loss.  Caplan listed the the basic qualities of crisis and adjustment to crisis involving disturbed equilibrium, grief therapy, grief work and restoration of equilibrium (James, 2017, p. 14-15).

Other systems would expand on this basic theory and address certain aspects of psychology of one or more over the other.  This included various systems.  First, psychoanalytic theory applied the idea of expanded crisis theory beyond general systems that surround the person to also include the individual’s subconscious thoughts and past emotional experiences and how they relate to the current crisis (James, 2017, p. 15).   Systems theory instead of looking within the person, emphasized analyzing the interrelationships and interdependence of individuals in crisis or the event and how needs were met within those systems.  Via aid and assistance, one can lessen the crisis to the individual or family (James, 2017, p. 16).  Ecosystems theory places more emphasis on the macrosystem involving the person, family or community and the interrelated  elements and how change to one aspect can lead to disarray for the whole (James, 2017, p. 16).   Adaptational Theory focuses on a persons adaptive or maladaptive coping strategies and how good coping will alleviate the crisis sooner than maladaptive reactions. Hence the focus is on how one copes with the issue in a healthy way (James, 2017, p. 16).  Interpersonal theory focus on internal locus of the person and the ability to reshape and reframe and find optimism.  It is based on empathy and listening as well as the ability to help individuals find confidence that will ultimately defeat the crisis state (James, 2017, p. 17-18).  Finally, Developmental theory analyzes how ones development in life has prepared or not prepared an individual for future crisis (James, 2017, p. 18)

Crisis Intervention Models

The three primary models in crisis intervention are the equilibrium model, the cognitive model and psychosocial transition model.

Different models approach crisis from different angles. Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Certification

The Equilibrium model is based off Caplan and identifies crisis state as an emotional and mental imbalance.  Their abilities to cope and meet the needs of the crisis are overwhelmed and require assistance in finding equilibrium as opposed to disequilibrium.  The goal is to help individuals find balance (James, 2017, p. 19).

The Cognitive model looks to correct faulty thinking in crisis regarding the events surrounding the crisis.   The goal is to help the individual become aware of their faulty thinking, reframe and change their views or beliefs about the situation.  They are very much connected with CBT (James, 2017, p. 19).

The Psychosocial model states that individuals are a product of their genes, social influences and social environment.  When crisis arrives, professionals look to help individuals identify internal behaviors and moods as well external factors which are preventing the individual from utilizing resources or workable alternatives to the crisis at hand (James, 2017, p. 19).

A large part of all models is helping individuals again be able to cope with the problem at hand.  Hence the term Psychological First Aid was coined for crisis intervention (James, 2017, p. 20-21).  Like stopping the bleeding of the wound, crisis intervention specialists, first responders, emergency relief, social workers, and chaplains are trained to help individuals by meeting basic needs so the person can regain pre-crisis state. US Department of Veteran Affairs, among many, list the most important steps in psychological first aid.  Some of these issues also deal with supplying basic safety and security, including shelter and food when necessary as part of basic Maslov needs.  Basic Psychological First Aid includes proper contact and engagement which is non-intrusive and compassionate.  It should include a sense of safety and comfort.  It needs to help stabilize if needed the individual from a mental perspective.  It needs to gather information for the needs of the individual and then giving practical assistance for those needs.  Furthermore, it entails connecting the individual with social supports such as family, friends as well as informing the individual how to cope with stress and help the person continue to function.  Finally, it involves securing for the individual future contacts for aid and help with various services for their particular issue or mental health. (James , 2017, p. 21).

Within this first aid model, the ACT model can play as key guide.  One needs to access the problem and understand the needs of the person, connect the person to social support systems and to identify any traumatic reactions or possible future disorders.

Conclusion

Crisis comes in many forms and is universal to all humanity but different people react differently to crisis.  Some may lose emotional balance and equilibrium and need immediate care.  Those in emergency services, chaplaincy, social work, or disaster relief need to understand the nature of crisis and how to help individuals in the moment regain that emotional equilibrium.  While different crisis range and different models exist to help others, crisis intervention is similar to emotional first aid in that it looks to stop the immediate emotional bleeding and help the person again regain control of the situation and be able to cope.  While this only deals with the first phase of a long recovery, like all emergency and acute situations, it is vital for many to be able to survive the initial blast of crisis at during different times.

Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program

Please also review AIHCP’s Crisis Intervention Specialist Program and see if it meets your academic and professional goals.  The program is online and independent study with mentorship as needed.  The program is and to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification who work in human services,  mental health and healthcare professionals, social work, chaplaincy, nursing,  emergency call centers, first responders, and disaster relief teams.

Resource

James, R. & Gilliland, B. (2017). Crisis Intervention Strategies (8th)”. Cengage

Additional Resources

Boscarino, J. (2015). “Community Disasters, Psychological Trauma, and Crisis Intervention”. Published in final edited form as: Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2015. National Library of Medicine. Access here

Ford, J. D. (2021). Essential elements of crisis intervention. In J. D. Ford, Crises in the psychotherapy session: Transforming critical moments into turning points (pp. 63–79). American Psychological Association. Access here 

Valeii, K. (2024). “Psychological First Aid: How It’s Used”. Very Well Health.  Access here

Wang, D & Gupta, V. (2023). “Crisis Intervention”. National Library of Medicine. Access here

“What to Do In a Crisis”. NAMI. Access here