Healthcare case management is a strategic approach that focuses on coordinating and optimizing patient care to enhance outcomes and improve the healthcare experience. By integrating multidisciplinary efforts, leveraging advancements in technology such as artificial intelligence, and streamlining the care for complex cases, case management is pivotal in improving patient flow and reducing healthcare costs. This article delves into the various facets of healthcare case management and its direct impact on better patient outcomes. Please also review AIHCP’s Case Management Certification for healthcare professionals.
Key Takeaways
- Case management is essential for optimizing patient flow and coordinating multidisciplinary team efforts, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare costs.
- The integration of artificial intelligence in case management can enhance efficiency and provide predictive insights for better patient care.
- Tailored case management approaches for complex and high-need patient cases can significantly shorten hospital stays and improve care coordination.
- Effective case management plays a crucial role in overcoming information and workflow barriers during care transitions, ensuring smoother patient experiences.
- Continuous quality improvement in case management, driven by data and innovative practices, is key to elevating patient satisfaction and organizational efficiency.
The Role of Case Management in Patient Flow Optimization
Coordinating Multidisciplinary Team Efforts
The efficacy of healthcare delivery is significantly amplified when a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach is employed. This strategy ensures that various healthcare professionals, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and social workers, collaborate to provide comprehensive and coordinated care tailored to each patient’s needs.
By fostering interprofessional education and collaboration, MDTs enable real-time problem-solving and decision-making, which is crucial for the dynamic environment of patient care.
Effective communication is paramount, as it aligns all team members with the patient’s care plan, facilitating seamless transitions and continuous care. Specialized IT systems play a pivotal role in enhancing multidisciplinary communication and patient identification, thereby improving overall care coordination.
The integration of a multidisciplinary approach not only meets the intricate needs of patients but also aids in reducing healthcare costs by eliminating redundant services and optimizing care processes.
Reducing Inpatient Stay Costs through Effective Management
Effective management of inpatient stays is pivotal in curtailing hospital costs. By optimizing patient flow, hospitals have resulted in a successful reduction of waiting times for elective admissions and emergency department (ED) boarding, thereby enhancing operational efficiency. Studies confirm the role of bed management in improving patient flow and hospital operational efficiency.
Promoting safe and efficient transitions of care is critical to reducing readmission rates and associated costs and improving the quality of patient care.
The following table illustrates the impact of case management interventions on hospital length of stay (LOS) and associated infection rates:
| Intervention | Pre-Intervention LOS | Post-Intervention LOS | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reducing hospital LOS | 2.5% | 2.5% | 0.479 |
| Reducing median discharge cycle time | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.037* |
*Significant reduction
Cost-effectiveness studies, such as those by Klaehn et al., highlight the economic benefits of case management, demonstrating its potential to reduce hospital bed costs for inpatient overstay through the optimization of patient processes.
Case Managers as Leaders in Patient Flow
Case managers play a pivotal role in streamlining patient flow and enhancing operational efficiency within healthcare settings. By working collaboratively with various hospital departments, they are able to identify and address barriers to patient flow in real-time. This proactive approach not only improves the quality of care but also contributes to the overall efficiency of the healthcare system.
The integration of case management into healthcare has been a game-changer, particularly in managing patient flow. It ensures that patients receive timely and coordinated care, which is essential for positive health outcomes and cost-effectiveness.
The following points highlight the key functions of case managers in patient flow management:
- Coordinating with multidisciplinary teams to facilitate seamless patient transitions
- Identifying bottlenecks in the system and implementing solutions
- Monitoring bed availability and managing admissions and discharges effectively
- Engaging in continuous improvement strategies to optimize hospital processes
These responsibilities underscore the importance of case managers as leaders in patient flow, driving sustainable improvements and tailoring interventions to meet the unique needs of healthcare organizations.
Advancements in Healthcare: The Integration of Artificial Intelligence
AI-Assisted Efficiency for Case Managers
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare case management is poised to revolutionize the efficiency with which case managers operate. AI’s potential to enhance decision-making and streamline workflows is particularly promising. By surfacing information rapidly, AI can support case managers in making accurate and timely decisions, ultimately improving patient care.
The main goal of AI in healthcare is to eliminate human error, thereby facilitating the best possible decisions in patient care.
