Grief and loss strike an imbalance in life. During the adjustment process, numerous complications can occur that can veer a person off course in adjustment. Sometimes Grief Counseling and simple talk can help but other times more powerful forms of counseling are required via licensed counselors with an expertise in grief counseling. In some cases, therapy involves looking solely at the past and the emotional aspect via Psychodynamic Approach, sometimes professionals utilize a more rational approach through Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and in some cases, professionals utilize a combination.
CBT helps identify distorted thinking of an event and help the person reframe those thoughts and maladaptive behaviors
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or CBT has a high success rate in helping complicated and dysfunctional grievers find understanding and meaning in life through examination of the loss and recognition of unhealthy feelings, irrational thoughts and imbalanced behaviors. It involves intense reflection, grief work and homework, and application to help the person reframe distorted views due to complicated grief or even cases of depression. Originally utilized by Aaron Beck (1967), it looked to challenge distorted feelings and help the person find healing through rational re-direction. In essence, CBT recognizes the Cognitive Triangle of thought, behavior and emotion. Each aspect of human existence affects the other. Thoughts can positively or negatively affect behavior, behavior can affect emotion and emotion can affect thought. If any of these are imbalanced, it can create a distortion itself.
Albert Ellis, (1957) was a core contributor to Beck’s thought. Ellis was discouraged by the limitations of psychoanalysis and limitations of only becoming aware of an emotion but wanted tools to cognitively help the person move forward. Ellis drafted the ABC Model which identified a triggering or Activating event with a belief that in turn caused a consequence. An activating event could be labeled as any traumatic event or loss that in turn was interpreted by the person. In complications of grieving, the interpretation or belief regarding the event many times caused negative consequences, instead of the event itself. The purpose of the therapy was to revisit the event, understand it and correlate proper consequences from the objective nature of the event instead of subjective beliefs or faulty conclusions. Hence irrational, unhealthy, and counter productive thinking and new distorted behaviors from an event are key elements within complications of grieving. CBT looks to challenge those ways of thinking and behaviors with an indepth cognitive, intellectual and rational discussion to help correct the emotions and behaviors via better thinking or reframing.
Cognitive Distortions
Individuals who suffer from depression or complications in grieving generally have a faulty cognitive view of reality. Due to the event, loss, or trauma, there is a type of worldview that haunts them and adversely affects their emotional and behavioral response to life. For those suffering from depression or complicated loss, many have a variety of distorted views which include:
All-or-nothing thinking: Viewing situations in binary terms, without considering nuance.
Catastrophizing: Anticipating the most adverse outcomes without empirical justification.
Mind Reading: Presuming to understand others’ thoughts without direct evidence.
Emotional reasoning: Basing conclusions on emotions rather than objective data.
Labeling: Characterizing oneself or others based on a singular trait or event.
Personalization: Attributing external events to oneself without a clear causal line
McCleod. S. (2023). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Types, Techniques, Uses. Simple Psychology. Access here
As McCleod points out, many of these distortions are assumptions that usually are tied to lower self image or negative self schemas. These negative self schemas play a key role in the illogical thinking and ideals of a depressed person
Cognitive Triad and Cognitive Distortions
Beck used the example of the Cognitive Triad that illustrated three ideals of self, the world, and the future. In all cases of depressed individuals, the self image of the person was negative, the ideal that the world hated them was present and that the future possessed no future blessings. Beck theorized that this triad stemmed from a negative schema in life that originated from a negative life event that was never processed properly. This in turn led to a complication in grieving or adjusting. From these events, a series of even more cognitive distortions emerged within the depressed person in how they viewed life itself.
Among the many included magnification of bad events or minimization of good events, over personalization of others emotions as if they are correlated with oneself, and improper correlation of negative causal events with oneself (select abstraction). As one can imagine, a depressed person is trapped not only with emotional imbalance but is also haunted daily with these negative cognitive sequences
CBT Process
CBT challenges these thoughts. It looks for one to reframe them and see things in different lights. It looks to gain a better understanding of these thoughts and behaviors and incorporate better problem solving ways to deal with them. This reframing involves first a serious discussion and revisiting of the activating event and understanding it more objectively. Sometimes the therapist will utilize exposure therapy with the patient, asking them to discuss and think about the past incident. For more traumatic or painful memories, this takes time and over sessions, longer exposure occurs. Sometimes, this is through direct memory or pretending to be a bystander watching the past. This challenges the person to face one’s past, fears and trauma and move forward.
Following analysis, one is asked to discuss thoughts and emotions associated with the event. This is where illogical and damaging thoughts and behaviors can identified and weeded out. The patient is given alternative ways of thinking and reframing thoughts about the event, as well as ways to better cope with daily issues. This is key in helping the individual. The therapist not only unroots the cognitive distortion but also gives the patient the psychological and mental tools necessary to alter negative thoughts and behaviors in association with the event. Sometimes, the therapist and patient can role play a future event to help the patient better prepare for interaction. Other tools include meditation and ways to calm oneself when a potential social trigger presents itself that can challenge the new reframing.
CBT gives the patient the opportunity to also be their own therapist. To work through issues, apply skills and complete homework assignments.
It is essential in CBT to identify and recognize the distorted thought or maladaptive coping in response to the event and give the person the tools necessary to properly understand the issue and reframe it for healing purposes. CBT usually takes 20 sessions or so to finally uproot the issue and help reframe and correct distorted thinking.
Limits of CBT
While CBT is successfully, it can have limitations. It is based primarily upon the cognitive thought process and looks to correct maladaptive coping and distorted thoughts to help the person find balance, but other therapies, such as the Psychodynamic Approach Looks at the emotional response stemming from the past event and how that event negatively affects present day emotions. The Freudian Psychodynamic Approach finds the repressed feelings and how to cope with those feelings. If utilized in combination with cognitive, I feel both approaches integrated can help the person have a more holistic and complete person healing process. The other limitation of CBT is if solely utilized as talk, it does not address the chemical imbalance within the brain and neurotransmitters. Sometimes, serotonin balance is necessary and depression medications are necessary to help a person find new balance and alter thought process.
Hence, a multi faceted approach is sometimes necessary in treating a person, not merely an intellectual approach. This does not mean CBT is not highly effective. It is extremely useful tool in helping individuals reframe negative thoughts and behaviors due to an incident and helping them correct those issues.
Conclusion
Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification and see if it meets your academic and professional goals
CBT and other therapies combined are excellent ways to help correct complications in grieving stemming from distorted thinking and helping the individual from an intellectual standpoint reframe and understand the loss in a logical way void of false images. It is a heavy talk based therapy that asks one to revisit the past, rethink and reframe it, and correct distorted thoughts and behaviors. It sometimes requires additional therapies with it to help others overcome depression or complications in the grieving process but overall is very successful. This type of therapy or any grief therapy is reserved for licensed therapists. Pastoral grief counselors who are not licensed need to refer more serious cases of grief and loss to these types of licensed counselors.
Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification. The program is open to both licensed and unlicensed Human Service professionals and offers an online and independent program that leads to a four year certification.
Additional Resources
“Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)”. Cleveland Clinic. Access here
“What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?”. (2017). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. APA. Access here
Raypole, C. & Marcin, A. (2023). “Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: What Is It and How Does It Work?”. Healthline. Access here
“Cognitive Behavioral Therapy” Psychology Today. Access here
Within the field of Christian Counseling, a Christian message tied with counseling and morality is shared with those seeking answers and healing. Hence the title and adjective “Christian” clearly distinguishes it from other forms of counseling. If one were to seek merely secular or a non-Christian message, one would not seek this type of pastoral counseling. Some Christian Counselors are only pastoral in nature and not licensed professional counselors with the state, while others may be. For those who are also licensed professional counselors, this can sometimes lead to a conflicting position, especially if working at times in a pastoral setting versus a professional setting that is not Christian based. It is important in counseling ethics, even within pastoral counseling, to respect the autonomy of an individual and to avoid bias infusion. This is especially true for non-pastoral counseling when a client’s moral or faith based beliefs differ from the counselor.
Science vs. Faith?
Christian Counseling adopts a Christian based philosophy to help people face issues. The degrees of it vary from one approach to another
Yet, even within Christian Counseling, there are different schools of thought regarding the dance between Christian Counseling and psychology. Since the dawn of the scientific revolution, science and theology were unfortunately tossed at odds with one another. The atheistic flavor of the scientific revolution looked at only observable phenomenon and reduced metaphysics to the talk of nonsense. Led by logical positivists, many sought to remove any metaphysical reality from reasonable and rational discussion. The scientific method was designed for the temporal world and fact. It saw faith and metaphysics as an inferior subject that failed its methodology. This is why modern science and theology became seen as two divergent ideals that could never co-exist.
The Christian understood that truth, whether revealed from the scientific method in the temporal realm, or through morality and faith through the metaphysical realm could never be at odds. God is hence the source of all truth. If God is the author of all truth, then when things seem to contradict, it is due to interpretation theologically or miscalculations scientifically. One cannot be sacrificed to the other. Modernists would tend to accommodate theology and Scripture to science but never force accountability to science. This is the imbalance of the Christian who as a modernist enforces science as the superior over faith. The heresy always forces faith to change at the demands of science.
Sometimes perhaps, new interpretation is needed. In the case of Galileo, it was a matter of faith, mistakenly, that the universe revolved around the Earth. It was clearly seen that this was a misconception. When science though denies miracles or the fact that Jesus could not resurrect from the dead, then science must be held accountable. Faith, while dismissed as subjective by modernists or atheists, still none the less can hold equal truths beyond the realm of the scientific method. While faith is subjective in nature because so many faiths exist, faith can still hold an objective fact about reality.
The only weakness of the scientific method is it puts its methodology as an objective measurement for all reality. While observation and testing hypothesis works perfectly for the temporal and physical world, it does not work so great for all of reality that is not observable. As the ancients pointed out, sometimes, the object itself deserves its own consideration prior to concluding what methodology is to be utilized and tested upon it. Phenomenology utilizes experience as its primary element of study of something. So, in essence, using the scientific method to study metaphysics is equal to using a Phillips screw driver when you need a flat screw driver for a home repair job. Different tools of exploration are needed to understand different things. Atheism is what has distorted the scientific method. It is not something that should be distrusted by Christians but is something that should be seen as a tool to understand the physical world, not as a weapon against faith.
It is because of this distrust of secular science, or misuse of it as an all purpose tool for everything, that many Christians within counseling, doubt many elements of psychology. Some Christian Counselors will be far more modernist in their approach of utilizing psychology in Christian Counseling, while others may distrust elements of psychology and turn the Bible as full source of counseling. Others will fall in between and utilize both in an integrative approach.
Views within Christian Counseling and Psychology
Levels of Explanation is a type of approach that looks at a particular issue in psychology or counseling from a multi-layered approach. It looks at a particular issue from a psychological, biological, social and theological standpoint. Different angles present different perspectives upon the issue at hand. David Meyers, a supporter of this approach has no issue reconciling his Christian faith with psychological science. He feels they fit together, support one another and when tension occurs, releases a truth that is reconciled through proper adjustment or interpretation (Johnson, 2000, p. 49-50). Meyers uses the emotion of love as an example of the multi-layered examination of realities between faith and secular science. He points out how love can be seen in psychology as a state of arousal, by the poet an experience, or by the theologian as a God-given goal of human relationships (Johnson, 2000, p. 51). Each perspective supplies a truth to be understood and applied to the reality of love. What is good about this approach is that it utilizes good scientific methods. It delves into multi-disciplined practices to find different perspectives of truth. It allows one to maintain a unbiased and professional relationship with a client. Finally, it pushes one to question possible improper interpretations of faith or miscalculations of science.
The weaknesses of Levels of Explanation though cannot be dismissed. They are modernistic in essence. While it may not be contended by Meyers, faith is many times put second to the cult of science. Meyers discusses the effectiveness of prayer in psychology as well as issues of sexual orientation within the context of faith and psychology but seems to place classical notions of theology second hand to the conclusions of science (Johnson, 2000, p. 67-74). He concludes that the power of prayer is limited to within the realm of natural laws. While he does make excellent points that prayer is also about finding God and having God help us through suffering, instead of turning God into a “genie” that grants wishes, he still nonetheless limits the power of prayer within the confines of nature itself. I do contend most individuals use prayer wrong and see God as a wish granter. Worship with God is not a contract but a covenant. God walks with us, He does not always answer us how we wish. Hence prayer should be utilized in a more sacred way for God’s will and possible healing, but Meyer seems to try to confine prayer to a simply modernist understanding that behaves within the laws of nature, restricting God’s power to intervene. While Meyers creates the perception that the Levels of Explanation as a method is inclusive to faith and that faith guides perspective, but we discover this is usually not the case. Once faith crosses the fire of empirical proof, then it appears that belief must be modified. Levels of Explanation, may point out that certain issues may have complimentary truths, but sometimes, there are concrete differences. Which party concedes when an issue arises between the different sciences? Usually more than most, as seen in Meyers discussion, metaphysics or Scripture finds itself having to redefine or catch up to secular science.
The Integrative Approach starts with Scripture but also utilizes modern psychology to enhance guidance in helping individuals in spiritual, mental and emotional health
The Integration Approach is middle of the ground approach that incorporates psychology and Christian teaching, but understands that the truth and faith found in Christianity is the primary element. While improper interpretation of faith can cloud the water, it also understands that miscalculations within science are equally to blame in clouding truth itself as well. The Integrative Approach has no issue entering into the counseling arena with a distinct Christian set of values, but it also understands the importance of good science. It does not see Scripture as all answer book for every malady. Scripture is not a science text but a spiritual book for salvation. It does contain core elements to spiritual and emotional health, but Scripture’s intent is not heal us from a psychology standpoint but to save us from a spiritual standpoint. Hence Scripture’s basics values are expanded upon through psychology in a more in-depth and clinical way. When contradictions occur, the Christian core message is not abandoned, but held at a higher esteem than the secular science. The Integrated Approach does not dismiss its Christian identity but keeps it throughout with the expansion of psychology to guide it. I would conclude, most Christian Counselors, including, Gary Collins, utilizes the Integration Approach, that starts with Scripture but expands with psychology and counseling to answer our most human needs. For those who feel, the Integrative Approach is not powerfully enough infused with Christian ideals, then the Christian Approach is a stronger version that views the totality of the Christian person found within Scripture and the Christian tradition with far less emphasis on psychology.
