healthcare certifications

Trauma Informed Care: Protecting at Risk Populations from Grooming

Posted on by Mark Moran

There is nothing more insidious or disgusting or repulsive than the predatory nature of grooming a weaker, exposed, innocent or at risk community to sexual assault.  Whether if one is of faith or secular, it cries to the most inner core of basic humanity for justice.  Those who work with children, the disabled, the aged and other vulnerable populations need to show special and extra care for signs of potential grooming against these individuals.  Ironically, statistically it is not the creepy person in a spooky van trolling down streets at night but grooming occurs in most cases from individuals of authority that have spiritual duties, or even care duties to these individuals.   These persons are can be family members, friends of family, or individuals of supposed good name in the community.  Many misuse their positions of authority and care to sexually assault.  This short blog will look at grooming, the process of it, and special populations that need special guarding for potential grooming targeting.

Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care Program, as well as many of its Healthcare Certification Programs.

Grooming and its Phases

Identifying grooming.
Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care Program

According to Compton, grooming is the methodical and deliberate process to create emotional intimacy with the intent of sexual abuse (2024, p. 159).   The five phases of grooming include victim selection, gaining access/isolating, trust development, desensitization to sexual content and physical contact and finally post abuse maintenance (Compton, 2024. p. 159-160).   As safe guarders, counselors, social workers, healthcare providers, and as well spiritual and pastoral caregivers, it is essential to be aware of these phases and to investigate anything that seems to illustrate this type of behavior between an individual and a victim.  It is especially important to safeguard and show extreme diligence for at risk populations such as children, the disabled and elderly who are unable to protect themselves.

Selection of a victim is opportunistic.  Like any predator, the easier prey is observed over a healthy and powerful one.  Hence children, the disabled or elderly are opportune targets but not all children, or elderly or disabled are as easy to target than some.  Children with healthy attachments and a strong family relationship can be more difficult to navigate as well as elderly who have strong support systems.  Sexual groomers look not just for weaker populations but also those within those populations that are already broken, or isolated, or lacking the proper support to ward off these advances.  Individuals with less parental supervision, or caregiver supervision, as well those with less financial resources and face economic hardships are easier targets for predators.  In addition, those with lower self esteem, unhealthy attachment schemas, identity issues, or disabilities are far more easier to manipulate and control (Compton, 2024, p. 160-161).

The second phase is gaining access and isolating the victim. Predators may already be a member of the family or become close friends to the family or hold a position of spiritual or political power.  They will use these connections and places of power as a way to become closer to the individual.  Through family connections, or social interactions, the predator will then spend time with the individual.  With children, the predator will spend more time with child than others at events as an attempt to know the child better but in addition they will also try to see the child or person beyond regular events and superimpose themselves into the selected victim’s life.  This can be accomplished through sharing of social media or private messaging (Compton, 2024, p. 162).   During these times, the predator will also try separate the victim from other resources and support systems.  The predator will attempt to turn the child or person against the more secure relationships in order to weaken any resistance to advances.

Following this phase, the predator will attempt to form a bond of trust.  As other relationships are pushed away, the predator will insert him or herself into such a way as to appear as a good friend, confidant, or guide.  Unfortunately, children, disabled and the elderly rely on others more so than healthy adults.  Children are taught to obey authority figures, the elderly are supposed to listen to caregivers and disabled are completely at the mercy of those who watch over them.  Hence, when trust is established, victims can be very confused when that trust is used to hurt them.

The fourth phase includes introducing victims to sexual content or advances that look to normalize the abuse and permit more and more contact with the victim.  In this phase, sexual jokes, quick touches, or sexual behaviors are normalized between predator and victim.  The victim may doubt if anything is truly wrong, even one feels initial guilt or shame.  In fact, the predator desires guilt and shame to exist within the person.  The predator looks to break down moral barriers and replace them with shame and guilt as way to continue the relationship.  When horrible things are normalized, then a predator can keep a victim trapped in the cycle.

The final phase is post abuse maintenance.  In this phase, the predator in order to continue the abuse, as well as protect him or herself, will employ various lies to frighten, scare, shame and guilt the victim.  Many will threaten violence against a loved one, or dehumanize the victim as dirty, or remind a victim that no-one will believe the victim (Compton, 2024, p.164).   When grooming is successful, this emotional hold can confuse children into becoming cooperative or even feeling it is their choice to continue in the abuse.

As protectors, we need to be aware of red flags.  When we notice odd amounts of time beyond reason with a child, disabled or elderly person, then we should investigate the nature of the other person’s interest.  The person may be merely kind but we cannot risk children, the disabled or elderly until it is proven to be innocent.  We also should be aware of odd flattery or gifts given to these at risk groups, as well as unusual favoritism, hugs, or jokes.   When children speak of secrets between an adult and themselves, then these secrets must be made known and the other person approached upon the content of the secrets.  Other red flags involve the use of providing drinks, or drugs or even smoking with children, disabled or elderly.

At Risk Populations

Sexual predators prey upon children and other at risk populations

It is of the most importance in trauma care, counseling, and even as a family member or friend to see potential grooming to children, the disabled or elderly.  Professionals must report what they discover, but as observers, sometimes its important to put our nose into other people’s business when things do not look right.  This is why it so essential to not only be aware of the signs of grooming ourselves, but also to help educate children, as well as the disabled and elderly who are potential victims.