AI technologies are being tailored to predict patient trajectories, such as discharge times and post-hospital care requirements. This predictive capability allows for better resource allocation and patient flow management. However, the adoption of precision case management tools is currently limited by financial constraints within health systems.
The following table outlines potential benefits of AI in case management:
| Benefit | Description |
|---|---|
| Predictive Patient Pathways | Anticipating patient discharge destinations and care levels. |
| Discharge Timing | Estimating when a patient will be ready to leave the hospital. |
Leaders in case management are encouraged to stay informed about AI advancements, as these technologies hold the key to not only improving patient outcomes but also enhancing the overall healthcare delivery system.
Improving Patient Outcomes with Predictive Analytics
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare analytics heralds a transformative era for case management. Predictive analytics can significantly enhance patient outcomes by enabling case managers to anticipate post-hospital care needs and readiness for discharge with greater accuracy. This foresight facilitates the preparation of appropriate care levels and services tailored to individual patient requirements.
- Anticipating patient trajectories post-hospitalization
- Determining optimal discharge timing
- Matching patients with suitable post-discharge services
AI’s capacity to analyze vast datasets and identify patterns not readily apparent to humans supports more informed decision-making. This data-driven approach can lead to better patient engagement, as predictive models allow healthcare providers to preemptively address patient needs, such as medication adherence and vaccine uptake.
While the potential of AI to improve care transitions is evident, it is crucial to acknowledge and address the inherent biases within AI systems. The goal is not to replace human judgment but to augment it with AI’s analytical precision, ensuring that care delivery is both accurate and equitable.
The future of case management will likely see an increased reliance on AI to streamline patient care. However, the balance between technology and human expertise must be carefully managed to avoid over-reliance on autonomous systems, which could inadvertently introduce new challenges in patient care.
Streamlining Care for Complex Patient Cases
Shortening Hospital Length of Stay
Efforts to reduce hospital length of stay (LOS) are crucial for enhancing healthcare efficiency and patient care. A retrospective study spanning 18 years in a tertiary healthcare center in Mexico highlighted the significance of LOS as a measure of healthcare efficiency. Unnecessarily prolonged hospital stays not only lead to increased costs but are also associated with adverse patient outcomes, such as hospital-acquired infections and increased mortality rates.
The goal of shortening hospital LOS is to optimize patient flow and resource utilization, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes and satisfaction.
Several strategies have been identified to achieve this objective, including the implementation of standardized care pathways, improving discharge planning, and utilizing predictive analytics to anticipate patient needs. The National Health System’s ‘Guide to reducing long hospital stays’ serves as a foundational resource for healthcare providers aiming to improve patient flow and decrease LOS.
| Outcome Measure | Before Intervention | After Intervention | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital LOS | 5.2 days | 4.1 days | 0.017* |
| Hospital-acquired infection rate | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.037* |
| Patient experience | 83.5% | 87.9% | N/A |
| Hospital readmission within 30 days | 7.5% | 0.0% | 0.065 |
*P-values indicate statistical significance of the results.
Addressing High-Need Populations through Tailored Case Management
Tailored case management is essential for addressing the complex needs of high-need populations. By focusing on individualized care plans, case managers can ensure that patients with chronic conditions or multiple healthcare needs receive the attention and resources necessary for their well-being. The NC Medicaid Behavioral Health and Intellectual/Developmental Disability (I/DD) Tailored Care Management is a prime example of such an approach.
Effective case management for high-need populations involves a series of strategic actions:
- Comprehensive assessment of patient needs
- Development of personalized care plans
- Coordination of multidisciplinary care teams
- Continuous monitoring and adjustment of care plans
By working closely with patients, their families, and healthcare providers, case managers can identify gaps in care and advocate for the needs of patients. This holistic approach contributes to the continuous improvement of healthcare outcomes.
Moreover, the integration of electronic health records (EHRs) allows for better monitoring of utilization patterns, ensuring that the care provided is both effective and efficient. The data collected through case management can inform policies and practices that enhance the quality of care and elevate patient satisfaction.
Overcoming Information and Workflow Barriers in Care Transitions
Enhancing Communication for Smoother Transitions
Effective communication is the cornerstone of smooth care transitions, ensuring that all healthcare team members, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and social workers, are fully informed and aligned. A tailored care plan, shared among the team, is crucial for seamless transitions and continuous care.