Opposite the spectrum of Levels of Explanation is the pure Biblical Approach. This approach is found in more fundamentalist camps. It does not dismiss science but is far more suspicious of its every motive and finds Scripture as a sufficient source to heal anyone of any issue. Many pastors will use the Biblical Approach as a way to help heal and transform someone in a spiritual way. Sin is seen as the primary culprit of suffering and through the destruction of sin and God’s Word, healing and transformation can occur. Hence everything one needs is within Scripture. As Christians, we all believe sin is the source of suffering. This is not debated. We also believe that spiritual conversion can help many mental issues. However, the main difference between Integration Approach versus the pure Biblical Approach is that Scripture is a spiritual book not a medical or clinical book to help heal mental issues. If looking to help treat a person with a disease, there is no directives in Scripture for proper medical procedures. The same is with mental maladies. Psychology has given humanity a tool set to help diagnosis and treat a variety of diseases. While prayer, transformation and healing are essential aspects, they alone are not enough in this fallen world where physical and mental treatment is required. There definitely exists different extremes within the Biblical Approach. It’s primary proclamation of God’s healing power over sin and suffering is critical to any Christian Counseling ministry, but when isolated as a fix all, it misses other aspects of our existence in a fallen. It equates spiritual salvation as healing of every aspect of human life.
Conclusion
Christian Counseling can help guide many to healing. Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification
While atheism and fundamentalism may be at odds due to their own biases, whether it be literal interpretations of Scripture, or complete denial of the metaphysical, many within Christian Counseling are able to bridge the two together in counseling. There are extremes that exist in Christian Counseling and Psychology as seen in the three different highlighted approaches, but each one attempts to find some common ground and utilization of both. One may lean more towards science or faith, while another finds an equal balance, but each has its own particular strength and also weakness. I myself prefer the Integration Approach. What do you prefer and why?
Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a Christian Counseling Certification.
References
Johnson, E., Ed. (2000). Psychology and Christianity: Five Views. InterVarsity Press
Collins, Gary. (2007). Christian Counseling: A Comprehensive Guide. Thomas Nelson
Additional Resources
Greggo, S. & Sisemore, T. (2012). “Counseling and Christianity: Five Approaches”. Denver Journal. Access here
Blain, T. (2023). “What Is Christian Counseling?”. VeryWellMind. Access here
Loosemore, P. “Measuring Christian Integration in Professional Counseling Practice and the Contributions of Spiritual Formation and Mentoring”. Sage Journals. Access here
Grief is a natural reaction to loss. Grief is the price of love and as long as love survives, the bond will never be broken. Even though one may never see the other, the bond remains. How that bond exists is important. If the bond remains and the person is again able to reintegrate into society, then it is a healthy bond, if however, the bond prevents one from living again, then the bond is existing at an unhealthy state. Also bear in mind, whether the loss is death, or any type of loss, complications can occur where one does fully readjust and adapt to the new situation. In all these cases, the grieving process, while natural, became unhealthy due to a variety of issues. In Grief Counseling, we refer to unhealthy adjustment in loss as Complicated Grief.
Complications in grief prevent individuals from successfully navigating the grieving process. Grief Counseling can help
Complicated Grief can be seen as an extreme grief reaction beyond what is defined as normal, or as an absent grief reaction all together. It can also be seen by its manifestations upon the mental, emotional, physical and social aspects of the person, as well as its duration. It can occur at any point within the grieving process and keep a person at a particular stage of his/her grief.
Some cases of grief are more susceptible to complications in grieving, albeit not guarantees of complications. Such losses that are extremely traumatic as found in war, natural disaster, rape, grotesque displays of death, and acts of terrorism can have more serious imprints upon the brain and cause PTSD and grief complications that prevent the evil from being processed. In addition, extremely painful losses such as the loss of a child or parent, or suicide can have a more impactful sting to a person’s recovery. Finally, sudden losses can also shock the system. If a loved one is murdered, dies in a car crash, or one is suddenly faced with a personal loss or injury, then grief responses can be become complicated
Grief Counselors have a special role in monitoring grief trajectories to ensure they remain steady and on normal pace. While everyone grieves uniquely, there are general human responses to loss that involve stages of denial, anger, bargaining, emotional distress, restructuring and re-adjusting to the loss itself. Within this, individuals may bounce back and forth between stages, or oscillate in extremity of emotion from day to day, but there is a general measurement that is not equated as pathological. Grief Counselors who are not licensed counselors need to spot complications in grief and refer patients to licensed counselors when depression or complicated grief appears. Licensed Counselors with expertise in grief can then help the person unblock the impasse that permits the person to continue the grieving journey.
It is important to note that grief is not a pathology and individuals suffer from loss and the imbalance it causes for the rest of their lives, but what is pathological is inability to readjust to living life. It is also important to note that the degree of the loss and attachment play a key correlation with the time to normally recover from a loss. Time and duration are difficult assessments with deep emotional pain when grading it with a loss. The attachment and how the person is progressing sometimes needs to be evaluated to see if the person is stuck in complication or merely still progressing at a natural rate.
Key Signs of Complications
Acute grief is extremely painful. Someone in acute grief cannot function at first. They are emotionally unable to rationalize, they cannot interact with others, and have no meaning for the loss. One cannot find complications in acute grief because the grief is raw and new. In fact, the extreme pain in acute grief is natural and important in the grieving process itself. When someone is experiencing acute grief symptoms months or years later, depending on the loss, then one can better access if complications have occurred. If a person is still extremely emotional over the loss as if it just occurred and is unable to process it and feels depression to the point it is crippling to life, then this is a sure sign of a complication. These emotional intense pains will creep into every aspect of the person’s life. One’s physical health, stress levels, sleeping patterns and immune response can all take hard hits. In addition, one’s mental health can decline as a constant state of depression emerges over the person. Life will no longer have any meaning to the person. Happiness will be unattainable in any activity. One’s social life will become isolated. One may resign from past activities that gave oneself joy and completely disassociate from family and friends. This will negatively affect profession and career and academics. Finally, one will maladaptively cope with the issue through possible drug use. As pointed out, the absence of grief can also be a sign. Maladaptive coping that prevents the person from recognizing the loss can occur. Individuals may deny the grieving process by keeping oneself busy. One may avoid cleaning out a deceased’s closet after a year. These are also signs of not adjusting to the loss in a healthy way.
Complications within the Trajectory
When someone denies a terrible reality or loss, they are naturally protecting themselves. This is normal in grief reaction, however, if denial persists, then the processing of the loss can never take place. If a grief counselor discovers constant denial, avoidance of the subject, the person’s possessions, or areas where the person died, then there are chances of a complication in the grieving process that have prevented the person from moving forward in the denial phase. It is no longer healthy but has become a toxic maladaptive coping mechanism.
If someone experiencing extreme adverse emotions beyond the initial acute phase of grief, then there are also signs of complications within the grieving process. Individuals may be extremely angry, sad, or guilty even over a death. Complicated relationships with the deceased, how the deceased passed, a person’s role in the passing of the deceased, unresolved issues with the deceased, and not expressing emotion earlier in the loss can lead to a mass of untamed emotions. One needs to discuss these emotions and why they are exhibiting themselves later in the grieving process. Through grief counseling, one can better understand the source of the emotions and help individuals come to grips with how they felt about the person, the person’s death and their emotions in relationship to it.
Becoming stuck in grief is a sign of complicated grief. An individual is trapped in the grieving process and unable to adjust to the loss in a healthy way
Someone who is suffering over depression, or suffering from pro-longed grief have exceeded any normal time frame. Again time frames and duration of grief can vary, but a good grief counselor can calculate if someone is experiencing excessive duration and depression. When the person has lost meaning to life and is unable to find happiness over an extended period of time after the loss, then the person needs professional aid in fighting off the depression which may be chemically based as well.
Other individuals suffer from an inability to reorganize their lives and find meaning the loss. They are unable to live with the loss but still live from day to day. Individuals may not be able to make new connections or tie the loss of the past to the present and future. They remain stuck in the past and unable to proceed into new venues. They feel obligated to the past. They may utilize maladaptive practices such as drugs to cover feelings or ignore new events. They may not be able to visit a grave, or discuss the loss. The deceased’s past is only of pain, with no remembrance of happiness or smiles. Healthy grieving permits one to have both sad and happy memories. It allows one to make new connections with people without feeling a betrayal to the deceased. It permits one to find meaning in the deceased’s life and push forward with that meaning into other venues or social agendas.
Resiliency
Most individuals who grieve losses face difficult acute phases but grieve naturally. They are able to process the loss and move forward in life despite the pain. For the percentage who does not grieve normally, one should not consider weak. Resiliency to loss has many factors. The nature of the loss itself has a large impact to the adjustment to it. Again, objective natures of loss can play a key role into how one recovers. Traumatic, stigmatic, sudden, or severe loss can play key role in preventing processing of a memory or loss. Others who face complications may have family history of depression and a natural serotonin imbalance, hence reducing resilient behavior. Still others without emotional support can face a difficult uphill battle in adjusting to the loss. Individuals with family and social support have an easier time healing from loss than those alone or with unsupportive friends and family. Others have proper guidance to avoid maladaptive coping mechanisms such as drinking and find guidance in support groups that offer other venues to cope with loss. Prayer, mediation, exercise and hobbies are ways they adjust to the pain and loss itself. Finally, individuals whether religious or not that hold to some world view to anchor them have a better chance of adjusting to loss over time.
Conclusion
Hence when grief is not processed properly, complications can occur within any point within the trajectory. Complications manifest in extreme emotions or lack of emotions well beyond the acute phase of grief and duration of these emotions exceed normal process ranges. They prevent the person from moving forward and adjusting to the loss in a healthy way. Grief Counselors play a key role in helping individuals remain on a healthy trajectory, with special care to the unique grieving situation. Licensed counselors who are also grief counselors can play a key role in helping those who fall off the healthy trajectory and help them again find the care they need to find adjustment to the loss.
Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification and see if it meets your academic and professional goals
Again it is important to note that grief is normal. It is natural and healthy process. Grief is not an imbalance that needs corrected. There is no true recovery but more so a process that leads to acceptance of the loss and finds meaning in the loss.
To better help others through the grieving process, the American Academy of Grief Counseling and AIHCP offers a four year Grief Counseling Certification for qualified professionals. The program is online and independent study and open to those interested in helping others navigate the murky waters of grief. Please review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Program and see if it meets your academic and professional goals.
“Complicated Grief.” The Cleveland Clinic. Access here
Sutton, J. (2022). “How to Treat Complicated Grief in Therapy: 12 Examples”. Positive Psychology. Access here
Shear, K. et, al. (2013). “Bereavement and Complicated Grief”. Psychiatry Rep. 2013 Nov; 15(11): 10.1007/s11920-013-0406-z. National Library of Medicine. Access here
Talbbl, R. (2017). “Six Signs of Incomplete Grief”. Psychology Today. Access here
For many experiencing complications with emotion, notably grief or anxiety, individuals turn to therapy. Not all loss is simple and sometimes emotion itself is far from simple or easy to identify its source. Anxiety and depression plague individuals and can have crippling effects on their mental health and social interaction. Therapists and licensed counselors usually turn to some type of medication to help balance the neurotransmitters in the brain or hormones in the body. Others will also look to cognitive behavioral therapy to help articulate the issue from a rational way, introducing adaptive coping strategies, better responses and overall reframing.
Psychodynamic therapy looks at the subconscious root of depression and how to unblock the healing for better relationships with others.
Psychodynamic Therapy
Professionals from the Freudian school also can utilize Psychodynamic therapy which can also have equal benefits in helping individuals not only with deeper pathologies but also depression and anxiety. Psychodynamic Therapy looks within the person’s emotions and past to help decipher the reasons for depression, anxiety or emotion. Stemming from Freud, the idea suggests that all emotion or behavior stems from one’s subconscious and also partly early childhood experiences. Through various internal mechanisms both inherited biological and learned through experience, one learns to balance these emotions and feelings but when imbalance occurs, anxiety can result, which can also lead to subconscious repression. Psychodynamic therapy looks to the unconscious to find these events that has caused these unconscious feelings that are now manifesting in one’s life.
Through this process, the therapist hopes to discover the root of the issue, identify it and help the person learn from it. The person then is guided to the root cause of his/her issue and learns how this unconscious feeling is causing havoc in one’s life and how to better regulate it. This involves a type of talk therapy where the patient discusses their feelings and the therapist attempts to discover the source of the emotional imbalance. Erick Erickson, a disciple of Freud, introduced how emotional issues can arise when individuals do no meet certain eight stages. His psychosocial approach identified 8 stages of development within human life from infancy to old age and how two opposite outcomes can occur when needs and goals are not met. Individuals who do not successfully meet certain needs or goals experience regression or incompleteness manifesting in depression or anxiety. Therapists with psychodynamic therapy can help guide individuals discover unconscious feelings about certain events that can lead to deeper reasons why someone feels depressed, angry or anxious. Sometimes, individuals may not be able to form relationship bonds, or have trust issues. These issues usually are a result of some earlier childhood experience that once identified and discussed can find ways to better resolve it.
These types of talk therapies usually last anywhere from 40 to 45 minutes once a week and can continue for a few months or up to a year. The key within the process is to uncover the root cause for the emotional balance within the subconscious mind and help identify it. This allows the person to recognize the issues and its root and better move forward without repeating the same mistakes. With understanding of the source, better ways to respond to it, and coping mechanisms, one can better find balance and move forward. In essence, one can understand the emotion, recognize patterns caused by it and form better relationships from this enlightenment. The therapy looks to unblock one from the past and allow one to move forward.
Comparisons and Differences Between CBT and Psychodynamic Therapies
While looking more at emotion, this therapy differs from CBT which obviously looks at unhealthy ways of thinking and how one can reframe and better oneself. Both CBT and Psychodynamic therapy can look at better ways to manage how we react to things, but they have different starting points. Both are considered effective methods, but it ultimately it depends upon the person. It also can depend upon the type of trauma. Proponents against Psychodynamic theory may contend it takes away free will due to the unconscious drive, but one can modify the strict Freudian values and say emotional trauma at early age can greatly affect a person decision making but not necessarily strip one of conscious decisions.
CBT offers reframing solutions to perceptions and ideas one faces. It looks to remove distortions of reality and how to better reframe it and respond. Psychodynamic may be better at explaining the deeper cause of it but both methods look to understand the emotion and find better ways of dealing with it. In essence, Psychodynamic looks to find what is blocking a person from proceeding forward and ends, while CBT looks at how to cope with the issue through a variety of adaptive coping methodologies. Some therapists may only use one pure form, or combine the two, with one helping the person cope and then later delving into the source of the issue.