Unfortunately, how many times are elderly dismissed as senile?  How many times are their concerns or what they may say ignored?  The disabled especially can have difficulty communicating or sharing stories of abuse.  If they cannot communicate, trauma in the disabled can still be seen in their emotional regulation as well states of hyper or hypo-arousal.   Children as well may have difficulty communicating sexual abuse since they do not understand it.  Ultimately, it befalls upon us, not just as counselors but for everyone to observe and protect at risk populations to the potential of abuse.  We do not want to become over scrupulous in seeing every hug as a potential grooming, but we need to see patterns and consistencies and most importantly listen to these at risk populations and understand how they communicate without dismissing.

In regards to children or those with disabilities, education is key.  Teaching sexual and physical boundaries and identifying with at risk populations bad touches versus good touches is essential.  As well as teaching children and others about the dangers of accepting weird gifts, or random flatteries that seem odd.   Also, parents, caregivers and counselors need to be aware of at risk populations and their use of social media and messaging.  It is essential to have limitations on the uses of these electronic devices as well as monitoring what is being viewed, sent, or read.  Caretaking means being involved and being ready to discuss tough conversations by letting children, disabled or elderly that no conversation is awkward regarding potential abuse.  Reassurance to believe and also teaching others is a big way to prevent grooming and to scare off potential predators.

Conclusion

We need to be alert for grooming to protect at risk populations. Please also review AIHCP’s Healthcare Certification programs

Grooming is a disgusting process but unfortunately something that needs spoken about and addressed despite the discomfort.  Counselors as well as any person needs to understand the phases of grooming and be especially mindful of at risk populations.  This also involves prevention by educating individuals about grooming and creating an opening for positive dialogue and concern to prevent it.

Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care Program as well as AIHCP’s multiple Healthcare Certification Programs.

Other AIHCP Blogs: “The Devastating Impact of Trauma on Children.  Please click here

Reference

Compton, L & Patterson, T. (2024). Skills for Safeguarding: A Guide to Preventing Abuse and Fostering Healing in the Church” Intervarsity Press.

Additional Resources

“What Is Grooming?” (2025). Cleveland Clinic:  Health Essentials. Access here

“The Real Red Flags of Grooming | What Every Parent, Educator, and the Public at Large Needs to Know” (2025). National Children’s Alliance.  Access here

“The Grooming Behaviors Every Adult Should Recognize”  Center for Violence Prevention and Self Defense Training.  Access here

“Online grooming: how predators manipulate their victims” (2025). NetPsychology. Access here

Healthcare Certifications Blog: What is DBT?

Posted on by Mark Moran

 

I. Introduction

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) represents a pivotal development in psychological treatment, particularly for individuals grappling with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Established in the 1980s by Marsha Linehan, DBT was crafted in response to the unique challenges presented by BPD, characterized by emotional dysregulation and interpersonal difficulties. The therapy embodies a synthesis of acceptance and change strategies, reflecting its foundational biosocial theory, which posits that biological vulnerabilities interact with environmental factors to shape behavior (Emek Yüce Rios Z, 2020). This dual focus ensures that DBT not only addresses destructive behaviors but also fosters a sense of validation and understanding within the therapeutic relationship. Furthermore, the comprehensive structure of DBT, encompassing individual therapy, skills training, and additional support modes, illustrates its adaptability across diverse therapeutic settings (Student E, 2019). As a result, DBT has emerged as a widely recognized and effective intervention for enhancing emotional resilience and interpersonal effectiveness.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy is based off CBT but shifts focus for cases of intense emotion. It looks to help individual handle intense emotions, regulate them and be able to interact socially with emotional regulation
Please also review AIHCP’s numerous behavioral health and healthcare certifications.  Please click here

 

A. Definition of DBT (Dialectical Behavior Therapy)

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a structured and evidence-based treatment approach originally developed for individuals struggling with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) in the 1980s by psychologist Marsha Linehan. At its core, DBT integrates acceptance and change strategies to assist patients in managing intense emotions and reducing self-destructive behaviors. The underlying theoretical framework of DBT, known as biosocial theory, posits that BPD arises from a combination of biological vulnerabilities and environmental factors. This therapy comprises five modalities, including individual therapy and skills training, which work synergistically to foster emotional regulation and interpersonal effectiveness. A significant benefit of DBT is its relatively low dropout rates, highlighting its accessibility and applicability to diverse populations. While further research is warranted to evaluate its broader generalizability, DBT has established itself as a critical intervention in the mental health field, successfully addressing complex emotional challenges and enhancing individuals quality of life (Emek Yüce RIOS Z, 2020), (Student E, 2019).

 

B. Importance and relevance of DBT in mental health treatment

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) has emerged as a vital intervention in the realm of mental health treatment, particularly for individuals grappling with severe emotional challenges. Its structured approach, which combines cognitive-behavioral techniques with mindfulness strategies, has proven effective in addressing disorders like Borderline Personality Disorder and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The significance of DBT is underscored by research indicating that it effectively reduces NSSI rates among adolescents and young adults, who often struggle to access traditional therapeutic methods ((M Kaess et al., 2019)). Furthermore, studies illustrate DBTs efficacy in mitigating suicidal behaviors among autistic individuals, demonstrating substantial reductions in both suicidal ideation and attempts ((Huntjens A)). These findings affirm that DBT not only enhances emotional regulation but also improves overall quality of life, making it a crucial component of contemporary mental health care, especially for high-risk populations.