The integration of specialized IT systems can significantly enhance the identification of patients and facilitate multidisciplinary communication. These systems provide a platform for the exchange of critical patient information, reducing the risk of errors and improving overall care coordination.
The sustainability of communication improvements is dependent on the continuous implementation and refinement of roles and processes. Regular huddles and ongoing training programs are essential to address challenges and maintain the momentum for long-term success.
The I-PASS bundle of interventions exemplifies a structured approach to improving patient handoffs and communication within hospitals. This method has shown promise in reducing information loss during transitions and fostering a culture of clear and effective communication.
Utilizing Electronic Health Records to Monitor Utilization Patterns
The integration of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) has revolutionized the way healthcare providers and case managers monitor and analyze patient utilization patterns. EHR systems serve as a vital tool in improving patient care journeys and transitions between different levels of healthcare. By leveraging the vast amount of data compiled by healthcare institutions, case managers can identify trends and optimize care for individual patients, as well as support broader population health management initiatives.
Through EHRs, case managers have the ability to track and assess various metrics that are crucial for effective utilization management. This includes monitoring the frequency of emergency department visits, which may indicate unmet social needs or gaps in care coordination. Additionally, EHRs facilitate better patient engagement by providing access to educational resources and personalized treatment plans, thereby fostering a more informed and involved patient population.
The strategic use of EHR data not only enhances the quality of care but also aligns with fiscal objectives, ensuring that healthcare delivery is both patient-centered and cost-effective.
As healthcare utilization continues to evolve, it is imperative that case managers and other healthcare professionals stay abreast of these changes to maintain the highest standards of patient care.
Innovative Approaches to Blood Pressure Management During Health Crises
Device-Assisted Patient Monitoring
The advent of Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) devices has revolutionized the way healthcare providers manage and engage with patients outside of traditional clinical settings. These devices enable real-time interaction and continuous monitoring, ensuring that patients adhere to their treatment plans while allowing healthcare professionals to intervene promptly when necessary.
Through RPM, case managers can leverage data and technology to manage patient health more effectively. This approach not only enhances patient engagement but also provides a wealth of healthcare data that can be used to tailor treatment plans and educational resources to individual patient needs.
RPM systems are integral to modern healthcare strategies, offering a means to reduce hospital readmissions and improve overall patient care.
The table below outlines the benefits of RPM for both patients and healthcare providers:
| Benefit for Patients | Benefit for Healthcare Providers |
|---|---|
| Improved adherence to treatment plans | Real-time patient health monitoring |
| Increased patient engagement | Enhanced decision-making capabilities |
| Personalized healthcare experiences | Reduced hospital readmission rates |
Adapting Case Management to Pandemic Challenges
The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated significant adaptations in healthcare case management to ensure continuity of care and patient safety. Case managers have been pivotal in navigating these unprecedented times, adapting their practices to meet the challenges posed by pandemic restrictions. They have played a crucial role in sustaining key elements of Integrated Behavioral Health (IBH) during the health crisis.
- Practices adapted readily to challenges posed by pandemic restrictions
- Ability to sustain key elements of IBH during the COVID-19 pandemic
The agility of case management during the pandemic has been instrumental in maintaining the quality of patient care and managing the surge in healthcare demands.
Blood pressure management, a critical aspect of patient care, saw innovative approaches with the use of device-assisted monitoring. This not only improved patient outcomes but also highlighted the adaptability of case management in response to health crises. The table below summarizes the impact of device-assisted blood pressure management during the pandemic:
| Intervention | Pre-Pandemic | During Pandemic |
|---|---|---|
| Patient Monitoring Frequency | Monthly | Weekly |
| Blood Pressure Control Rate | 70% | 85% |
| Hospital Readmission Rates | 15% | 10% |
The integration of technology and the swift response of case managers to evolving situations underscore the resilience and importance of case management in healthcare.
The Impact of Case Management on Healthcare Economics
Cost-Effectiveness of Case Management Interventions
The cost-effectiveness of case management (CM) interventions is a subject of considerable debate within the healthcare sector. While some studies indicate that CM can be cost-effective, especially in specific hospital settings, the literature presents a divided stance due to the variability of CM approaches. Nevertheless, proactive health support, such as telephone-based interventions, has shown promise in targeting high-cost users to prevent hospital admissions and reduce overall costs.