A good example of someone facing deeper pathological issues with depression and self image would to be utilize CBT and Psychodynamic therapies. With CBT, the therapist would set out to dismiss from an intellectual standpoint the false image of self that is destructive. Therapy would look to help the individual realize the distorted self view and then offer ways to think differently when low self esteem emerges. It would point out that low ideals of self are not true and how to better deal with these thoughts through meditation, journaling or other self affirmative practices. It would teach one to better reframe these distortions. The Psychodynamic portion would investigate the source of the low self esteem in earlier life, the emotion itself, how to manage the emotion, and proceed in relationships. Once the unconscious source is identified, the individual could better understand why one feels a certain way, recognize patterns and triggers for the emotion and form healthier bonds. In this example, while not purely one therapy, one can see the benefit of both schools of thought being utilized.
Conclusion
Human beings are complex emotional beings. We have a intellect and will. We are rational and emotional. According to Freud, we are torn between internal impulses and external systems. Subconscious and conscious events can occur which create a variety of imbalances. How we find balance depends on what therapy is best for us. Talking therapies, like CBT and Psychodynamic are useful therapies to help from emotional or rational standpoints. Sometimes, talk therapies are also supplemented with medications to help any neural or hormonal imbalances as well. Ultimately, Psychodynamic therapy is a an excellent option for some.
Psychodynamic therapy has Freudian roots. Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification
Please also review AIHCP’s behavioral certifications, especially its Grief Counseling Certification. While grief counseling is clearly not a pathological type of counseling because it deals with a direct loss, it can sometimes turn pathological and require a licensed professional. AIHCP certifies both licensed and unlicensed human service professionals who offer different level of services within grief.
Additional Resources
“CBT vs. Psychodynamic Therapy: What’s the Difference?” Zencare. Access here
Mcleod, S. (2024). “Psychodynamic Approach In Psychology”. Simply Psychology. Access here
Davis, K. (2023). “How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?”. MedicalNewsToday. Access here
Dresden, D. (2020). “What is psychodynamic therapy?”. MedicalNewsToday. Access here
Cherry, K. (2023). “What Is Psychodynamic Therapy?”. VeryWellMind. Access here
In our youth, epochs of our life seem forever. Since it is all we ever knew, we sometimes felt maybe it would last forever and felt very shocked when something ended. As time progressed, we learned that things come and go, traditions and family customs change over time with the deaths of others, and that we ourselves change. In later adulthood and middle age, the reality of this really begins to set in as we see our parents age or possibly pass and our own selves begin to assume new authority roles. We learn to show more gratitude for the present and realize that life and what we do on a daily basis can change.
Your life is a book with chapters. How we conclude each chapter with its changes and losses is important to understanding the overall theme of one’s life.
When I was younger, we always went to grandma and grandpa’s house for Sunday dinner. For me, that ten year period of time was most of my life and all I knew, but now that I am older, I understand that it was a happy period but one that ended and was never destined to last forever. It is important to recognize the lack of permanence to things. As a youth, 25 years seemed like two distant epochs, but as we age, we discover 25 years is not so long and time begins to go quicker. For those who have a difficult time adjusting to change or are unable to cope with the loss of time, one can quickly become trapped in the past, or unable to process the beautiful book of life. Life is a chapter to chapter process, we must enjoy the chapter we are reading, remember the past chapters and realize there are other chapters yet to read. Understanding grief, loss and how to honor the end of certain chapters is critical to coping and living a happy and productive life.
Whether it is an end of a marriage or relationship, the change of career, retirement, the death of a loved one, or finally realizing you no longer look the same as 25 years ago, it is crucial to understand change in life and how to tie the “endings” of each chapter together in one’s book of life. This involves cognitive recognition of certain realities which sometimes involves meaning re-construction especially with loss as well as coping strategies. In this short blog, we will look at how we recognize time and change and how to better cope with it.
First, we must accept the fact change is uncomfortable but also necessary. We cannot remain the same. It is impossible and would be a sad life if experiences, education, maturity, and relationships did not change us. We are constantly in a state of change but sometimes we do not notice it. We notice major changes when they occur and seem surprised we did not notice the minor incremental changes between then and the present surprise moment. Change while good also holds pain. The loss of something we care about or a transition from something that was once to something that is no longer. Sometimes this change is good other times it can be bad, but the value of change does not alter the reality of it. Nothing remains the same over time and we must be able to accept the good and the bad of change. A death of a loved one or an end of a relationship is critical but we must be able to adjust and adapt.
In dealing with the change, one must be able to experience all of its raw emotions associated with it. When a change occurs, such as a death, we cannot bypass emotions or push forward until the change is properly concluded. Hence, it involves feeling the change and working through the process of it. Even the end of chapters in a book have a page space before the next chapter starts. So in life, we have to conclude the chapter properly. This is a process of experiencing the fullness of the entire chapter and the effects of the it’s conclusion on one’s overall book of life. The past chapter must be processed, felt and experienced.
Resiliency to loss or change is a key proponent in life. Individuals who are more resilient are better equipped to more forward in life and adjust to change. When a resilient person gets knocked down, a resilient person is able to get back up. Outlooks on life and support systems in life all play critical roles in resilient people and how they are able to cope with change and move forward to one’s next chapter in life. Those who utilize positive outlooks over negative ones as well as utilize adaptive coping strategies over maladaptive coping strategies are better equipped to heal, adjust and integrate a past chapter into the next chapter of life. Processing change and properly concluding an ending emotionally involves a deep conversation with our heart. Sometimes this involves self care and giving oneself one day at a time to process, heal and properly move forward. When one rushes to conclude a chapter, one then will never understand the lesson and what is needed for the next chapter of one’s book of life.
Processing change and life involves not only emotional experience and resilience but also cognitive restructuring. This is an intellectual exercise to reframe change and loss in an understanding of the overall whole of life. When one loses someone, a relationship or career, one sometimes grasps for meaning. They are not only emotional distraught but also confused about their future role or function and what this particular negative event or change means to their life. Meaning Reconstruction is a key way one can learn to understand how change in a life relates to the individual’s past, present and future. It helps the person tie together the concluding ends of certain chapters and helps them push forward. It helps them understand events and certain characters in one’s life and the roles these events and persons played in the overall story. Robert Neimeyer, a psychologist and grief expert points out that one must be able to incorporate the change and event and tie it into one’s overall life story. Whether good or bad, these events and people make us who we are and if we cannot tie the good and the bad chapters together, then we cannot properly face endings and proceed.
Journaling is a important way to express both emotion and intellect during change. It gives the person the ability to express oneself in privacy and to later read words on paper that reflect feelings. It empowers an individual to feel some control and document one’s life story. It helps one reflect and understand the lessons of life. One can list the good and the bad of a certain chapter and the outlook and excitement for a future chapter of life. It help give one guidance in the chaos of change itself. For those do not journal, discussion, counseling, meditation, prayer or other forms of expression through art, dance or music are also excellent ways to find direction.
When individuals empower themselves with direction, they can find some order in the chaos of change. They can organize the chapters of life with each lesson, character, loss, and theme to fully more better understand their life’s plot and story. Every life is a book and how we understand the chapters plays a key role in how one proceeds gracefully from both good and bad endings in the overall story.
Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification
Please also review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification. Grief Counselors play a key role in helping individuals with change and loss. Change and loss if processed properly is not pathological and many unlicensed pastoral counselors can help individuals navigate through the chaos. Sometimes complications occur and licensed mental health counselors are needed but for many, just the simple direction from a good pastoral counselor or grief counselor is all they need to understand their plot in the story of their life. Again, if looking to help others through grief and change, please review AIHCP’s Grief Counseling Certification. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals.
Additional Resources
Grover, D. “Honoring Endings: 6 Ways to Make Peace when things End.” (2023). Elephant Journal. Access here
Neimeyer, R. “Meaning Reconstruction in the Wake of Loss: Evolution of a Research Program”. (2016). Cambridge University Press. Access here
Hibberd, R. “Meaning reconstruction in bereavement: sense and significance” (2013). Death Stud . 2013 Aug;37(7):670-92.doi: 10.1080/07481187.2012.692453. NIH. Access here
Botella, L. “Psychotherapy and the Meaning of Life”. (2020). Psychology Today. Access here
Lent is a solemn period in the Christian liturgical calendar, dedicated to fasting, prayer, and penitence in preparation for Easter. It commemorates the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert, enduring Satan’s temptations. Traditionally in the West, beginning on Ash Wednesday and lasting until Easter, Lent is observed by various Christian denominations with diverse practices. This article explores the multifaceted aspects of Lent, from its historical origins to its contemporary observance and cultural significance. Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification. Christian Counselors, pastors, and others can help others find greater fulfillment and closer union with God during the season of Lent.
Lent is a time of reflection, sacrifice, remembrance and renewal
Key Takeaways
Lent is a period of 40 days of fasting and spiritual discipline in the Christian church, leading up to Easter, excluding Sundays.
The term ‘Lent’ originates from the Old English word ‘lencten’, which means ‘spring season’, reflecting the time of year when it is observed.
Lenten practices vary among Christian denominations but commonly include fasting, abstinence, prayer, and almsgiving.
Ash Wednesday marks the beginning of Lent and is characterized by the imposition of ashes, symbolizing penitence and mortality.
Lent is a time for personal and communal reflection, aiming to prepare believers’ hearts for the celebration of Jesus’ resurrection at Easter.
Historical Origins and Etymology of Lent
Lent in the Early Christian Church
The inception of Lent traces back to the earliest Christians who observed a time of fasting and repentance leading up to Easter. This nascent tradition evolved into a more structured period of observance by the fourth century, with Christians in Rome marking a 40-day Lent. The significance of the 40 days was to emulate the fasting of Jesus Christ in the wilderness before commencing His public ministry.
By the seventh century, the Church had formalized the duration of Lent to begin six weeks prior to Easter, excluding Sundays from the count. This adjustment resulted in 36 days of fasting, which was later augmented by an additional four days to achieve the symbolic number of 40 fasting days.
The practice of fasting before Easter was not only a spiritual exercise but also a communal preparation for the celebration of the resurrection of Christ. It was a time for the faithful to engage in self-reflection and penitence, aligning themselves with the trials and triumphs of Jesus.
The early Church’s approach to Lent included various forms of abstinence, with records indicating the consumption of only bread, vegetables, salt, and water during this period. The Canons of Hippolytus, for instance, permitted only bread and salt during Holy Week, highlighting the austerity of the observance.
The Linguistic Roots of ‘Lent’
The term ‘Lent’ has its etymological roots in the Old English word lencten, which signifies the ‘spring season.’ This connection to spring is echoed in the Dutch cognate lente and the Old High German term Lenz. The word’s origin is tied to the concept of lengthening days during the springtime, a period which coincides with the observance of Lent in the Christian liturgical calendar.
The evolution of the word ‘Lent’ reflects a transition from a secular to a religious context. Initially, it described the natural season of spring, but over time, it became associated with a period of penitence and preparation for Easter. This shift underscores the adaptation of language to imbue secular terms with spiritual significance.
Old English: lencten (spring season)
Dutch: lente (still means spring)
Old High German: Lenz (related term)
The linguistic journey of ‘Lent’ from a word describing a season to one encapsulating a solemn religious observance illustrates the dynamic nature of language and its ability to capture the evolving practices and beliefs of a culture.
Evolution of Lenten Observances
The observance of Lent has undergone significant changes since its inception in the early Christian church. Initially a period for preparation of catechumens, Lent evolved into a more structured season of penance and reflection for all Christians. The practice of fasting and abstinence has been a constant, although the specifics have varied widely across different times and traditions.
In the early centuries, strict fasting was common, with one meal a day being permitted after 3 p.m.
By the Middle Ages, the rules relaxed slightly, allowing a meal at noon and some consumption of fish and dairy.
The Reformation brought about divergent practices, with some Protestant groups rejecting obligatory fasting altogether.
Today, the Lenten practices continue to diversify, reflecting the broad spectrum of Christian belief and cultural influences. While some maintain traditional fasts, others focus on charitable acts or spiritual disciplines. The start and end dates of Lent can also vary, depending on the Christian denomination and the lunar calendar used to determine the date of Easter.
The Liturgical Significance of Lent
The Forty Days of Jesus in the Wilderness
The solemn observance of Lent in the Christian liturgical calendar is deeply rooted in the scriptural account of Jesus Christ’s forty days in the wilderness. This period of desert solitude was marked by fasting, prayer, and resistance to temptation, a narrative that is central to the Lenten season. The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke recount how Jesus, following his baptism, retreated into the desert to fast and pray for forty days and forty nights; it was during this time that Satan tried to tempt him.
Christ’s time of reflection and preparation in the desert. Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification
The significance of these forty days is multifaceted, reflecting not only a time of preparation for Jesus’s public ministry but also a model for Christian spiritual discipline. The faithful are called to emulate Jesus’s example, using this time for introspection, penance, and spiritual renewal. The temptations faced by Jesus in the wilderness—often categorized as the temptation of physical gratification, the temptation of pride, and the temptation of power—serve as a framework for understanding the struggles inherent in the human condition.
The period leading up to Easter mirrors the 40 days Jesus spent in the wilderness, preparing for his ministry. It is a time for believers to reflect on their own spiritual journey, drawing closer to the divine through practices that echo Jesus’s own trials and triumphs.
The following list outlines the general understanding of the three temptations Jesus faced, as they are often interpreted in Christian teaching:
The temptation to turn stones into bread, emphasizing the physical needs over spiritual sustenance.
The temptation to test God’s willingness to protect, challenging divine authority.
The temptation to gain worldly power, forsaking divine mission for temporal authority.
Lenten Practices in Different Christian Traditions
The observance of Lent varies significantly across different Christian denominations, reflecting a rich tapestry of traditions and liturgical practices. Protestant and Orthodox Christian traditions, as well as some Anabaptist, Baptist, Methodist, Reformed, and nondenominational churches, engage in Lenten observances, though the practices and the degree of adherence differ.
Catholicism typically involves fasting, abstinence from meat, and prayerful reflection.
Orthodox Christians may observe a stricter fast, abstaining from meat, dairy, and oil. Within Eastern Catholic and Orthodox Christians, days of abstaining include both Wednesday and Friday. In addition, full fast days differ in structure as compared to the Western Church. The Orthodox also follow the Julian Calendar which permits a different start for Lent itself than the West.