II. Historical Background of DBT

The historical development of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) traces back to the need for effective treatment for individuals with severe emotional dysregulation, particularly those suffering from borderline personality disorder (BPD). Originally formulated by Marsha Linehan in the late 1980s, DBT emerged from a combination of cognitive-behavioral principles and zen mindfulness practices, designed to foster acceptance and change within patients. As the therapy evolved, its applications expanded to include various psychological conditions characterized by instability in emotional regulation. In recent years, the introduction of Radically Open Dialectical Behavior Therapy (Ro DBT) marked a significant evolution in this therapeutic landscape, targeting disorders associated with excessive inhibitory control or overcontrol, while emphasizing social signaling and adaptability to changing environments (R Codd T et al., 2018). Moreover, contemporary training opportunities at professional conventions have showcased advancements in DBT approaches, underscoring its ongoing relevance in mental health treatment (Abramowitz J et al., 2015).

DBT was originally utilized for BPD but also is utilized for suicidal ideation, as well as extreme cases of depression.

 

A. Development of DBT by Marsha Linehan

Marsha Linehans development of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) in the early 1990s represents a significant advancement in the treatment of complex psychological disorders, notably borderline personality disorder (BPD). Linehan combined cognitive-behavioral principles with mindfulness strategies to create a comprehensive therapeutic model aimed at addressing the emotional and behavioral instability associated with BPD. The biosocial theory underpinning DBT posits that individuals with BPD struggle due to a combination of biological vulnerability and environmental factors, necessitating a structured approach to therapy. In recent years, the application of DBT has expanded beyond adults to include adolescents, demonstrating its versatility and efficacy in treating various psychological issues, such as depression and anxiety, especially in high-risk populations like those with spinal cord injuries, where adaptations of DBT are showing promising results in reducing negative emotions and improving overall psychological well-being (M Karaman, 2019), (A Flores et al., 2018).

 

B. Evolution of DBT in clinical practice

The evolution of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) in clinical practice exemplifies a significant advancement in the realm of psychotherapy, particularly in treating complex mental health disorders. Initially developed by Marsha Linehan for individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), DBT has since undergone an expansive transformation, integrating core concepts from cognitive-behavioral therapy while simultaneously embracing mindfulness and acceptance strategies. The incorporation of these third-wave cognitive-behavioral approaches highlights a departure from traditional symptom-focused interventions, aiming instead for greater psychological flexibility and resilience among patients (Nogueira S et al., 2025). Furthermore, the practical applications of DBT have been expanded to address a variety of clinical presentations, including emotional dysregulation and self-destructive behaviors, thereby affirming its versatility within multidisciplinary mental health practices (Martelletti E-in-CP, 2004). This ongoing evolution not only enhances therapeutic efficacy but also underscores the importance of adapting therapeutic modalities to better meet the diverse needs of patients in contemporary practice.

 

III. Core Components of DBT

The core components of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) are essential for understanding its effectiveness in treating individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Central to DBT is its dual focus on acceptance and change, captured in the therapeutic balance that practitioners strive to maintain. This approach comprises five distinct modes of treatment: individual therapy, skills training, telephone consultation, therapist consultation teams, and ancillary treatments. Each component addresses specific facets of emotional dysregulation, enabling clients to develop coping mechanisms while fostering self-acceptance (Emek Yüce RIOS Z, 2020). Moreover, the structuring of DBT into stages allows for a systematic progression through the therapeutic process, which is informed by the biosocial theory underlying the development of BPD (Student E, 2019). Consequently, DBT not only emphasizes behavioral change but also affirms the importance of embracing ones emotional experiences, highlighting its unique position within psychotherapy.

Core principles of DBT include mindfulness, emotional regulation, and managing interpersonal relationships. Please also review AIHCP’s Health care certifications

 

A. Skills training modules: Mindfulness, Distress Tolerance, Emotion Regulation, and Interpersonal Effectiveness

Central to Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) are the skills training modules, which provide individuals with essential tools to manage their emotional and interpersonal challenges effectively. The mindfulness module facilitates a heightened awareness of ones thoughts, emotions, and surroundings, promoting a non-judgmental acceptance of experiences that can mitigate distress. In contrast, the distress tolerance module equips individuals with strategies to tolerate emotional pain without resorting to harmful behaviors. Furthermore, the emotion regulation module focuses on understanding and modulating intense emotional responses, thereby enhancing ones ability to navigate life’s challenges more effectively. Finally, the interpersonal effectiveness module emphasizes the development of skills necessary for assertive communication and healthy relationship-building. Collectively, these modules not only empower individuals to cultivate resilience but also foster a balanced approach to lifes inevitable adversities, culminating in a comprehensive therapeutic framework conducive to psychological well-being (James J Mazza et al., 2016-06-01).

 

B. The role of individual therapy and group skills training

In the context of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), the integration of individual therapy and group skills training serves as a cornerstone for fostering emotional regulation and interpersonal effectiveness among participants. Individual therapy provides a tailored approach where therapists can explore the unique challenges and experiences of each client, facilitating personal insight and coping strategies specific to their needs. Meanwhile, group skills training allows clients to learn and practice essential skills, such as mindfulness and distress tolerance, in a supportive environment. This dual approach not only reinforces the learning process but also promotes a sense of community and shared experience among participants, reducing feelings of isolation that often accompany emotional struggles. By synthesizing the strengths of both modalities, DBT empowers individuals to navigate their emotional landscapes with greater resilience and competence, a vital element of their healing journey (Kazantzis N et al., 2006-12-11).

IV. Applications of DBT

The applications of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) extend beyond its initial design for treating Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), demonstrating its versatility across various mental health disorders. DBT employs a unique blend of acceptance and change strategies, making it suitable for individuals facing emotional dysregulation and complex challenges in social functioning. As highlighted in the literature, DBT has shown efficacy in treating conditions such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, significantly reducing dropout rates due to its structured approach and supportive environment (Emek Yüce RIOS Z, 2020). Furthermore, the emergence of Radically Open Dialectical Behavior Therapy (Ro DBT) expands the scope of DBT to address overcontrol-related disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, thereby enriching therapeutic options for clinicians and patients alike (R Codd T et al., 2018). Thus, the adaptability of DBT highlights its relevance in contemporary therapeutic practices, addressing a wide range of emotional and behavioral health concerns.