The integration of case management into healthcare systems has been shown to not only improve patient-reported outcomes but also to contribute to the financial sustainability of healthcare organizations.
A study focusing on heart failure patients compared the cost and health effects of CM with traditional outpatient clinic follow-up, revealing that structured CM programs can lead to better care coordination, streamlined transitions, and increased revenues for hospitals. Addressing the systemic issues that prevent the effective implementation of evidence-based treatments requires a multifaceted approach, which includes patient education and self-care as integral components of CM.
Financial Implications of Improved Patient Flow
The optimization of patient flow within healthcare settings is not only a matter of clinical significance but also of substantial economic concern. Improved patient flow can lead to significant financial savings for healthcare facilities by reducing unnecessary bed days and optimizing the use of resources. This, in turn, can alleviate the financial burden on the healthcare system as a whole.
The economic benefits of efficient patient flow extend beyond direct cost savings. They also include indirect financial gains such as increased capacity for admissions, reduced overtime costs for staff, and enhanced patient throughput.
The financial implications of enhanced patient flow can be summarized as follows:
- Reduction in Length of Stay (LOS): Shorter hospital stays directly correlate with lower hospital costs.
- Decreased Readmission Rates: Effective case management can reduce the likelihood of patients returning to the hospital, thus saving costs associated with readmissions.
- Optimized Resource Allocation: Better patient flow allows for more efficient use of hospital beds, staff, and other resources.
These points underscore the importance of case management in not only improving patient care but also in contributing to the financial health of healthcare institutions.
Enhancing Patient Education and Self-Management in Chronic Conditions
Case Management for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Managing congestive heart failure (CHF) is a complex process that requires a comprehensive approach to improve patient outcomes. Case Management plays a pivotal role in coordinating care, ensuring the implementation of evidence-based therapies, and educating patients for better self-care.
By empowering patients with knowledge about their condition, they can make informed decisions and adhere to their treatment plans more effectively.
Innovative care models have shown promise in reducing hospitalization rates and improving overall patient outcomes. The national heart failure audit underscores the need for improved care pathways, and case management addresses this by ensuring patients receive comprehensive care, including essential medications, follow-up, and rehabilitation. Ultimately, the goal is to reduce hospital readmissions, improve quality of life, and increase survival rates for CHF patients.
AIHCP, in addition to offering a Case Management Certification, also offers a Nurse Patient Educator Program.
Bridging the Gap between Evidence-Based Care and Implementation
The implementation of evidence-based therapies, particularly for conditions like congestive heart failure (CHF), is critical for ensuring that patients receive the most effective treatments. Despite the availability of clinical guidelines, a persistent gap exists between recommended practices and actual care delivery. This discrepancy underscores the need for a systematic approach to bridge the divide between evidence-based care and its application in clinical settings.
To address this issue, several strategies have been identified:
- Interdisciplinary titration clinics to improve guideline adherence
- Ongoing clinician education programs to disseminate the latest evidence
- Utilization of electronic health record systems to prompt and track therapy use
Embracing a multidisciplinary approach is not only about meeting the complex needs of CHF patients but also about enhancing the overall healthcare system by reducing costs and preventing service duplication.
The challenges of using evidence in managerial decision-making highlight the importance of evidence-based management as a bridge between management science and practical application. It is essential to recognize that the successful implementation of evidence-based therapies in CHF treatment is not solely a matter of clinical knowledge but also of systematic application in practice.
The Significance of Continuous Quality Improvement in Case Management
Data-Driven Policies and Practices
The integration of data-driven policies and practices is pivotal in enhancing the quality of healthcare case management. By leveraging data analytics, case managers can move quickly to identify risks within patient populations, thereby preventing the deterioration of outcomes. This proactive approach is supported by literature emphasizing the successful application of data-driven strategies in healthcare settings.
- Definition and implementation of data management policies
- Training for healthcare professionals in data handling
- Support systems for data-driven decision-making
The application of sophisticated data management and technology is essential for the transformation towards value-based care (VBC).