Anglican and Lutheran churches often adopt a moderate approach to fasting, focusing on penitence and self-reflection.
In some Reformed and nondenominational communities, Lent may be observed with a greater emphasis on the anticipation of Easter rather than traditional penitence.
While the specifics of Lenten practices are diverse, the underlying intent remains consistent: a period of solemn reflection and preparation for the celebration of Easter. This is often expressed through the three pillars of Lent: prayer, fasting, and almsgiving.
Liberal and progressive Christians may place less emphasis on the traditional aspects of Lent, focusing instead on the spiritual anticipation of Easter Sunday. Despite these variations, many Lent-observing Christians incorporate spiritual disciplines such as daily devotionals or the Stations of the Cross to draw nearer to God during this season.
The Theology Behind Lenten Sacrifice
The theology behind Lenten sacrifice is deeply rooted in the Christian tradition of emulating Jesus Christ’s 40-day journey in the wilderness, where he fasted and faced temptation. This period of abstinence is seen as a time for believers to strengthen their faith and reflect on the sacrifice of Christ. Lenten sacrifices are varied and can range from fasting to giving up certain luxuries, all aimed at personal spiritual growth and discipline.
The practice of Lenten sacrifice is not merely about abstaining from material comforts, but rather a transformative experience that aligns the faithful with the spiritual journey of Christ.
Lenten disciplines may include:
Prayer and meditation to foster a closer relationship with God.
Almsgiving and charitable works as expressions of compassion and solidarity with the less fortunate.
Acts of self-denial to cultivate humility and self-control.
These practices are intended to purify the heart and mind, preparing the believer for Easter through repentance, simple living, and a renewed focus on the divine.
Contemporary Observance of Lent
There are a variety of Lenten restrictions, traditions and observances within different Christian denominations
Variations in Lenten Fasting and Abstinence
The practice of fasting and abstinence during Lent varies widely among different Christian denominations and cultures. While some traditions emphasize a strict fast, others adopt a more lenient approach to abstinence. The common thread, however, is the voluntary nature of these practices, often seen as a form of expiation for sin.
Catholicism: Abstinence from meat on Fridays, and fasting on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday.
Lutheranism: Guidelines suggest moderation rather than full abstinence, with a focus on self-denial.
Anglican Churches: No specific food restrictions, but encouragement to give up personal luxuries.
Methodist Churches: Often observe the Daniel Fast, which includes abstaining from meat, sweets, and bread.
In some regions, the episcopal conference may adapt these practices to suit local customs, replacing strict abstinence with other forms of penance. This flexibility acknowledges the diverse ways in which the faithful can engage with the Lenten season, beyond mere adherence to laws of the church.
The Role of Ash Wednesday
In the West, ashes remind us of this temporal reality and that this world is not forever
Ash Wednesday marks the commencement of the Lenten period, a time of introspection and penitence in the Christian tradition. It serves as a poignant reminder of human mortality and the need for reconciliation with God. The day is characterized by the imposition of ashes on the foreheads of the faithful, often accompanied by the solemn words, “Remember that you are dust, and to dust you shall return.”
The observance of Ash Wednesday is not uniform across all Christian denominations, but it is widely recognized for its call to fasting and prayer. The ashes, typically made from the previous year’s Palm Sunday crosses, symbolize both death and repentance.
The distribution of ashes and the associated rituals provide a tangible entry into the Lenten season, setting a reflective tone for the forty days that follow.
While not a holy day of obligation, Ash Wednesday sees one of the highest attendances at mass, second only to Sunday services. The day’s significance is underscored by the practice of fasting, where observers are traditionally limited to one full meal and abstain from meat. This act of self-denial echoes the sacrifices made by Jesus in the wilderness and sets the stage for the Lenten journey of spiritual renewal.
Lenten Services and Rituals
Lenten services and rituals are integral to the observance of this penitential season, offering a structured approach to reflection and devotion. Many churches veil their symbols of triumph in violet fabrics, signifying a period of solemnity and introspection. The Stations of the Cross, a poignant reenactment of Christ’s passion, are commonly practiced, guiding the faithful through a spiritual journey of Christ’s suffering and sacrifice.
During Lent, the three pillars of Lent—prayer, fasting, and almsgiving—are emphasized, encouraging believers to engage with their faith on multiple levels. These practices are not only acts of piety but also serve as a means of achieving justice toward God, self, and neighbors. The culmination of Lenten observance occurs in the Easter Vigil or Sunrise service, where the fast is traditionally broken and the faithful rejoice in the resurrection of Christ.
In the quietude of Lenten services, the community gathers in shared humility, collectively seeking spiritual renewal and deeper communion with the divine.
Cultural and Social Aspects of Lent
Lenten Suppers and Community Gatherings
Lenten suppers, often held in church parish halls or at home, are a cherished tradition that bring together the faithful after a day of fasting. These communal meals are typically simple, reflecting the season’s emphasis on abstinence and sacrifice. A common Lenten supper may include a vegetarian soup, bread, and water, aligning with the spirit of simplicity and reflection.
The social aspect of these gatherings is significant, as they foster a sense of community and shared experience among participants. From the sacred to the social, these gatherings underscore the importance of community, charity, and tradition. They remind us that, amidst the fast-paced modern life, the observance of Lent provides an opportunity for believers to slow down and engage in meaningful fellowship.
While Lenten suppers vary across denominations, the underlying intent remains the same: to conclude the day’s fast in a manner that honors the spirit of Lent and nurtures communal bonds.
In some traditions, special days such as Maundy Thursday and Good Friday are marked with eucharistic communion, further deepening the liturgical significance of the Lenten season. These practices, while diverse, illustrate the rich tapestry of Lenten observance that continues to evolve and adapt to contemporary religious life.
Impact of Lent on Secular Society
While Lent is fundamentally a Christian observance, its impact extends into secular society, influencing both cultural norms and individual behaviors. The period of Lent often sees a surge in charitable activities and environmental initiatives, as the ethos of self-denial and reflection encourages a broader societal engagement with altruistic causes. For some, it may be a family tradition. Like a bad habit, some merely give up something they want to improve in their life without much spiritual reflection. Also, society may also see it as a time of giving up, but not necessarily improving oneself.
Many individuals, regardless of religious affiliation, participate in Lenten-inspired practices such as vegetarianism or teetotalism, viewing these as opportunities for personal growth or health improvement.
Secular groups and even some atheists acknowledge the value in Lenten traditions, adopting aspects of the observance in support of environmental stewardship.
The focus on self-reflection and sacrifice during Lent can lead to a heightened awareness of community needs, resulting in increased volunteerism and support for social programs.
The Lenten season’s call for introspection and sacrifice transcends religious boundaries, fostering a period of communal and individual transformation that resonates across diverse segments of society.
Lent and Interfaith Perspectives
The observance of Lent transcends denominational boundaries, reaching into the broader interfaith community. Some individuals from non-Christian faiths and secular backgrounds find resonance with the principles of Lent, such as self-reflection, sacrifice, and the pursuit of spiritual growth. This inclusivity is reflected in the various ways that people from diverse beliefs engage with the season.
Non-Christian participation often focuses on the universal aspects of Lent, like the emphasis on personal betterment and community involvement.
Secular groups may reinterpret Lenten practices to support environmental causes or health improvements.
Atheists and agnostics sometimes adopt Lenten disciplines as a form of self-improvement or solidarity with Christian friends and family.
The interfaith engagement with Lent underscores the season’s capacity to serve as a bridge between different communities, fostering mutual understanding and respect.
While the core of Lent remains a Christian observance, its themes of introspection and renewal hold a broad appeal. The adaptability of Lenten practices allows for a rich tapestry of observance that can include fasting, charitable acts, or a commitment to change, regardless of religious affiliation.
Spiritual Practices During Lent
Prayer and Meditation
During Lent, the faithful are called to deepen their spiritual life through the practice of prayer and meditation. This period offers a unique opportunity to engage in more profound reflection and to seek a closer relationship with the divine. Prayer, in its various forms, serves as a conduit for expressing devotion, seeking forgiveness, and interceding for others. Meditation, on the other hand, allows individuals to contemplate the mysteries of faith and to internalize the lessons of the Gospel. So many individuals merely see Lent as improvement via subtraction but never see it as an opportunity for improvement through addition of a better spiritual life to become closer to God.
Prayer and meditation are key elements of Lent that many secular individuals forget to reflect upon
The practice of prayer can be structured or spontaneous, encompassing traditional liturgies or personal supplications. It is not uncommon for believers to explore different forms of prayer during Lent, such as the Liturgy of the Hours, contemplative prayer, or the Stations of the Cross. Meditation often involves Scripture-based reflection, guiding the faithful to ponder the life of Christ and the meaning of His teachings.
The intentional setting aside of time for prayer and meditation during Lent is a testament to the desire for spiritual growth and the recognition of the need for divine guidance.
Incorporating prayer and meditation into daily life can take various forms, and individuals are encouraged to find practices that resonate with their spiritual journey. Below are some suggestions to enhance one’s Lenten experience:
Try a new spiritual practice.
Sign up for an hour of Eucharistic Adoration.
Experience Mass at a different parish, perhaps one with a diverse congregation.
Set reminders to pray at specific times throughout the day.
Engage in daily Scripture reading and reflection.
Almsgiving and Charitable Works
During the Lenten season, the practice of almsgiving assumes a significant role in the Christian tradition. Almsgiving is not merely a charitable donation but a profound expression of compassion and solidarity with those in need. It is a tangible manifestation of the Lenten spirit of sacrifice, where the faithful are encouraged to extend the value of their personal abstinence to the less fortunate.
The act of giving is multifaceted, encompassing monetary support, volunteer work, and other forms of assistance. Below is a list of common almsgiving practices during Lent:
Monetary donations to religious organizations or charities
Volunteering time and skills to help those in marginalized communities
Participating in food drives or contributing to food banks
Supporting initiatives that address global issues such as hunger and poverty
The emphasis on almsgiving during Lent serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of the human family and the Christian call to serve one another.
The impact of these charitable actions is profound, not only providing immediate relief but also fostering a culture of generosity and empathy. As Lent progresses, the faithful are invited to reflect on the ways in which their almsgiving can continue to resonate beyond the season, integrating these practices into their daily lives for lasting change.
Self-Denial and Mortification
The practice of self-denial and mortification during Lent is deeply rooted in the Christian tradition as a means to emulate the sacrifice and discipline of Jesus Christ during his 40 days in the desert. Believers engage in various forms of self-denial, ranging from fasting to giving up personal pleasures, to foster spiritual growth and strengthen their resolve against temptation.
Denial that is tied to Christ helps the soul learn to grow beyond this world and also learn to control its passions of the body
The following list outlines common forms of self-denial observed during Lent:
Fasting or abstaining from certain foods, such as meat or sweets
Limiting recreational activities like watching television or using social media
Voluntary acts of penance, such as additional prayers or charitable deeds
Abstaining from habits that are perceived as vices, to cultivate virtue
The Lenten period is not merely about abstaining from worldly pleasures; it is a time for inner transformation and renewal, a journey that mirrors the spiritual fortitude of Christ in the wilderness.
While the specific practices may vary among different Christian denominations, the underlying principle remains the same: to withdraw from worldly distractions and focus on spiritual enrichment. This period of intentional self-discipline is seen as a preparation for the celebration of Easter, marking the resurrection of Christ and the hope of renewal for the faithful.
Lent as a Period of Reflection and Renewal
The Concept of ‘Bright Sadness’
The term ‘Bright Sadness’ encapsulates the dual nature of Lent as a time for both mourning and joy. It is a period of somber reflection as well as hopeful anticipation. Lent’s ashes re-orient believers to life’s reality, reminding them of their mortality and the transient nature of earthly existence. This acknowledgment of human frailty is juxtaposed with the brightness of the resurrection promise, offering a profound spiritual renewal.
The ashes symbolize mortality and penitence.
The brightness represents the hope of resurrection and renewal.
The concept of ‘Bright Sadness’ is not just a theological idea but also a lived experience for many during Lent. It is a season where the faithful engage in practices that are both reflective and transformative, leading to a deeper understanding of the self and one’s relationship with the divine.
Preparing for Easter: Repentance and Hope
The journey through Lent is a transformative experience, culminating in the joyous celebration of Easter. It is a time when Christians engage in deep reflection and seek spiritual renewal. The practices of repentance and hope are not merely ritualistic; they are avenues to a profound personal and communal transformation.
During this period, believers are encouraged to examine their lives in the light of Christ’s sacrifice and love. This self-examination often leads to repentance, a turning away from sin and a recommitment to follow Jesus more closely. The hope of Easter, the resurrection of Christ, stands as a beacon of promise, offering a spiritual spring to those who embrace its message.
Lent is not just a season of grief; it is also a season of hope. As the faithful prepare for Easter, they are reminded that renewal and hope are always possible through the grace of God.
The preparation before Easter is well-established in Christian tradition, with specific practices varying across denominations. However, the core intent remains the same: to ready the heart and mind for the celebration of the resurrection, which affirms the hope of eternal life.
Personal and Communal Transformation
Dying in Christ, means also rising with Christ. Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification
Lent serves as a profound period of personal and communal transformation, where the faithful are called to introspect and renew their commitment to a life of Christian values. This transformative journey is not just an individual endeavor but extends to the community, fostering a collective spiritual growth. As the Church teaches, those who die with Christ, will rise with Christ. During the period, one reflects on Christ’s death and our own personal sins and finds focus to rise with Christ in forgiveness and new life.
Intentional pause for reflection
Renewal of Christian commitment
Fostering collective spiritual growth
The annual season of Lent invites Christians to an intentional pause to reflect on ways that may have led them astray. It is a time when the sacrifices and disciplines undertaken are not merely for personal edification but also for the edification of the community at large. The shared experience of Lent can lead to a strengthened sense of unity and purpose among believers.
The transformative power of Lent lies in its ability to reshape not only individual lives but also the fabric of the community. Through shared practices and mutual support, the faithful are reminded of their interconnectedness and the collective journey towards spiritual maturity.
Educational Resources and Community Support for Lent
Guides and Devotionals for Lenten Observance
The observance of Lent is deeply enriched by the use of guides and devotionals, which provide structure and inspiration for the journey towards Easter. Many resources are available to assist individuals and groups in their Lenten practices, ranging from daily reflections to comprehensive leader’s guides. These materials often include prayers, scripture readings, and meditations tailored to the liturgical season.