 

A. Effectiveness in treating Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Recent studies give us a much clearer picture of how effective Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is for treating Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The research indicates that DBT leads to real improvements in symptoms, including self-injurious behaviors and suicidality. We see effect sizes ranging from small to moderate, and these benefits tend to stick around for up to 24 months after treatment (Hernandez-Bustamante M et al., 2023). When comparing DBT with Schema Therapy (ST), it turns out that both interventions bring meaningful relief to BPD symptom severity, though the data didn’t show a significant difference in how well they work (Assmann N et al., 2024). This suggests that even if the mechanics are different, both approaches are capable of handling the complex nature of BPD. Overall, these findings confirm that DBT is a vital treatment option, supporting its continued use and study for people navigating this disorder.

DBT takes time, but it can help individuals take control of their emotional life

 

B. Use of DBT for other mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) might have started as a treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), but it has proven effective for a whole range of mental health issues, including depression and anxiety. The core of this approach focuses on finding a balance between acceptance and change, which makes it particularly helpful for anyone trying to manage emotional instability. Research actually shows that the structured framework of DBT can sharpen emotional regulation skills, leading to better outcomes for people dealing with depressive and anxious symptoms. For instance, a randomized clinical trial looked at college students coping with heavy drinking. It found that a DBT-enhanced intervention didn’t just reduce alcohol-related problems; it also led to significant improvements in depression and anxiety levels during follow-up assessments (Whiteside U, 2010). Because DBT can be adapted to fit different contexts, it has grown well beyond its original scope, proving its relevance for a much wider variety of mental health challenges (Emek Yüce RIOS Z, 2020). That versatility is exactly why it remains such a valuable tool in modern therapy.

 

V. Conclusion

When we look at the big picture, Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) stands out as a versatile approach for handling complex challenges, specifically Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and the substance use struggles that often accompany it. Its strength really lies in how it tackles two things at once: helping people regulate their emotions and navigating the messy reality of relationships. For someone fighting suicidal thoughts or stuck in destructive patterns, that combination can be a lifeline. The research reinforces why this matters, showing us the dangerous link between drug use and suicidal thinking. We know that using drugs, whether on the same day or previously, can intensify those dark thoughts, and BPD symptoms often make that dynamic even more volatile (M McCool et al., 2023). Beyond the data, though, we have to look at the human experience. Patients in related therapies, like Radically Open DBT, remind us that recovery is rarely a solo mission. It relies heavily on connection and the bond formed with a therapist, proving that we need to look at the whole person to really see progress (M Isaksson et al., 2021). Ultimately, DBT does more than just treat symptoms. It equips people with a comprehensive set of skills to find emotional balance and truly reconnect with the world around them.

Please also review AIHCP’s HealthCare Certifications
Please also review AIHCP’s healthcare certification programs

 

A. Summary of DBT’s significance in therapy

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) has become a vital part of modern mental health care, especially for anyone trying to navigate emotional dysregulation or suicidal thoughts. Its effectiveness isn’t just a claim; it is supported by a growing list of studies showing it truly reduces symptoms for many different people. For instance, even brief DBT interventions have been shown to help reduce distress and improve coping skills for those facing suicidal thoughts (Astrini RA et al., 2020). Then there is the development of Radically Open DBT (RO DBT). This approach widens the scope to help people who struggle with too much control, focusing on the importance of connecting with others and finding emotional well-being (R Codd T et al., 2018). This flexibility shows why DBT is so essential. It doesn’t just treat complex emotional issues; it supports overall mental health. It marks a real step forward in therapy by offering proven strategies that actually fit the diverse needs of patients.

 

B. Future directions and potential developments in DBT practice

As Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) continues to evolve, the way it is practiced is expanding to reach more people in more effective ways. Ongoing research is working to refine the core parts of DBT, looking at how to weave in new techniques like mindfulness approaches and digital tools that make therapy more accessible to diverse groups. There is also a growing focus on how DBT works across different cultures. It is becoming clear that we need to customize these interventions so they truly resonate with specific communities and keep people engaged. On top of that, bringing neurobiological insights into the mix could lead to more targeted treatments, helping us address the specific behavioral patterns associated with the disorders DBT treats (Andrew E Skodol et al., 2021-03-31). Ultimately, the future of DBT depends on its adaptability. Practitioners are focused on enhancing its components to ensure it remains inclusive, scientifically solid, and relevant for the mental health challenges we face today.

Additional Blogs

Utilization of CBT in Grief and Depression. Access here

Additional Resources

“Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)”.  Cleveland Clinic.  Access here

Safilian-Hanif, C. (2024). “Overview of DBT”. Access here

“Dialectical Behavior Therapy”. Psychology Today.  Access here

Corliss, J. (2024). “Dialectical behavior therapy: What is it and who can it help?”. Harvard Health Publishing.  Access here

Trauma Informed Care: Resiliency and Post Traumatic Growth

Posted on by Mark Moran

 

I. Introduction

The complex interplay between trauma, resiliency, and post-traumatic growth serves as a profound area of study, offering insights into the human experience following distressing events. Trauma, often defined as a deeply distressing or disturbing experience, can have a far-reaching impact on individuals, challenging their psychological resilience and emotional fortitude. However, not all who endure trauma succumb to its debilitating effects; instead, many exhibit a remarkable capacity for recovery and transformation. This phenomenon, known as post-traumatic growth, encapsulates the notion that individuals can emerge from traumatic experiences with newfound strengths, perspectives, and appreciation for life. Understanding this relationship is vital, as it highlights the adaptive potential inherent in human beings, fostering a sense of hope and possibility even amidst suffering. Thus, this essay will explore these interconnected themes, seeking to illuminate how trauma can serve as a catalyst for personal growth and resilience (Richard G Tedeschi et al., 2025-07-23).