Healthcare organizations must ensure compliance with regulations such as HIPAA while adopting data-driven approaches. The potential for automation and robotic process automation in social services represents an untapped opportunity to reduce the administrative burden on frontline workers and improve patient care.
Elevating Patient Satisfaction through Quality Care
The pursuit of quality care is a cornerstone in elevating patient satisfaction. Engaging patients in their healthcare journey is not only a pathway to better health outcomes but also to a heightened sense of satisfaction with the services provided. Inpatient settings pose challenges to this engagement, yet the integration of patients and their families in planning stages is pivotal.
Patient experience is a critical outcome measure for assessing the effectiveness of hospital-wide patient flow improvements. A focus on the admission and discharge processes, which are often the most memorable parts of a hospital stay, has shown a steady increase in patient satisfaction over time.
Providers equipped with reliable, straightforward, and evidence-based resources can make faster, more adaptive decisions. This, in turn, supports quality management in healthcare, promoting patient-centered care, safety, and satisfaction. The table below illustrates the link between clinical outcomes and quality of care:
| Clinical Outcome | Quality of Care Factor |
|---|---|
| Patient Engagement | Involvement in Planning |
| Decision Making | Access to Reliable Information |
| Patient Education | Quality of Healthcare Data |
Ultimately, through effective utilization management and better patient engagement, healthcare providers can support patients with more education and access to quality healthcare data, enhancing the overall patient experience.
Case Management as a Catalyst for Organizational Efficiency
Optimizing Hospital-Related Processes
In the realm of hospital management, optimizing patient flow is paramount to enhancing overall healthcare delivery. Efficient hospital-related processes are essential for ensuring timely patient care and maximizing resource utilization. Hospitals that focus on streamlining these processes can see significant improvements in patient outcomes and operational efficiency.
- Identification of bottlenecks and implementation of targeted interventions.
- Adoption of Lean Six Sigma methodologies to refine workflows.
- Utilization of automated tools for better care delivery and resource management.
By meticulously analyzing and refining hospital processes, institutions can achieve a more efficient patient flow, leading to reduced wait times and increased satisfaction for both patients and staff.
The integration of advanced process management strategies, such as Lean Six Sigma, has been shown to improve the timeliness of patient discharge, a critical factor in optimizing bed availability and reducing costs. A study on the application of these methodologies revealed a marked enhancement in the discharge process, underscoring the potential for widespread benefits across the healthcare system.
The Role of Discharge Coordinators and Admission Officers
Discharge coordinators and admission officers play a pivotal role in the patient’s journey through the healthcare system. Their responsibilities are crucial for ensuring a smooth transition from inpatient care to post-discharge recovery. By developing comprehensive preliminary discharge plans, these professionals meet the ongoing medical and social needs of patients after they leave the hospital.
Key actions taken by discharge coordinators include participating in daily rounds to streamline the discharge process and monitoring physician compliance with discharge orders. Admission officers, on the other hand, focus on the front end of the patient’s hospital experience, ensuring that the admission process is efficient and that all necessary care activities are coordinated from the outset.
The integration of discharge coordinators and admission officers into the care team enhances communication and collaboration, which are essential for optimizing patient outcomes.
The table below outlines the responsibilities and actions of discharge coordinators and case managers in the context of patient discharge:
| Responsibility | Action | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Early discharge planning | Starting from the date of admission | Ongoing |
| Timely patient referral | Coordinating with physiotherapy, social work, etc. | Ongoing |
| Compliance monitoring | Ensuring accurate discharge orders | Ongoing |
Conclusion: The Future of Healthcare Case Management
Enhancing Care Coordination and Patient Outcomes
Effective care coordination is pivotal in the realm of healthcare case management, directly influencing the quality of patient outcomes. By meticulously organizing and integrating healthcare services, case managers play a crucial role in ensuring that patients receive seamless care across various settings and providers. This not only leads to improved recovery rates but also enhances overall patient satisfaction.
The benefits of enhanced care coordination extend beyond patient well-being to include increased organizational efficiency and potential revenue growth within hospital settings. A well-structured case management program is instrumental in achieving these goals by streamlining transitions and reducing variability in care.
The essence of care coordination lies in the ability of case managers to connect teams and manage resources effectively, thereby optimizing the patient’s health journey.