Daily Devotionals: Offer reflections and meditations for each day of Lent.
Leader’s Guides: Equip group leaders with resources for facilitating discussions and worship.
Reflection Guides: Contain weekly themes and questions for personal or group contemplation.
Lenten Calendars: Visual aids that mark the journey through Lent with specific daily practices or scripture.
The integration of these resources into personal or communal practice can significantly enhance the Lenten experience, fostering a deeper engagement with the season’s spiritual themes.
Particularly noteworthy is the 2024 Lenten Devotional from the Presbyterian Mission Agency, which includes a Leader’s Guide and worship resources that reflect an Earth Care perspective. This initiative exemplifies the evolving nature of Lenten resources that address contemporary concerns while grounding them in traditional observances. Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification and its many blogs on Lent and sacrifice.
Church Programs and Support Groups
Churches play a pivotal role in guiding and supporting their congregations during the Lenten season. Programs tailored to various demographics within the church community offer opportunities for spiritual growth and fellowship. These programs often encompass a range of activities, from educational initiatives to service-oriented projects.
Catholic Cemeteries
CYO Athletics
CYO Camps
Hispanic Ministry
Multicultural Ministries
Outreach Ministries
Retreat Centers
In addition to these programs, churches may offer specific support groups that focus on the Lenten journey. These groups provide a space for individuals to share experiences, reflect on their faith, and encourage one another in their Lenten commitments.
The collective experience of Lent through church programs and support groups fosters a sense of community and shared purpose, reinforcing the spiritual significance of this season.
Online Platforms and Social Media Initiatives
In the digital age, online platforms and social media initiatives have become integral to the observance of Lent. Churches and religious organizations are increasingly leveraging digital tools to engage with congregants and provide resources for Lenten practices. These initiatives range from daily devotional emails to interactive prayer apps, all aimed at enhancing the spiritual journey from Ash Wednesday to Easter Sunday.
The use of social media for Lenten observance has facilitated a communal aspect of the season that transcends geographical boundaries. Platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook are utilized to share reflections, prayer requests, and words of encouragement. This virtual community support is particularly significant for individuals who may not have access to a physical church community.
The integration of technology into Lenten practices reflects a broader trend of faith communities adapting to the digital landscape. It underscores the potential for technology to enrich spiritual life, rather than detract from it.
The following list highlights some of the key online initiatives supporting Lenten observance:
Daily Lenten meditation and prayer guides
Virtual retreats and webinars on spiritual topics
Hashtag campaigns for sharing Lenten experiences
Online giving platforms for almsgiving and charity
Digital Stations of the Cross and other interactive religious content
Theological Debates and Interpretations of Lent
Historical Controversies Surrounding Lent
The observance of Lent has been a subject of theological debate throughout its history. Differences in interpretation and practice have often led to controversies, particularly between various Christian denominations. For instance, while Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians have maintained strict Lenten observances, some Protestant groups have viewed these practices with skepticism, associating them with ritualism and a misunderstanding of grace.
The concept of earning God’s grace through self-punishment, a misinterpretation often attributed to Lenten practices, has been a point of contention. Evangelicals, in particular, have critiqued Lent as implying that human effort can contribute to salvation, a view that contrasts with their emphasis on grace alone.
In the broader context, Lent is not merely a period of abstinence but a time for reflection on the human condition and the grace of God. It culminates in the hope of resurrection, symbolizing a bright future for believers.
Some secular and non-religious groups have also engaged with Lent, reinterpreting the fast in terms of environmental stewardship or health improvement, thus adding a new dimension to the historical debates.
Modern Theological Perspectives on Fasting
In contemporary theological discourse, fasting during Lent is often seen not merely as a ritualistic practice, but as a profound spiritual exercise that engages the faithful in a deeper understanding of self-denial and spiritual growth. Modern theologians emphasize the transformative potential of fasting, viewing it as a means to foster a closer relationship with the divine and to cultivate virtues such as patience, humility, and compassion.
Fasting is seen as an act of reparation for sins to Christ
The approach to fasting has evolved significantly over time. While historical practices involved stringent abstinence, modern interpretations advocate for a more measured and intentional approach. This shift reflects a broader understanding of fasting that goes beyond mere abstention from food to encompass a range of disciplines aimed at personal and communal holiness:
Fasting as a voluntary act of worship and self-discipline
Abstinence as a tool for spiritual reflection and solidarity with the poor
Simplification of lifestyle to focus on spiritual priorities
Integration of prayer and charitable actions with fasting
The focus on interiority and intentionality in fasting practices underscores the belief that the outward act of fasting is deeply connected to inner spiritual renewal.
Theological perspectives on fasting also engage with societal and cultural dimensions, recognizing the role of fasting in addressing issues such as social justice and environmental stewardship. This holistic view of Lenten fasting challenges believers to consider the broader impact of their fast, not only on their personal spirituality but also on the world around them.
Ecumenical Views on Lenten Practices
The observance of Lent varies significantly across different Christian denominations, reflecting a rich tapestry of traditions and theological interpretations. Ecumenical dialogue has revealed a shared understanding of Lent as a period for spiritual deepening and communal preparation for Easter, despite differing practices. For instance, while Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians may engage in strict fasting, some Protestant communities focus more on spiritual disciplines like prayer and almsgiving.
Catholics: Traditional fasting and abstinence
Eastern Orthodox: Rigorous fasts including dietary restrictions
Anglicans: Emphasis on repentance and preparation for baptism
Methodists: Encouragement of works of love and self-examination
Non-denominational: Varied observance, with some eschewing Lenten rituals
The ecumenical perspective encourages returning to the foundational aspects of Lent, such as repentance, self-reflection, and anticipation of the resurrection. This approach resonates with the sentiment that Lent is a season of repentance and preparation, aligning with the core Christian belief in transformation through Christ.
Lenten Dietary Restrictions and Alternatives
Abstinence from Meat and Animal Products
The practice of abstaining from meat and other animal products during Lent is a tradition rooted in the desire for simplicity and sacrifice. This form of abstinence is observed in various ways across different Christian denominations. For instance, some communities may abstain from meat for the entire 40 days, while others may do so only on Fridays or specifically on Good Friday.
The distinction between fasting and abstinence is notable in Western Christian traditions, where abstinence typically refers to refraining from meat, but not necessarily from dairy or fish products.
In Eastern Christian churches, the approach to Lenten abstinence is often more rigorous, with the exclusion of all animal products, including eggs, fish, fowl, and milk. This results in a strictly vegetarian or vegan diet throughout the 48 days of Lent. The table below outlines the variations in abstinence practices among different Christian traditions:
Tradition
Abstinence Practice
Duration
Catholic
Meat only
Fridays and Ash Wednesday
Lutheran
Meat, with some exceptions
Selected days
Anglican
Meat, with some exceptions
Selected days
Eastern Orthodox
All animal products
Entire Lenten period
The flexibility of modern fasting practices in Western societies contrasts with the more stringent observances in Eastern Christian communities. Each country’s episcopal conference may determine the specific form of abstinence, which can include other forms of penance as alternatives.
Vegetarian and Vegan Options for Lent
The observance of Lent often includes dietary restrictions, traditionally involving abstinence from meat on certain days. However, contemporary practices have expanded to accommodate vegetarian and vegan diets, which exclude all forms of animal products. Vegetarian and vegan options for Lent provide a means to honor the spirit of sacrifice while adhering to personal dietary principles.
For those seeking to maintain a plant-based diet during Lent, a variety of alternatives are available. Lenten meals may consist of simple vegetarian soups, bread, and water, emphasizing the season’s focus on simplicity and abstinence. Moreover, the rise of vegetarianism and veganism has led to an increase in creative and satisfying recipes that align with Lenten practices.
While traditional Lenten fasting rules are more relaxed in Western societies, Eastern traditions often observe a stricter regimen, with some denominations abstaining from all animal products throughout the entire Lenten period.
Here are some examples of plant-based meals that can be enjoyed during Lent:
Vegetarian tacos with beans and vegetables
Vegan pizza topped with dairy-free cheese and an array of veggies
Cheesy manicotti made with plant-based cheese substitutes
Hearty chili with lentils and a variety of beans
Health and Nutritional Considerations
The observance of Lent often includes dietary restrictions, which can have significant health and nutritional implications. Adherence to fasting rules, such as those practiced by Catholics, requires careful planning to maintain nutritional balance. For instance, the Catholic tradition of fasting involves consuming one regular meal and two smaller meals that do not add up to a second full meal, with no snacks in between. This practice, while spiritually significant, necessitates an understanding of the body’s nutritional needs during periods of reduced food intake.
Historically, dispensations have allowed for the consumption of certain foods based on regional availability and climate. Such flexibility indicates an underlying concern for health even in traditional practices. Today, Lenten observance can be aligned with positive lifestyle changes, such as increased focus on environmental stewardship and health improvement. Some individuals, including those outside the Christian faith, recognize the value in these practices and adopt them for personal growth and well-being.
Suggestions for maintaining health during Lent:
Ensure a balanced intake of macronutrients within the constraints of fasting.
Incorporate nutrient-dense foods to compensate for reduced meal frequency.
Stay hydrated and monitor physical responses to dietary changes.
Seek guidance from nutritional experts if necessary.
While Lent presents an opportunity for spiritual reflection, it should not come at the expense of one’s health. Mindful eating and informed choices can support both spiritual and physical wellness during this period.
The Future of Lent in a Changing World
Adapting Lenten Traditions to Contemporary Life
In the modern era, the observance of Lent has evolved to meet the spiritual needs of a diverse and changing society. Adapting these practices offers an opportunity to refocus on what’s essential and quiet the noise of our daily lives. The traditional pillars of Lent—prayer, fasting, and almsgiving—remain at the heart of the season, yet their expression may vary to resonate with contemporary believers.
The essence of Lent is a call to simplicity and sincerity, encouraging individuals to engage in self-reflection and acts of justice toward God, self, and neighbors.
While the core practices persist, new forms of engagement have emerged, such as digital devotionals and online Lenten calendars, which facilitate a more accessible and personalized spiritual journey. Below is a list of ways individuals can integrate Lenten observance into their daily routines:
Engaging in daily quiet prayer, alone or in community worship.
Exploring different forms of prayer, like the Stations of the Cross.
Reading weekly Lenten reflections to deepen understanding.
Participating in charitable works as a form of almsgiving.
Embracing simplicity in daily life to foster spiritual growth.
The Role of Technology in Lenten Observance
In the modern era, technology has become an integral part of daily life, and its influence extends to religious practices, including the observance of Lent. The use of digital devices and online platforms has transformed the way individuals engage with Lenten disciplines. For many, these tools offer new avenues for reflection, prayer, and community connection.
Digital devotionals and prayer apps provide structured guidance for daily reflection.
Online Lenten calendars mark the journey through the forty days with scripture and meditations.
Virtual Stations of the Cross allow believers to partake in this solemn tradition from anywhere.
Social media initiatives encourage sharing of personal Lenten journeys and support among faith communities.
A digital Lent can become about considering how our devices can help us do justice, practice kindness and demonstrate humility in our world.
While the digital realm opens up numerous possibilities for observance, it also raises questions about the balance between technology and the traditional call for simplicity and detachment during Lent. As such, the faithful are encouraged to use technology mindfully, ensuring it enhances rather than distracts from the Lenten experience.
Lent and Environmental Stewardship
In recent years, the observance of Lent has taken on new dimensions, with a growing emphasis on environmental stewardship as a form of fasting and sacrifice. This shift reflects a broader interpretation of Lenten practices, where the traditional focus on personal penitence is expanded to include actions that benefit the wider community and the planet.
The Lenten period is increasingly seen as an opportunity to engage in practices that not only reflect spiritual discipline but also promote ecological well-being.
For instance, initiatives such as reducing carbon footprints, participating in community clean-ups, and advocating for sustainable policies are becoming integral to the Lenten experience. These activities align with the three pillars of Lent—prayer, fasting, and almsgiving—by fostering a sense of responsibility towards God’s creation.
Prayer is directed towards seeking guidance for environmental action.
Fasting takes the form of abstaining from excess consumption and waste.
Almsgiving manifests as support for environmental causes and organizations.
The integration of environmental concerns into Lenten observance is not only a testament to the adaptability of religious traditions but also highlights the role of faith communities in addressing contemporary global challenges.
Conclusion
Have a Blessed Lent and please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification
In conclusion, Lent stands as a profound period of reflection, self-denial, and spiritual growth within the Christian tradition. Originating from the Old English word for spring, ‘lencten,’ it has evolved into a significant liturgical season that echoes Jesus Christ’s 40 days of fasting in the wilderness. This time of penance and preparation for Easter is marked by various practices such as fasting, abstinence, almsgiving, and prayer, which are observed by numerous Christian denominations. Lent’s culmination in the celebration of Easter underscores its dual nature of solemnity and hope, inviting believers to meditate on the human condition, the sacrifice of Christ, and the promise of resurrection. As each year brings Lent to the spring calendar, it offers a recurring opportunity for the faithful to deepen their faith and renew their commitment to the principles of Christian living.
To help others through Lent, please review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification and see if it meets your academic and professional goals. A Christian Counselor can better guide individuals through the season of Lent and help them find closer union with God.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Lent in the Christian church?
Lent is a period of penitential preparation for Easter, beginning on Ash Wednesday and lasting for 40 days, excluding Sundays. It involves fasting, abstinence, and almsgiving in imitation of Jesus Christ’s fasting in the wilderness.
What does the term ‘Lent’ originate from?
The English word ‘Lent’ comes from the Old English word ‘lencten,’ meaning ‘spring season.’ It is related to the word ‘lengthen,’ referring to the lengthening days of spring.
Who observes Lent?
Lent is observed by many Christian denominations, including Catholic, Lutheran, Moravian, Anglican, United Protestant, and Orthodox traditions, among others.
What is the liturgical significance of Lent?
Lent commemorates the 40 days Jesus Christ spent fasting in the desert, enduring temptation before starting his public ministry. It is a time for believers to prepare for Easter through prayer, repentance, and self-denial.
When does Lent typically begin and end?
Lent begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on Holy Saturday, the day before Easter Sunday. In 2023, Lent started on February 22 and will end on April 8.
What are common practices during Lent?
Common Lenten practices include fasting, abstaining from certain foods or habits, attending special church services, engaging in prayer, almsgiving, and participating in community gatherings such as Lenten suppers.