Please also review AIHCP’s healthcare certifications

Post traumatic growth and new roads to travel after a traumatic event

 

A. Definition of trauma and its prevalence in society

Trauma, fundamentally understood as an emotional response to distressing events, manifests in numerous ways, affecting individuals mentally, physically, and socially. It encompasses a wide range of experiences, from personal losses and accidents to exposure to violence and natural disasters, resulting in significant psychological repercussions such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) . Prevalence rates indicate that a substantial portion of the population encounters some form of trauma during their lifetime; studies suggest that nearly 70% of adults in the United States have experienced at least one traumatic event, with many grappling with the long-term effects (Bhugra D, 2021-02-04). This widespread incidence underscores the urgency to address trauma within various societal contexts, including healthcare, education, and community support systems, as its impacts extend beyond the individual, influencing familial relations and community dynamics. Understanding trauma’s definition and prevalence is vital for fostering resilience and facilitating pathways to healing.

 

B. Overview of resiliency and its importance in coping with trauma

Resiliency plays a crucial role in the process of coping with trauma, as it encompasses an individual’s ability to adapt and thrive despite adverse experiences. This psychological strength allows individuals to employ effective coping strategies, which can lead to post-traumatic growth (PTG). For instance, research focusing on survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami reveals that those who utilized problem-focused coping were significantly more likely to experience PTG, highlighting the importance of adaptive strategies in long-term recovery (Hidayati SHS et al., 2025). Similarly, studies on veterans demonstrate that resilience and effective stress coping styles aid in their adaptation after combat experiences, allowing for personal growth and improved psychosocial well-being (T Kudrina et al., 2024). Therefore, fostering resiliency not only enhances coping mechanisms but also serves as a foundational element for individuals to find meaning and strength in their lives following trauma, ultimately facilitating their journey toward recovery.

 

C. Introduction to the concept of post-traumatic growth

The concept of post-traumatic growth (PTG) emerges from the recognition that individuals often derive positive transformations in the aftermath of trauma. This idea challenges the traditional view that trauma merely leads to psychological distress, emphasizing instead the potential for adaptive changes. Research indicates that those exposed to significant trauma, such as first responders during critical incidents, may exhibit varying profiles of post-trauma responses, including PTG alongside post-traumatic stress symptoms (Brickman S et al., 2023). Furthermore, qualitative studies among populations like female military veterans reveal that the meaning-making process following traumatic experiences can foster resilience and personal growth (A’mie M Preston et al., 2022). These findings underscore the complexity of trauma recovery, suggesting that while pain and suffering are prevalent, they can coexist with significant personal development. Understanding PTG not only enriches our comprehension of traumas effects but also highlights the importance of supporting adaptive coping strategies in therapeutic contexts.

 

II. Understanding Trauma

Trauma, an intricate and multifaceted phenomenon, profoundly affects individuals, often altering their psychological and emotional landscapes. It can stem from various sources, including personal loss, violence, or natural disasters, and its impact is not merely a fleeting experience but can lead to lasting effects on ones mental health and overall functioning. Understanding trauma involves recognizing both the immediate and ripple effects it can have on an individual’s life, as well as their relationships and sense of self. Importantly, the concept of trauma does not only encompass adverse experiences but also integrates individual responses to these experiences, which can lead to diverse manifestations of distress or resilience. Furthermore, examining the neurological and psychological mechanisms behind trauma helps illuminate pathways for healing and recovery, suggesting that recognizing ones trauma is the first step toward fostering resilience and facilitating post-traumatic growth (Ritblatt SN et al., 2022-09-28).

Trauma shakes us to the core. Please also review AIHCP’s Healthcare certifications

 

A. Types of trauma: acute, chronic, and complex trauma

Understanding trauma necessitates a distinction between its various types: acute, chronic, and complex trauma, each possessing unique characteristics and implications for recovery. Acute trauma typically results from a singular distressing event, such as a natural disaster or personal assault, leading to immediate psychological impacts often seen in symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In contrast, chronic trauma entails prolonged exposure to stressors, such as domestic violence or long-term illness, resulting in more deeply ingrained psychological issues and affecting an individual’s capacity for resilience. Complex trauma, characterized by exposure to multiple traumatic events, often in the context of interpersonal relationships, complicates recovery further by fostering feelings of helplessness and mistrust. Research highlights that addressing the specificities of each trauma type can improve therapeutic strategies, particularly for those recovering from complex conditions where acute episodes may emerge as complications, reflecting the critical need for tailored interventions in the aftermath of trauma (O Adegboye et al., 2025), (Litvinchik А. et al., 2025).

 

B. Psychological and physiological effects of trauma on individuals

Trauma exerts profound psychological and physiological effects on individuals, significantly shaping their resilience and potential for post-traumatic growth. Psychological responses to trauma often include anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which can hinder emotional stability and interpersonal relationships. Research indicates that individuals with a history of childhood trauma exhibit heightened trauma symptomatology, impacting their capacity to cope with subsequent stressors and increasing the risk of revictimization in adulthood (Brooks et al., 2015). Physiologically, trauma can precipitate changes within the brain and body, including alterations in stress response systems that may lead to chronic health issues. Furthermore, integrating arts and creative therapies has emerged as a promising avenue in addressing the health challenges faced by trauma survivors, thereby fostering healing and enhancing overall well-being (N/A, 2013). Understanding these intricate interactions is essential for developing effective interventions aimed at promoting resiliency and facilitating recovery.