In summary, the responsibilities of case managers encompass not only the physical health of patients but also their mental and emotional well-being. Their role demands a commitment to patient-centered care, ethical conduct, and integrity, which earns the respect and trust of patients, families, and the broader healthcare community.
The Need for Further Studies on Case Management Effectiveness
Despite the recognized benefits of case management in healthcare settings, there is a pressing need for further research to solidify the evidence base supporting its effectiveness. Further studies are crucial to understand the full impact of case management interventions on patient outcomes and healthcare economics.
Current literature suggests that case management can improve self-care behaviors and clinical outcomes in various populations. For instance, research on community-dwelling older adults indicates that nursing case management can enhance quality of life. However, comprehensive studies are needed to explore the long-term effects and scalability of such interventions.
The pursuit of continuous improvement in healthcare necessitates rigorous research to validate the efficacy of case management practices.
Future research should aim to address the gaps in knowledge regarding the implementation of evidence-based treatments and the systemic barriers that hinder their effectiveness. A multifaceted approach is essential to overcome these challenges and to ensure that case management continues to evolve as a cornerstone of patient-centered care.
As we look towards the future of healthcare case management, it’s clear that ongoing education and certification are key to advancing the field. The American Institute of Health Care Professionals (AIHCP) is dedicated to providing healthcare professionals with the resources and certifications necessary to stay at the forefront of their specialties. To learn more about how AIHCP can support your professional growth and to explore our certification programs, visit our website and take the next step in your career.
Conclusion
In summary, the integration of healthcare case management into patient care pathways has been shown to significantly improve patient outcomes, streamline healthcare processes, and enhance the efficiency of healthcare delivery. Case managers, by virtue of their pivotal role in coordinating care, have the potential to optimize patient flow, reduce unnecessary hospital stays, and facilitate the transition between different levels of care. This, in turn, can lead to better health outcomes, higher patient satisfaction, and a reduction in healthcare costs. The evidence presented underscores the importance of case management in achieving a patient-centered, cost-effective healthcare system. Future research should continue to explore and validate the impact of case management interventions on patient outcomes and healthcare efficiency, ensuring that the practice evolves in response to the ever-changing landscape of healthcare needs and resources.
Please also review AIHCP’s Health Care Case Management Certification. The program is designed for healthcare professionals seeking a certification in Health Care Case Management. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the role of case management in healthcare?
Case management plays a crucial role in healthcare by coordinating care, optimizing patient flow, managing resources, and ensuring patients receive appropriate treatment in a timely and cost-effective manner.
How does case management improve patient outcomes?
Case management improves patient outcomes by identifying gaps in care, advocating for patient needs, and facilitating communication among healthcare providers, which leads to more effective and efficient treatment plans.
Can artificial intelligence enhance case management efficiency?
Yes, artificial intelligence can enhance case management efficiency by assisting with tasks such as data analysis, predictive analytics, and streamlining workflow, leading to better patient care and outcomes.
What impact does case management have on hospital length of stay?
Effective case management can shorten hospital length of stay by ensuring timely care coordination, discharge planning, and reducing unnecessary inpatient stays, thereby reducing costs and improving flow.
How do case managers contribute to healthcare economics?
Case managers contribute to healthcare economics by implementing interventions that are cost-effective, reducing readmissions, and improving patient flow, which can lead to significant financial savings for healthcare systems.
What role do case managers play in managing chronic conditions?
Case managers play a pivotal role in managing chronic conditions by providing patient education, coordinating multidisciplinary care, and ensuring adherence to evidence-based treatment plans.
How does case management affect care transitions?
Case management positively affects care transitions by enhancing communication, utilizing electronic health records to monitor utilization patterns, and reducing information delays that can lead to smoother transitions.
What are the future challenges and opportunities for healthcare case management?
Future challenges for healthcare case management include adapting to technological advancements, addressing complex healthcare needs, and proving the effectiveness of case management through further studies. Opportunities lie in enhancing care coordination and patient outcomes.
1,2 Dr Michael Millington,1 and Luis Salvador-Carulla. “What Is Case Management? A Scoping and Mapping Review”Int J Integr Care. 2016 Oct-Dec; 16(4). NIH. Access here