How does Lent impact secular society?
Lent can impact secular society through the observance of dietary restrictions, the increase in charitable works, and the promotion of reflection and self-improvement themes that align with the Lenten period.
What is the concept of ‘Bright Sadness’ in Lent?
The concept of ‘Bright Sadness’ in Eastern Orthodox circles refers to the season of Lent as a period of grief that ends with the celebration of Easter, symbolizing a time of both sorrow and joy, reflection and renewal.
Additional Resources
“What Is Lent? It’s Meaning and Importance Explained”. Phillips, S. (2024). Crosswalk. Access here
“Lenten Season 101: A Guide for Everything You Need to Know”. Filz, G. (2017). The Catholic Company. Access here
“What Is Lent? And How Do Christians Observe It?”. Pemberton, R. (2022). Logos. Access here
“Learn What Lent Means to Christians”. Fairchild, M. (2020). Learn Religions. Access here
Navigating loss and grief can be a challenging journey, especially for those seeking comfort and solace in Christian counseling. This article explores the crucial role that Christian counseling plays in supporting individuals through the grieving process, integrating faith, emotional validation, community support, and therapeutic techniques to provide holistic healing and comfort.
Key Takeaways
Understanding the stages of grief is essential for effective coping mechanisms and addressing the impact on mental health.
Faith-based counseling offers spiritual support, biblical perspectives, and the power of prayer and meditation in the healing process.
Emotional validation through active listening, empathy, and validation techniques is key in providing comfort to the grieving.
Community support, including group therapy, church involvement, and support networks, plays a vital role in the healing journey.
Counselors play a crucial role in creating safe spaces, using therapeutic techniques, and building trust to provide comfort and support to those grieving.
Understanding the Grieving Process
Coping Mechanisms
In the wake of loss, individuals employ a variety of coping mechanisms to navigate their grief. These strategies can range from seeking social support to engaging in personal reflection. Understanding the diversity of coping mechanisms is crucial for counselors aiming to provide effective support.
Social Support: Leaning on friends, family, and faith communities.
Physical Activity: Using exercise to manage stress and emotions.
Creative Expression: Channeling feelings through art, music, or writing.
Mindfulness Practices: Employing meditation or prayer to find peace.
Each person’s journey through grief is unique, and thus, the coping mechanisms adopted are highly individualized. It is the role of the counselor to recognize and validate these personal strategies, guiding the bereaved towards those that foster healing and resilience.
Counselors should be aware that not all coping mechanisms are constructive. Some individuals may turn to avoidance or substance use, which can impede the healing process. Identifying these behaviors early on allows for timely intervention and redirection towards healthier coping strategies.
Stages of Grief
The concept of the stages of grief, first introduced by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in her 1969 book On Death and Dying, has been a cornerstone in understanding how individuals navigate the tumultuous journey of loss. These stages are not linear and may be experienced in different orders or multiple times. They serve as a framework to recognize and normalize the range of emotions and reactions one might encounter after a significant loss.
Denial: A protective mechanism that buffers the immediate shock.
Anger: A response to feelings of abandonment and helplessness.
Bargaining: A vain attempt to negotiate with a higher power or fate.
Depression: A profound sadness and realization of the loss.
Acceptance: Coming to terms with the new reality.
It is crucial to acknowledge that these stages are not prescriptive; individuals may not experience all stages, and the duration of each can vary greatly. The role of Christian counseling is to guide individuals through these stages with compassion and understanding, without imposing a rigid structure on the grieving process.
Impact on Mental Health
The grieving process can profoundly affect an individual’s mental health, often leading to conditions such as depression, anxiety, and prolonged sadness. The severity and duration of these mental health challenges can vary widely among individuals, influenced by factors such as personal resilience, the nature of the loss, and the availability of support systems.
Depression
Anxiety
Prolonged sadness
Difficulty concentrating
Sleep disturbances
The intersection of grief and mental health is complex, with each influencing the other in a dynamic interplay. It is crucial for counselors to recognize the signs of mental health struggles in the grieving and provide appropriate interventions.
Counselors must be equipped to identify and address the mental health implications of grief, tailoring their approach to the unique needs of each person. This may include referrals to mental health professionals, the incorporation of therapeutic activities, or the use of medication in conjunction with counseling.
The Role of Faith in Grief Counseling
Spiritual Support
In the realm of Christian counseling, spiritual support stands as a cornerstone for those navigating the tumultuous journey of grief. The presence of spiritual guidance can provide a unique form of solace that often complements traditional therapeutic practices.
Spiritual support may manifest in various forms, tailored to the individual’s beliefs and needs:
Prayer sessions that offer comfort and a sense of connection to a higher power.
Scriptural readings that provide context and meaning to life’s challenges.
Faith-based discussions that encourage the expression of emotions within a religious framework.
The integration of spiritual elements into the counseling process can foster a deeper sense of hope and resilience in the face of loss.
Faith can be a coping mechanism for many suffering from grief and loss. Christian Counselors can help others find God in pain
Counselors trained in Christian theology are equipped to weave spiritual practices into the healing journey, ensuring that the grieving individual’s faith is acknowledged and nurtured. This approach not only honors the person’s religious convictions but also taps into a rich reservoir of spiritual resources that can aid in the healing process.
Biblical Perspectives
Christian counseling often draws upon Biblical perspectives to provide comfort and guidance to those who are grieving. Scripture offers numerous examples of individuals who have faced loss and the ways in which they found solace and hope. For instance, the Psalms are replete with expressions of sorrow and yearning for God’s presence in times of distress.
Psalm 23 speaks of God as a shepherd who provides comfort.
Lamentations acknowledges deep sorrow while also affirming God’s steadfast love.
The story of Job illustrates profound loss and the struggle to understand suffering.
The integration of these Biblical narratives into counseling sessions can help individuals connect their personal experiences with those of figures they see as exemplars of faith.
Furthermore, the New Testament offers insights into the redemptive nature of suffering and the promise of eternal life, which can be particularly consoling. Counselors may reference Jesus’ own experiences with grief, such as the death of Lazarus, to illustrate that sorrow is a natural and acknowledged part of life. Christ represents an excellent example of the Suffering Servant. As the Suffering Servant, Christ voluntarily opened Himself to suffering and grief in this fallen world. Christ suffered unto death and offered not only humanity redemption through it but also as an example how to offer up suffering to God. Mary, His mother, also serves as an excellent example of suffering, giving humanity her only Son and suffering the horrid loss of witnessing her own Child die on the cross.
Through Christ, suffering has purpose and meaning. It is transformative through His death and can help individuals become less attached to this world and closer to the next. When others offer their sufferings in union with Christ, there can be true spiritual merit and giving to God.
Prayer and Meditation
In the realm of Christian counseling, prayer and meditation serve as vital practices for individuals navigating the tumultuous journey of grief. These spiritual disciplines offer a refuge for the soul, providing a space for mourners to connect with God and find solace in their time of loss. Prayer, in particular, allows for the expression of pain and the seeking of comfort, while meditation facilitates a quiet introspection and the cultivation of inner peace.
Prayer can be a direct communication with the divine, offering a personal space to voice grief, seek guidance, and find strength.
Meditation encourages a reflective state, where one can process emotions and gain clarity amidst the chaos of loss.
The integration of prayer and meditation into the grieving process can lead to a profound sense of comfort and hope. These practices not only support emotional healing but also strengthen spiritual resilience, enabling individuals to navigate their grief with grace and fortitude.
The counselor’s role in this aspect of grief counseling is to encourage the bereaved to engage in these practices regularly, while also respecting their unique spiritual journey. It is through this gentle guidance that prayer and meditation can become cornerstones of healing in the heart of the grieving.
Importance of Emotional Validation
Active Listening
In the context of Christian counseling, active listening is a foundational skill that facilitates the healing process for those who are grieving. Active listening involves fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and then remembering what is being said. It is not merely a passive activity; it requires the counselor’s undivided attention and a genuine presence.
Counselors need to be active listeners
Active listening is characterized by several key behaviors:
Maintaining eye contact
Nodding and showing understanding
Reflecting back what has been said
Asking open-ended questions
Avoiding interruptions
By employing active listening, counselors can create a space where individuals feel heard and understood, which is crucial in the journey through grief. This empathetic approach helps in building a trusting relationship, where the bereaved can openly share their feelings without fear of judgment.
The effectiveness of active listening in grief counseling cannot be overstated. It allows the counselor to accurately assess the individual’s emotional state and provide appropriate support. Moreover, it demonstrates respect for the person’s experience, which can be deeply affirming during a time of loss.
Empathy in Counseling
In the realm of Christian counseling, empathy stands as a cornerstone in the journey of healing for those who are grieving. Empathy allows the counselor to connect with the client’s emotional state, fostering a therapeutic relationship grounded in understanding and compassion. This connection is pivotal, as it helps the counselor to guide the grieving individual through their pain with a sense of shared humanity.
Recognize the client’s feelings
Validate their experiences
Offer support without judgment
Empathy in counseling goes beyond mere acknowledgment of the client’s feelings; it involves actively engaging with their emotional world to provide comfort and understanding.
The effective use of empathy in counseling can lead to a deeper therapeutic alliance, where the client feels truly heard and supported. This alliance is essential for facilitating the client’s progress through the stages of grief and towards eventual healing.
Validation Techniques
In the realm of Christian counseling, validation techniques are pivotal in acknowledging and affirming a client’s feelings and experiences during the grieving process. These techniques foster a supportive environment where individuals feel heard and understood. Counselors utilize various methods to convey empathy and validate the emotions of those in grief.
Reflective listening involves the counselor mirroring the client’s feelings, promoting a deeper self-awareness and acceptance.
Normalizing grief reactions helps clients understand that their emotions are a common human response to loss.
Emotional labeling allows counselors to help clients identify and articulate their feelings, which can often be complex and confusing.
The judicious use of validation techniques can significantly enhance the therapeutic alliance, creating a foundation for healing and growth.
It is essential for counselors to be adept at these techniques, as they can dramatically influence the effectiveness of the counseling process. By validating the client’s grief, counselors not only provide comfort but also empower individuals to navigate their emotional journey with resilience.
Healing Through Community Support
Group Therapy Benefits
Group therapy offers a unique environment where individuals coping with loss can share their experiences and feelings in a supportive setting. The collective experience of grief can foster a sense of solidarity and understanding among group members.
Group members benefit from the diverse perspectives and coping strategies shared within the group.
The normalization of grief-related emotions and experiences occurs through collective sharing.
Participants can develop communication skills and emotional intelligence as they interact with others in similar situations.
The group setting provides a mirror for individuals to reflect on their own grief journey, often leading to insights and personal growth.
The efficacy of group therapy in the grieving process is not only anecdotal but also supported by research. Studies have shown that group therapy can lead to significant improvements in symptoms of depression and anxiety among the bereaved.
Church Community Involvement
The involvement of the church community plays a pivotal role in the healing journey of individuals grappling with loss. The collective support offered by church members can significantly bolster the resilience of the grieving person. This support often manifests in various forms, from practical assistance to emotional companionship.
Prayer groups dedicated to comforting the bereaved
Meal trains to provide sustenance during difficult times
Visitation rosters to ensure the grieving individual is not left in isolation
The church community acts as an extended family, providing a network of care that reinforces the individual’s sense of belonging and purpose during times of sorrow.
The efficacy of church community involvement is not just anecdotal; it is reflected in the positive outcomes observed in those who engage with these support systems. The shared faith and hope within the community serve as a foundation for recovery and can lead to a more profound experience of comfort and solace.
Support Networks
In the journey through grief, support networks emerge as a pivotal element in the healing process. These networks provide a sense of belonging and collective strength that can significantly ease the burden of loss. They often consist of family members, friends, colleagues, and fellow churchgoers who collectively contribute to the individual’s support system.
Family and friends offer intimate and personal support, understanding the individual’s history and emotional landscape.
Colleagues can provide a sense of normalcy and routine, as well as a distraction from grief.
Church communities offer spiritual comfort and a shared belief system that can be particularly consoling.
The efficacy of support networks is not merely in their presence, but in their active engagement with the grieving individual. It is through the consistent and empathetic involvement of these groups that individuals find solace and the strength to navigate their loss.
Faith based counseling through the Church can provide education, counseling and healing in loss
The structure and function of these networks can vary widely, but their core purpose remains the same: to surround the grieving person with a community of care and understanding. The counselor’s role includes facilitating the development and utilization of these networks, ensuring that the bereaved are not left to face their grief in isolation.
Counselor’s Role in Providing Comfort
Therapeutic Techniques
In the realm of Christian counseling, therapeutic techniques are tailored to align with the client’s faith and values. Counselors utilize a variety of methods to provide comfort and facilitate healing among the grieving. These techniques are not only grounded in psychological best practices but are also infused with spiritual care.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Adapting CBT to incorporate scripture and faith-based reflections.
Narrative Therapy: Encouraging clients to reframe their loss within the context of a larger, hope-filled life story.
Expressive Arts Therapy: Using creative expression as a means to explore and communicate feelings.
The integration of these techniques within a Christian framework offers a unique pathway to healing that honors the individual’s spiritual journey as well as their emotional needs.
Each technique is chosen and applied with careful consideration of the individual’s unique circumstances. The counselor’s expertise in these methods provides a structured approach to navigating the complexities of grief, while their compassionate presence offers a sense of solace and understanding.
Creating Safe Spaces
In the realm of Christian counseling, the creation of safe spaces is paramount to the healing journey of the grieving. A safe space is characterized by an environment where individuals feel secure to express their emotions without judgment. This atmosphere of unconditional acceptance is crucial for clients to explore their feelings and begin the process of healing.
Counselors must be intentional in their approach to creating these spaces, ensuring confidentiality and a sense of privacy.
The physical setting should be comfortable and inviting, with considerations for calming aesthetics and a peaceful ambiance.
It is also essential for counselors to establish clear boundaries and expectations that foster a trusting relationship.
The counselor’s ability to maintain a consistent and supportive presence is instrumental in reinforcing the safety of the therapeutic space. This consistency helps clients to feel grounded and more willing to engage in the therapeutic process.
By prioritizing the establishment of safe spaces, Christian counselors can significantly enhance the effectiveness of their support and provide a foundation for profound healing and growth.
Building Trust
In the realm of Christian counseling, building trust is a cornerstone for effective therapy and healing. Trust is not a commodity that can be demanded; it must be cultivated with patience and genuine concern for the individual’s well-being. A counselor’s ability to create a trusting relationship is pivotal for clients to feel safe in expressing their vulnerabilities and grief.