 

C. The role of social and environmental factors in trauma experiences

Understanding the role of social and environmental factors in trauma experiences is crucial for comprehending the pathways to resiliency and post-traumatic growth. Social support significantly influences an individual’s ability to cope with trauma, as evidenced during the COVID-19 pandemic, where coworker support emerged as the strongest predictor of post-traumatic growth among nurses facing unprecedented challenges (Seo J et al., 2025). This highlights the importance of social networks in facilitating recovery and adaptation. Additionally, environmental factors such as job conditions and resource availability contribute to the potential for growth following traumatic experiences, underscoring the need for supportive organizational structures. Moreover, for emerging adults with a history of childhood trauma, external resources like professional services and social networks serve as protective factors that enable resilience and adaptation (Bahardeen FA et al., 2025). Collectively, these elements illuminate the complex interplay of social and environmental influences that shape trauma experiences and promote recovery pathways.

 

III. The Concept of Resiliency

Resiliency plays a critical role in how individuals cope with trauma, serving as a fundamental psychological resource that fosters adaptation and recovery following adverse experiences. It is important to distinguish resiliency from concepts such as post-traumatic growth (PTG), which refers to the positive changes emerging from crises. While PTG signifies a transformative process that can lead to enhanced personal development, resiliency encompasses a broader set of skills and traits that can be cultivated in response to any form of adversity, not just traumatic events (Yu.S Kotovska, 2023). In contexts fraught with instability, such as the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, fostering resiliency becomes essential for youth who are particularly vulnerable to emotional disturbances and anxiety (Syniakova V et al., 2025). Thus, interventions aimed at enhancing resiliency, such as emotional regulation and coping strategies, become vital components in the overall framework for psychological support and post-traumatic recovery.

 

 

A. Definition and characteristics of resiliency

Resiliency, defined as the capacity to adapt and recover from adversity, plays a crucial role in the process of post-traumatic growth. This characteristic is not merely about enduring but involves actively engaging with and transforming one’s experiences into opportunities for personal development. Individuals demonstrating resiliency often employ adaptive coping strategies, which can include acceptance and planning, as evidenced in studies where effective coping mechanisms mediated the relationship between resiliency and post-traumatic growth (Ogi Nńska-Bulik et al., 2015). Furthermore, resiliency embodies the ability to reframe traumatic experiences, allowing individuals to reconstruct their value systems and gain insight into their lives, as highlighted by recent findings in Positive Psychology (Poseck BV et al., 2006). By understanding the characteristics of resiliency, such as emotional regulation and social support, we gain valuable insight into how individuals not only survive but thrive following trauma, ultimately facilitating a path to growth and enhanced well-being.

 

 

B. Factors that contribute to individual resiliency

Resilience, that key ingredient for coping with trauma and even growing from it, comes from all sorts of places, like having people who support you, the way you think, and getting help from specific programs. Take online social support, for example. It really stepped up during tough times like the COVID-19 pandemic. Connecting with others and sharing what you’re going through can seriously boost your emotional resilience. Studies show it can make you more grateful and help you see things in a new light, which can lead to post-traumatic growth (Hao X et al., 2025). Then there are programs like the Maeum Program in South Korea. It’s a stabilization-centered intervention that has been shown to help people deal with psychiatric symptoms and actually grow after trauma. These types of programs usually focus on teaching people about what they’re going through and giving them coping strategies. This reinforces those resilience factors that are so important for recovering and adapting after something traumatic (Oh IM et al., 2025).

 

C. The impact of social support systems on resiliency

It’s hard to overstate how important social support systems are when it comes to helping people bounce back from trauma. Think of social support as a safety net – it boosts a person’s ability to handle stress and tough times. When people have strong bonds with family, friends, and their community, that really helps them stay emotionally stable, which is super important for resilience. Research has shown that people who have solid social networks tend to report fewer trauma symptoms and are generally doing better overall in their lives. This highlights just how crucial those community connections are for healing. On top of this, certain systemic issues – we’re talking about things like implicit racism and stigma – hit marginalized groups especially hard. This makes it clear that we need support systems designed to address those specific issues (Rich J, 2016). When we really get how different trauma experiences can be, and how they affect people in different ways, we can see that having comprehensive social support systems is essential for helping people grow after trauma and supporting them as they work toward recovery (Brooks et al., 2015).

IV. Post-Traumatic Growth

Post-traumatic growth, or PTG, shows how people can actually grow after really tough times. It’s not just about bouncing back to normal like resilience; PTG means that bad experiences can actually make you see things differently, feel stronger, and have better relationships. Studies show that after trauma, people might find a new love for life, feel more for others, and rethink what’s important to them (Shakespeare-Finch J et al., 2024-02-27). These changes often happen because of big questions and struggles that come up when you’re healing, pushing you to really think about what you believe in. Because of all this, PTG highlights a hopeful part of being human. It shows that we don’t just sit back and take trauma—we can actively rebuild who we are and make our lives better even after we’ve suffered.