Trust is key in counseling for healing to occur
Establishing confidentiality and consistently maintaining it.
Demonstrating non-judgmental acceptance and understanding.
Being present and attentive during counseling sessions.
Showing empathy and compassion in every interaction.
Trust is the bedrock upon which the therapeutic relationship is built. Without it, progress is hindered, and healing is compromised. It is through a strong bond of trust that clients can begin to navigate the complexities of their grief with the support of their counselor.
The process of building trust is gradual and requires counselors to be both skilled listeners and empathetic communicators. The integration of Christian values such as forgiveness, grace, and unconditional love can further reinforce the trust between counselor and client, creating a unique dynamic that supports the grieving individual’s journey towards healing.
Integration of Psychological and Spiritual Approaches
Holistic Healing Methods
Holistic healing methods in Christian counseling for grief incorporate a comprehensive approach that addresses the emotional, spiritual, and psychological dimensions of a person’s well-being. These methods aim to treat the whole person rather than focusing solely on the symptoms of grief.
Emotional healing may involve expressive therapies such as art or music therapy, which allow individuals to process their grief in non-verbal ways.
Spiritual healing is facilitated through practices like prayer, scripture reading, and faith-based discussions that provide comfort and hope.
Psychological healing is supported by traditional counseling techniques, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and mindfulness practices.
The integration of these diverse healing practices ensures that individuals receive support that resonates with their unique experiences and beliefs, fostering a more profound and lasting healing process.
Faith-Based Therapy
Faith-based therapy integrates traditional psychological counseling with spiritual elements, often drawing from the client’s religious beliefs to provide a more comprehensive approach to healing. This form of therapy recognizes the importance of faith as a coping mechanism and a source of comfort for many individuals in times of loss.
Therapists may incorporate scripture readings to inspire hope and resilience.
Prayer can be used as a tool for reflection and seeking peace.
Religious rituals might be included to provide a sense of continuity and community.
Faith-based therapy offers a unique space where individuals can explore their grief within the context of their spiritual values, potentially finding solace in the familiar tenets of their faith.
While faith-based therapy is not a one-size-fits-all solution, it can be particularly effective for those who hold their religious beliefs at the core of their identity. It is essential for counselors to be respectful and knowledgeable about the client’s faith to facilitate this form of therapy effectively.
Faith based counseling and peer support groups can aid in healing over loss
In the realm of Christian counseling, psychological assessment serves as a bridge between spiritual care and mental health treatment. Psychological assessments are crucial for identifying specific mental health needs and tailoring interventions to address the unique aspects of an individual’s grief. These assessments often include a variety of standardized tests and clinical interviews that help counselors gain a deeper understanding of the client’s emotional and cognitive functioning.
Psychological assessments can reveal underlying issues that may complicate the grieving process, such as depression or anxiety disorders. Recognizing these factors is essential for developing a comprehensive care plan that integrates both psychological and spiritual support.
The following list outlines common components included in a psychological assessment for grief counseling:
Clinical interviews to gather detailed personal and emotional histories
Standardized questionnaires measuring symptoms of grief, depression, and anxiety
Cognitive assessments to evaluate thought patterns related to loss
Behavioral observations to note coping strategies and social functioning
By incorporating these elements, counselors can create a more holistic approach to healing, ensuring that the spiritual dimensions of grief are not overlooked while addressing psychological well-being.
Addressing Complicated Grief Cases
Trauma-Informed Care
In the realm of Christian counseling, trauma-informed care is an approach that recognizes the widespread impact of trauma and understands potential paths for recovery. It emphasizes the importance of counselors being fully aware of the psychological, physical, and spiritual repercussions of trauma. This approach seeks to resist re-traumatization and promote a supportive environment where the grieving can find solace and strength.
Trauma-informed care in Christian counseling involves recognizing that each individual’s experience of grief is unique and that the healing process must be tailored to their personal journey.
Counselors trained in trauma-informed care typically adhere to a set of principles designed to provide effective support:
Safety: Ensuring the counseling setting is physically and emotionally safe.
Trustworthiness: Maintaining clear and consistent communication.
Choice: Empowering clients to make decisions about their therapy.
Collaboration: Working together with clients to plan and execute therapy.
Empowerment: Encouraging clients to build on their existing strengths and skills.
Complicated Grief Symptoms
Complicated grief, also known as persistent complex bereavement disorder, is characterized by an extended grieving period, where individuals struggle to come to terms with their loss and resume their daily lives. Symptoms of complicated grief are more severe, prolonged, and impairing than those of typical grief reactions.
Intense longing or yearning for the deceased
Preoccupation with thoughts or memories of the deceased
Difficulty accepting the death
A sense of numbness or detachment
Avoidance of reminders of the deceased
Feelings of bitterness or anger related to the loss
Persistent feelings of emptiness or meaninglessness
The experience of complicated grief can significantly disrupt an individual’s functioning, manifesting in various emotional, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms. It is crucial for counselors to recognize these symptoms early to provide appropriate interventions.
In cases of complicated grief, the symptoms persist beyond the expected time frame for normal grieving and can lead to significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The distinction between normal and complicated grief is essential for effective treatment planning.
Specialized Interventions
In the realm of Christian counseling, specialized interventions are tailored to address the unique challenges presented by complicated grief cases. These interventions are often multidisciplinary, involving a combination of therapeutic techniques that are both psychologically sound and spiritually sensitive.
Specialized interventions aim to facilitate a deeper healing process, where the bereaved can find solace not only through psychological support but also through the reaffirmation of their faith. This dual approach can be particularly effective in cases where traditional counseling methods alone do not suffice.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) adapted for grief
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Grief recovery groups with a spiritual component
Individualized faith-based counseling sessions
The integration of these specialized interventions within the framework of Christian counseling underscores the importance of a personalized approach. It recognizes the multifaceted nature of grief and the need for strategies that resonate with the individual’s spiritual beliefs and emotional needs.
Conclusion
Christian Counselors should emulate Christ, the ultimate Counselor
In conclusion, the role of Christian counseling in comforting the grieving is a vital and compassionate aspect of providing support to individuals navigating loss. Through the lens of faith and spirituality, Christian counselors offer a unique perspective that integrates psychological principles with the teachings of Christianity. By providing a safe space for individuals to express their emotions, explore their beliefs, and find solace in their faith, Christian counseling plays a significant role in helping individuals cope with grief and find healing. The combination of professional counseling techniques and spiritual guidance creates a holistic approach that addresses the emotional, mental, and spiritual needs of those who are grieving. As we continue to navigate the complexities of loss and grief, the presence of Christian counseling offers a beacon of hope and comfort for those in need.
Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification in Christian Counseling. Christian Counselors can play a unique role in helping the bereaved through a Christ-centered philosophy.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are common coping mechanisms during the grieving process?
Common coping mechanisms include talking about feelings, engaging in physical activities, seeking support from loved ones, and practicing self-care.
What are the stages of grief that individuals may experience?
The stages of grief, as described by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, include denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
How does grief impact mental health?
Grief can lead to symptoms of anxiety, depression, insomnia, and changes in appetite, impacting overall mental well-being.
How can spiritual support aid in the grief counseling process?
Spiritual support can provide comfort, hope, and a sense of purpose, helping individuals find meaning and peace amidst loss.
What biblical perspectives offer guidance for those experiencing grief?
Biblical perspectives such as God’s comfort, promises of peace, and the assurance of eternal life can bring solace and strength to the grieving.
Why is active listening important in providing emotional validation to the grieving?
Active listening demonstrates empathy, understanding, and respect, validating the emotions and experiences of the grieving individual.
How does group therapy benefit those navigating grief?
Group therapy offers a supportive environment, shared experiences, and a sense of belonging, fostering healing and connection among participants.
What specialized interventions are available for complicated grief cases?
Specialized interventions may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, EMDR therapy, and grief-focused interventions tailored to address complex grief symptoms.
Additional Resources
“A Biblical Model of Grieving: Hope in the Midst of Your Grief”. Kelleman, B. (2011). Biblical Counseling Coalition. Access here
“12 Biblical Counseling Resources on Grieving with Hope”. (2019). RPM Ministries. Access here
“7 Healthy Ways Christians Can Deal with Grief”. Underwood, J. (2022). Crosswalk. Access here
“Grief and Faith: The Relationship Between Grief and Belief”. Williams, L. What’s Your Grief. Access here
Christian mysticism is something that is a core part of the faith but very often misunderstood. It collects all the personal experiences, gifts, and revelations of holy individuals and shares it with the collective faith. Unlike the occult, these gifts are not sought after, or improperly used, but utilized for the glory of God. The saints and mystics share a beautiful relationship with God and look to help us find ways to be closer to God through meditation and prayer.
Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification.
Whether a licensed clinical counselor or merely a pastoral unlicensed counselor, there are expectations and standards expected from a counselor. One could be counseling as a licensed counselor or as certified Christian Counselor and find the same ethical pitfalls that may potential befall oneself with a client. In a previous blog, we discussed the importance of standards found within the ACA, AACC, or NASW, as examples of how to interact and work with a client as a professional within the field of counseling. In this discussion, we will review an important article from the APA that discusses how to best avoid potential ethical issues with clients.
Counseling Professionals need to adhere to ethical standards but also be aware of the numerous pitfalls that can lead to unwanted ethical dilemmas
We all wish to serve our clients with their best interest at heart. Christian Counselors take it another level with spiritual emphasis and Christian doctrine. They see their clients as spiritual children. Some pastors serve within a clergy-penitent model where they are not merely counseling, but are spiritual mentors and advisors. In these cases, where the ethical waters muddy, as to whether one is pastor or counselor, one must clearly delineate one’s role with the person and clearly define the lines of what type of counseling is occurring. As well as in other cases, when counselors work with state authorities or firms in relationship to working with individuals within their scope with those authorities or firms. One’s role, transparency, and matter of operation with mandates to report, will all fall into one’s role and status within the counseling relationship.
The article, “10 ways practitioners can avoid frequent ethical pitfalls” by Deborah Smith takes a very close look at 10 particular types of pitfalls a counselor can find oneself in with a client if not careful. Smith not only points out these pitfalls, but also directs counselors how to better avoid and protect oneself from them. She states,
“Talk to the ethics experts, and they’ll tell you the best defense against an ethical problems is a good offense. By looking out for foreseeable conflicts and discussing them frankly with colleagues and clients, practitioners can evade the misunderstandings, hurt feelings and sticky situations that lead to hearings before ethics boards, lawsuits, loss of license or professional membership, or even more dire consequences” (Smith, 2023,p 50).
She continues, “When psychologists do end up in ethical quandaries, it’s often because they unwittingly slid too far down a slippery slope–a result of ignorance about their ethical obligations or thinking they could handle a situation that spiraled out of control (Smith, 2023, p. 50)
One problem Smith points out is multiple relationships with the client. Of course, relationships with any client are strictly forbidden, but sometimes other ties can emerge where the counselor and client interact whether at a social scene, or in business, especially in smaller towns. Smith points out that due to the counselor and client relationship, other interactions can be affected due to the counselors perceived sense of power over the client. Hence anything outside the counseling sphere should be in the very least brief and if necessary terminated. This can prevent potential harm or confusing situations that can possibly cause ethical questions or inquiries.
In addition, counselors should not take incoming patients that are family, friends, or associates. This prevents potential bias.
Confidentiality
Another problem pointed out by Smith regards confidentiality issues. Since licensed counselors are mandatory reporters of any crime, it is important for counselors to let clients know the limits of confidentiality at the very beginning within the informed consent form, as well as throughout the session. If a client wishes to confess a secret, it may be best to again warn the client of the limitations of confidentiality. Even, pastors, while protected in most states more so than counselors, have an ethical dilemma as to whether report a crime, or reveal possible harm to the client or others. Unlike the Catholic or Orthodox priesthood, pastors are not held to the strict seal of the confessional, but they still have more flexibility to report things than a priest.
Ensuring that the client understands limits of confidentiality is key to preventing unwanted ethical dilemmas of possible mandatory reporting
In such pastoral settings, this is where the pastor or priest guides the person to the proper conclusion of reporting oneself, or turning oneself in. In the case of a crime, a pastor can encourage oneself to report oneself to the authorities and accept the consequences as a price of their sin, or if the person is a victim of abuse, help the person find the safety from the authorities that is needed. While the issue of fidelity and trust is key, protecting the person and measuring trust versus harm is key. Again, simply by reminding one the limits of confidentiality is key throughout any session. It can show the veracity of oneself to the client but also the intent for the overall good of not only the client but others involved. In the more severe case of the priesthood, where counseling is not occurring but instead the Seal of Confession, the priest has the unique position to incur a penance that forces one to turn oneself in if one wishes to receive absolution and can also in the most indirect ways, without names, warn others of possible harm.
Whenever, crimes such as abuse either inflicted by the client or received by the client can create an uneasy balance between confidentiality and mandated reporting. Again, why it is important to remind individuals of the limitations of confidentiality.
In addition, Smith reminds counselors to store confidential records in the most secure locations, whether they are electronic or written and to fully understand the laws surrounding any possible surrender of these records regarding criminal or civil cases. Smith also encourages counselors to properly document everything. This means keeping good records and fulfilling all paper work regarding. This involves properly covering informed consent, patient history documents, dates of service and fees and any diagnostic impressions, relevant phone calls, or follow up efforts if a patient or client discontinues to attend sessions or accept calls.
Competency
Smith also discusses the importance of never taking on a client in a field that a counselor is not comfortable with in regards to practice or expertise. It is unethical to counsel someone in grief if a person does not possess the knowledge in grief to properly help. Hence, competence within the field requires the proper academic and professional training in that area to properly help the client. It is critical that certified non clinical counselors never treat patients with mental pathology or falsely misrepresent themselves as licensed counselors or attempt to counsel beyond their academic and legal abilities.
Whether grief or Christian counseling, one should understand their limitations and competency if not a licensed professional counselor
In addition, many professionals, who possess the proper degrees and licensures, also keep their competency through continuing education or certifications. AIHCP offers a wide variety of mental health certifications in Grief Counseling as well as Christian Counseling.
Another issue of competency would be the situation if a counselor or social worker aided in a case of child custody without enough knowledge about the legal system, court system, or the inner dynamics of the family. It is important for those who are called to counsel, or offer expert opinion to answer questions one is only competent in. The attempt to create a false image of genius when competency in the subject is not there is a huge pitfall.
For those with competency in the subject, avoiding bias is key in anything, especially in court cases. This involves a comprehensive understanding of all dynamics that is not based on third party assessments. Furthermore, any assessment needs to be completely thorough as well as based on scientific based methods. Also, it is important to discuss any limitations one may have when counseling or discussing a case in court. Transparency and honesty in any assessment is key.
Abandonment or Termination?
Finally, Smith points out that counselors need to understand the proper differences between abandonment and termination in practice. Abandonment is completely unethical and involves abruptly ending all treatment without prior notice. If a counselor for ethical purposes, or competency, feels he or she can no longer properly help the individual, this should be discussed in detail with the client. The client should also have input and the two should find common ground in when the last meeting will take place, including any needed follow up, as well as alternative sources for therapy with other more qualified professionals. It can also be beneficial to lay out terms of termination prior to counseling so the client understands whether treatment is short term or long term. This can lay groundwork for any possible issues or false expectations by the client.
Conclusion
Counseling is meant to cause no harm, but ethical situations can come into play that can potentially cause harm. By adhering to standards and following protocol, one can better protect oneself and also protect one’s client from unintended harm. Understanding the counseling system and its ethics and laws, can help the counselor better treat and counsel the client without causing any confusing situations or ethical dilemmas. It is key to know one’s counseling role and how one is operating as well. Is one counseling within a licensed clinical framework or pastoral sense? These are key questions and important issues to identify that play large roles in confidentiality and competency within their legal and academic abilities.
Counselors are called to a high standard of ethics. Please review AIHCP’s Mental Health Counseling Certifications
Please also review AIHCP’s Mental Health Certification Programs. The programs include topics such as grief counseling, anger management, crisis intervention, Christian or spiritual counseling, stress management, EFT, and Meditation. The programs are online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification. Some professionals may be licensed while others may be looking into these fields as a non licensed professional but still possess the necessary academic or professional backgrounds.
Reference
Smith, D. (2003). “10 ways practitioners can avoid frequent ethical pitfalls”, Monitor on Psychology 34(1). Access here
Additional Resources
“Counseling Ethics Code: 10 Common Ethical Issues & Studies” Smith, W. (2021). Positive Psychology. Access here
“Ethical Dilemmas in Counseling”. Nemko, M. (2019). Psychology Today. Access here
“Eye on Ethics”. Reamer, F. (2006). Social Work Today. Access here
This is required reading for students taking SC 570 or GC 400.
The norms of ethics to any particular field helps maintain a standard of quality that is expected from certain professionals within a certain field. It guides them in situations of doubt, directs them in proper procedure, and protects them and the client from unintended harm. Dating back to the Hippocratic Oath, the idea to do no harm to those one helps is the cornerstone and foundation of all professional ethics.
Ethics in Counseling
It was not until modern era that ethics began to take a more codified form for professionals. Thomas Percival due to poor performance in his own medical facility created the standard and blue print for modern medical ethics. Other professional careers, including, mental health, counseling and anything within human services soon followed with their own standards. The American Counseling Association (ACA), the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapists (AAMFT), the National Association for Social Workers (NASW), the National Organization of Human Services (NOHS) and the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) all have developed mission statements and standards and guidelines for professionals to adhere to. These standards are usually divided into areas of care to the patient, the profession, other colleagues, students, payment policies and publications. It is important if entering into the counseling field to read through these and understand the ethics one must adhere to.
Counseling involves trust and many ethical standards from various associations ensure the integrity and quality of counseling. All counselors should review the various ethical standards found in ACA or other associations
Bear in mind, some counselors are pastoral and others are clinical. Different states assign different titles to licensure. In counseling, the most common is Licensed Professional Counselor or LPC. Other variations can include Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) or Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC). Most states require a graduate degree in counseling and a passing of the state board exam to become fully licensed. Paraprofessionals are unlicensed counselors can work under licensed counselors or within a care facility but there are not able to independently operate. As for pastoral counselors such as ministers or lay apostolates, these individuals are permitted to operate due to separation of church and state but are restricted beyond the realm of guidance. Treatment and pathology are alone reserved for licensed professionals in social work, counseling, and psychiatry. Whether a counselor, social worker or a psychologist, only a healthcare professional such a psychiatrist, medical doctor, or Nurse Practitioner can prescribe medications. This is why many mental health facilities have the proper prescribers available on staff.
If a pastoral counselor with only a certification from AIHCP in Grief Counseling or Christian Counseling, one must ethically adhere to proper identification. The term “counselor” can be very misleading because it is so generic and widely used. Individuals use the term in everyday breath but there is a huge difference between clinical professional counselors and pastoral counselors. Pastoral counselors operating as grief counselors or Christian counselors can help guide but never treat pathology. They also cannot mislead clients into thinking they are licensed. This needs to be understood and articulated upon the first day. What one can do and not do needs to be clearly articulated to and understood by the client. As for licensed professionals who receive certifications from AIHCP, this is clearly not an issue.
Some counselors are licensed and others are not. It is important to properly identify your credentials and operate within your legal boundaries
In Denise Daniel, short but concise book “Counseling Principles and Christian Beliefs: An Integrated Approach”, she lays out some important concepts not just for Christian Counselors but also any type of licensed or non-licensed counselors. She first points out the importance of identity and what counselors are or not and what are their limitations as licensed or not licensed or the expertise they possess. Second, she points out what is the role of the particular counselor. She emphasizes that most counselors, according to ACA, look to create a professional relationship that empowers and strengthens diverse families and groups to better achieve mental health, wellness, education and career goals. The aim is more centered around wellness and prevention (Daniel, 2020, p. 3). The final third point is integration and how one’s own biases, beliefs and codes of behavior come into play as a counselor. Fortunately, ethical codes point out numerous guide posts for professionals in where and how to integrate themselves with patient care.
According to Daniel, the ACA lays out some core principles. Among the key themes she addressing in her book are patient autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity and veracity (2020, p. 5). Before we review some of the key ethical guidelines, it is important to look at some of these themes and how they apply to licensed counselors but also pastoral counselors, and in some cases, Christian Counselors. Bear in mind, whether grief counselor, licensed or non-licensed, these themes apply to all in the counseling fields.
Important Themes in the Counseling Relationship
Autonomy refers to allowing the patient to be free to make choices in their overall health and life. A counselor needs to respect the choices of a client whether approval or disapproval occurs. For Christian Counselors, this may seem contrary to the goal. There are certain moral precepts that must be obeyed but in a relationship, one must exercise patience. Scripture points out that God gave Adam and Eve free will. He respected autonomy and choices. Again in the parable of the Prodigal Son, the father, permits the autonomy of his son to make poor choices but still never gives up hope that he would one day return.
Non-maleficence refers to doing no harm. Counselors, whether they want it or not, hold all the power in the relationship and they must be very careful in not allowing that power to become corrupted. This can happen very easily because the client is in distress and looking for guidance. A counselor can influence and exploit a client very easily hence numerous standards exist to balance this relationship. The goal of counseling is to heal not harm.
Beneficence refers to promoting only good for the client. It involves helping the client with the best possible and verified studies and knowledge on the subject. It involves looking out for the best of the client and guiding them to their ultimate best end.
Justice refers to fairness to all clients and ensuring equality to the numerous diverse groups one serves. It also involves understanding social justice and promoting justice for those who are persecuted.
Fidelity refers to faithfulness to the client. It involves never betraying them, keeping things confidential and not abandoning them. It means working through the most difficult things and not giving up on them.
Finally, veracity refers to honesty. Trust and honesty is the foundational rock of all relationships. Without honesty, one cannot communicate facts, one cannot share realities, and one cannot heal and grow. Honesty also involves the counselor’s assessments, promises, and outlooks. Even when difficult situations arise, honesty with respect is expected in a counseling relationship.
Important Ethical Codes
There are a variety of critical ethical codes that are all found within the various associations that mirror and reflect the themes above but also dictate more detailed situations.
For instance, in the ACA code of conduct A.4.b., it is clearly emphasized that an individual should never impose one’s own beliefs on another and to respect the diversity of the client. The idea of discrimination against other faiths, cultures, sexualities or values can come into play easily. This is why the AAMFT’s code 1.1 deals directly with this type of discrimination. One is not to discriminate against others based on these types of differences. The AACC has a slightly different tilt on the issue since the type of counseling itself is Biblical and certain life styles or actions are contrary to the type of counseling being sought. This however does not present a green light for the Christian Counselor to impose own personal beliefs. AACC’s code 1-340-a reminds the Christian Counselor that one is still to respect the autonomy and decision making process of the client. Again, 1-530 dictates that the Christian Counselor respect other faith beliefs and only disclose upon request and only if it benefits the client. Daniels proposes a term referred to as “bracketing” where professional opinions are laid aside and avoiding the triggering of one’s own personal views (Daniels, D., 2020. p.4). Please also see ACA’s A.2.c. Developmental and Cultural Sensitivity standard.
In all counseling, it is important to keep the counselor’s personal beliefs removed from the story. In Christian Counseling, while religious values are shared, the personal bias of the counselor must still respect the autonomy of the client, as well as never abandon the client due to immoral choice or life style
Common to this ideal of bias and discrimination fuels the idea of abandonment. Counselors may feel the temptation to dismiss a client who will not listen, fulfill promises, or follow a certain value system. This unethical practice is condemned in all guidelines. The ACA guideline A.12. stipulates that counselors never quit seeing their clients without proper continuation of treatment through themselves or through others. The AAMFT guideline 1.11 shares the same view that no client is to be abandoned and not seen without reasonable arrangements for continued treatment. The AACC in its rule 1-640-a shares with all other human service entities that a client is not to abruptly abandoned and that treatments are to continue until other options are available.
Another important theme is referral. Many times, certain counselors may become overwhelmed with a particular issue beyond their standard of care. This can especially happen with paraprofessionals or unlicensed counselors who are merely pastoral. Many fall under this venue. This does not mean they do not offer a qualify service but due to knowledge or professional and legal limitations, a referral is sometimes necessary. The ACA guideline A.11.a stipulates that a client that is beyond their skill level or competency should be referred to another professional. In the AAMFT guideline 1.10 also states that professionals may refer clients to others professionals when they are unable to help. Again, in the AACC guideline, Christian Counselors 1-240-d, it is stipulated that Christian Counselors should not refer merely based on faith based issues but when situations grow beyond their skill level, they can refer to more capable authorities.
Relationships can also become toxic. Due to the imbalance of power between in the counselor-client relationship, abuses of power can occur. Within the guidelines in all associations are clear cut warning regarding exploitation. Sexual relationships are condemned in the most strict sense. It is not uncommon for a vulnerable person sometimes to develop feelings for a counselor and it is important for the counselor to correct and document these advances. Counselors are also ethically restricted from working with past romances, family, or close friends. The bias can be strong in these cases in helping the individual. Counselors also need to keep a distance in cases of friendship. The relationship is not one of friendship in the social meaning. Hence, counselors should avoid most social interactions with clients, such as parties, graduations, or dinners. In some cases, if it pertains to a particular issue or healing, a counselor can appear on a professional basis only. Please refer to ACA -A.5. Prohibited Non-counseling Roles and Relationships which cover a broad array of relationships that can occur that considered illicit in counseling. In addition a counselor is to refrain from sexual relations in the NASW handbook as well as physical contact (1:10) when such contact would cause psychological harm. So where a hug or a touch of hand is needed is to be very carefully judged by the counselor. In addition, language and proper presentation in how one speaks is listed in the NASW handbook under standard 1:12.
Unfortunately, sometimes, a client may become attracted to a counselor since the counselor represents a source of power and strength when the client is most vulnerable. It is important for the counselor to be empathetic but also distant when attraction occurs, especially mutual. In some cases, referrals may be needed. To also help prevent such situations, physical gestures such as a touch of the hand or hug should be avoided. In addition, one should carefully screen the acceptance of gifts, unless otherwise approved due to cultural issues and sensitivities.
Other conflicts of interests can occur within agency and client. If dealing with one’s organization, one may also feel tugged and pushed by agency or funder agendas, over client care. Time, funds, and allocation of resources may effect one’s success. This can cause a grey area in client care and the client’s well being. It can also potentially lead to not following policy of employer. As one can see, many ethical dilemmas can spring from such actions.
Another set of regulations we will look at involves confidentiality. A counselor sets out on day one what he or she is willing or can do to the best of their abilities. Within this, there exists a confidentiality that is critical to veracity and fidelity. The boundaries of that need to be clearly laid out. All standards assert that counselors are to keep records and conversations private. Records are to maintained safely, whether paper or electronic, and conversations are to be kept strictly between themselves, unless otherwise dictated. Exceptions, upon approval of client, can include access to records for particular family, or access to records via other team members treating the individual. Again, this agreed upon in advance. Please refer to ACA -B.1. Respecting Client Rights which covers issues of confidentiality as well as exceptions under B.2
Confidentiality is the bedrock of trust between the counselor and client and must be protected and preserved unless under certain exceptions of physical harm to the client or others
In cases, where an individual may cause harm to oneself or others, or upon certain legal orders, a counselor may disclose certain information for the overall safety and good of the client or others. This is far less lax than the seal of confession. One way to better protect and shield oneself from potential mandatory disclosure is listing limits of confidentiality with the informed consent form. In addition, to reminding them throughout the counseling process of the limitations especially when a client seems eager to share a secret. Clients many times feel everything is confidential and fail to understand these limitations.
It is also essential that counselors properly store and preserve documentation. Electronic as well as hand written files needs to be clearly locked and protected and not visible to other wandering eyes. This helps preserve confidentiality.
Another grey area that may occur is transparency in representation. If hired by the state or an authority to review divorce cases, criminal cases, or employee evaluations, counselors need to be very transparent with all parties involved. Documentation for any case needs to be comprehensive, unbiased and utilize accepted and modern strategies. It is also essential to never treat someone beyond one’s ability, or promise things beyond healing. One should also not advertise oneself as a licensed counselor if not a licensed counselor.
Conclusion
Standards and ethical codes are critical to protect counselor and client. They also lay the groundwork for better care and healing for the client. In additional resources and references, there is a list that includes the ACA and others. Links are provided. I highly recommend one reviews these regulations and completely understands the ethical expectations of counseling, whether at a pastoral or clinical level. Whether secular or religious, there are standards that are needed within this special type of relationship.
Ethics and standards are critical to the profession of counseling. Please also review AIHCP’s Christian and also Grief Counseling Certifications