Recovering and moving forward after trauma. Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care program

 

A. Definition and key components of post-traumatic growth

Generally speaking, post-traumatic growth, or PTG, considers positive psychological shifts that may follow difficult life events, especially trauma. This idea has become noteworthy because it emphasizes that individuals, in most cases, may come away from such experiences with a greater sense of personal strength, deeper connections with others, and a changed perspective on what they value in life. Key elements of PTG involve changes in how one views themself, a heightened feeling of purpose, and the formation of new priorities and values. Furthermore, PTG emphasizes the significance of how individuals perceive their growth, rather than relying just on what can be observed outwardly (Keidar M, 2013). The resilience shown while dealing with trauma highlights that, even though such events are exceptionally difficult, they also provide chances for deep personal change and revitalization, as studied within Positive Psychology (Poseck BV et al., 2006).

 

B. Stages of post-traumatic growth and personal transformation

Generally speaking, post-traumatic growth illustrates a pretty significant transformation that people might go through after experiencing trauma. It’s marked by several stages that help with healing and personal development. At first, someone might feel shock and confusion, which leads them to rethink what’s important and how they see life. As they work through their emotional stuff, they often find they’re more resilient, so they can adapt and take on new chances to grow. For example, studies have shown that renal transplant recipients often report positive changes in their mental state after surgery, seeing optimism and personal growth as key results of their experience (Kamran F et al., 2016). Moreover, research suggests people often rebuild their values after trauma, implying that even when things are tough, there’s room for positive changes in life. Ultimately, these stages of post-traumatic growth emphasize the human capacity to become stronger and more resilient when facing life’s challenges (Poseck BV et al., 2006).

 

C. Case studies illustrating post-traumatic growth in individuals

Considering specific instances of people who have gone through traumatic events gives insight into the nuanced connection between hardship and development after the trauma, which shows a route of strength and change. A good example of this is the psychological changes seen in those who lived through the Iran-Iraq war. (Hashemi M et al., 2025). Their enduring early trauma could nurture better emotional strength and coping tactics. Even when trauma’s effects remain, their stories show how people can build resilience and improve their cognitive abilities. Similarly, young adults from Klang Valley, Malaysia, said that social support and creative activities were essential in their growth because they assisted them in overcoming challenges brought on by past traumas (Bahardeen FA et al., 2025). These particular cases emphasize that even though trauma frequently results in tremendous pain, it can also spark significant personal growth, which reinforces the idea that strong coping mechanisms can emerge from even the worst situations.

 

V. Conclusion

To sum up, the ways that trauma, resilience, and post-traumatic growth interact really shows how complicated it is for people to react to upsetting situations. Like recent research shows, including looking at how palliative care nurses use self-reflexive blog writing, people can still grow and become more resilient even when dealing with big problems, like those that came up during the COVID-19 pandemic (N Lalani et al., 2025). Also, what mental health workers went through during the Israel-Hamas conflict points out how trauma has two sides: personal resilience can help protect against feeling anxious and stressed, but it can also lead to post-traumatic growth (Dahan S et al., 2024). This complicated relationship suggests that trauma, while obviously upsetting, can also kick-start big personal changes if people have the right ways to cope and good social support. For that reason, it’s very important for people and professionals to understand these things when working on trauma recovery, which opens the door for ways to use resilience to help people heal and grow.

Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care program as well as its other healthcare certification programs
Resiliency to bounce back and post traumatic growth to find new meaning in life after loss are key parts of recovering from trauma

 

A. Summary of the relationship between trauma, resiliency, and growth

Navigating tough times involves a complex dance between trauma, resilience, and personal growth. Sure, trauma can hit hard, but research suggests resilience often softens the blow, influencing how much growth we see afterward. For instance, (Her T et al., 2025) points out that resilience and, interestingly, thinking things over intentionally can really help in reflecting and processing emotions post-trauma. Empathy and a belief in one’s own abilities also play a role. Studies on nursing students, for example, show that these traits can lessen the negative impacts of trauma and encourage positive results ((Doaa L Shahin et al., 2025)). So, boosting resilience and empathy in education and therapy is key. It’s not just about bouncing back; it’s about growing and changing for the better because of what we’ve been through. Adversity, then, holds surprising potential for transformation.

 

B. Implications for mental health practices and interventions

For those in the mental health field, it’s incredibly important to really grasp how trauma, resilience, and even growth after trauma can affect how we treat and help people. Recognizing the important part that spirituality can play – as a resource – is vital for helping people build resilience and heal after tough times. When people use their faith to cope, it seems they often function better and even find ways to grow from the experience, like seeing loss and suffering in a new light (Dr. Bajpai P, 2025). Moreover, schools can be key in supporting the mental well-being of teenagers. A caring and understanding environment helps them bounce back from difficulties and maybe even grow stronger (Khoirunnisa M et al., 2025). So, using trauma-informed approaches, focusing on spirituality, and encouraging supportive settings can greatly improve our methods of intervention. Ultimately, this can lead to better results for people dealing with the many layers of trauma.

 

C. Final thoughts on fostering resilience and promoting growth after trauma

To summarize, when thinking about trauma, promoting resilience and personal development isn’t just important for individuals—it can really help whole communities. Interventions that work best focus on improving mental resources. Things like resilience, belief in yourself, and good memories are key; research shows they help people grow after hard times (Ime Y et al., 2025). A complete view suggests older models need updating. It is important to think about values. People will need to reconstruct their personal priorities and beliefs after trauma (Y Nazar, 2024). Acknowledging the psychological and value-based elements, practitioners can then design specific therapies to help survivors heal. Personal strengths mixed with social factors greatly affect how each person recovers. Resilience is key, and it is a communal asset in overcoming life’s difficulties.

Additional Resources

Sutton, J, (2019). “What Is Post-Traumatic Growth? (+ PTG Inventory & Scale)”.  Positive Psychology.  Access here

Collier, L. (2016). “Growth after trauma”. APA.  Access here

Gills, K. (2024). “What Makes Us Resilient After Trauma?”. Psychology Today. Access here

“6 Essential Lessons from a Survivor: Building Resilience After Trauma”. Mind Resilient.  Access here

 

Neurobiology and Trauma

Posted on by Mark Moran

When a person is confronted with a life and death situation, the body responds with a fight, flight, or freeze response.  Other responses can include fawning, or complete total shutdown of the body.  These behavioral responses to stressors, life altering events, or trauma in forms of abuse or loss correlate with inner workings of the sympathetic nervous system which activates the body to respond.  While in the acute phase of reaction to threats, this evolutionary reaction system is good and beneficial but when trauma becomes stuck and unresolved resulting in constant hyperarousal or hypoarousal manifested in PTSD, then it can become pathological and require intense therapy to resolve the unresolved trauma.  This article will review the inner workings of trauma response within the brain and why unresolved trauma becomes an issue for some individuals.

The limbic system plays a key role in the brain in accessing threats and dealing with trauma, Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care Program

Please also review AIHCP’s Healthcare Certifications, especially in Trauma Informed Care, Grief Counseling and Crisis Intervention

The Brain and Threat Reaction

All reactions within the body are due to stressors.  When something is perceived as a threat, the body responds.  This fear circuitry promotes safety and survival (Evans, 2014, p. 20).   The old part of the brain is the emotional part and possesses the feelings while the newer more evolved part of the brain processes the feelings from an intellectual perspective.  Both these processes interact in stress response over riding each other.  The primary reactions to stress include the autonomic nervous system which activates the sympathetic for fight or flight, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which releases hormones and cortisol for stress response and the limbic system of the brain which processes threats and emotions during a threat.

Evans notes that the fear response to threats is a crucial part of human survival and the process in which human beings react to fear in the brain is essential (2014, p. 21).  Unfortunately, some events are not processed properly in the moment due to extreme emotional imprinting and this leads to unresolved issues.

In any fear, terror, or stress moment, the brain analyzes the threat.   Within seconds, the sympathetic nervous system is activated to the perceived threat.  The body releases norepinephrine and epinephrine , also known as noradrenaline and adrenaline into the body.  The hypothalamus and pituitary gland also then releases cortisol into the body.  This increases blood flow and heart rate, tightens muscles and prepares the body for fight or flight.  In turn the amygdala processes these emotions and stores them.  While the amygdala is operating, the prefrontal cortex or thinking part of the brain is less active.  Once the threat is distinguished, the body is supposed to return to a base line state.  Evans refers to this process as fear extinction (2014, p., 21).  Individuals who continue to experience heightened fear responses when the threat is no longer an issue exist in a state of dysfunction with unresolved trauma since the brain cannot tell the difference between the memory and current non-threatening state.

Key to stress response are three key parts of the brain.  This includes the hippocampus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex which make up the limbic system.  These three interplay with each other and are key to fear extinction, emotional regulation and cognitive reasoning (Evans, 2014, p. 22).  They also play a key role in storing memories from short term to long term storage and differentiating between past and present threats.  The hippocampus deals with memory and context.  It plays a key role in processing and storing memories and when the hippocampus is in dysfunction this can negatively effect trauma resolution. The amygdala during the stress response also becomes activated.   The amydala is the alarm system of the brain.  Those with PTSD are said to have a hyperactive amygdala due to unresolved trauma which prevents fear extinction (Evans, 2014, p.24).   The pre-frontal cortex which manages cognitive thought, emotional regulation and decision making.  It can also become impaired during trauma.  When not working, it can lead to subjective fears and lack of emotional regulation and loss of rationale.  Under normal circumstances, fear is extinguished and the body returns to a normal state via the hippocampus processing the context of here and then, the prefrontal cortex processing the event, and the amygdala activation decreasing.  In cases when trauma is unresolved, the hippocampus is unable to process the here and now, while the amygdala remains hyperactivated, preventing the prefrontal cortex from processing the event.  This hinders the ability of the hippocampus to store the memory properly in the past and the hyperactivation of the amygdala inhibits the prefrontal cortex from problem solving (Evans, 2014, p. 31-32).

Unresolved Trauma and PTSD

Individuals exposed to extreme cases of pain, loss, abuse, war, or inhumane treatment have the potential for PTSD.   Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD is one of the most common forms of unresolved trauma disorders that individuals face.  Once considered only a war time disorder, it now can effect any trauma survivor of abuse, rape, or natural disaster.  Yet it is important to note that the same horrific event may be processed by some and not others. Most can process the traumatic event within 3 months, while others may experience prolonged trauma (Evans, 2014, p. 29).  Numerous subjective variables about the person’s genetics, brain structure, past trauma, resilient traits and social support all play roles why some persons process trauma without dysfunction and others do.  It is not a sign of weakness but merely an inability for a particular case and reason that the brain is unable to properly process the situation.  As seen above, this sometimes has much to do with the amygdala and the inability to  extinguish the fear.

While many only correlate PTSD with veterans it can also affect survivors of abuse or other traumatic experiences

Due to these issues, hyperarousal or hypoarousal can occur in those with PTSD.  This leads to re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance, as well as hyperarousal which can lead to hypervigilance (Evans, 2014.. p. 29). Those with PTSD are unable to regulate emotions when hyperarousal or hypoarousal occur.  To learn more about hyperarousal or hypoarousal and emotional regulation, please click here.  Whether hypoarousal and its symptoms of numbing, withdraw and dissociation, or hyperarousal and its symptoms of anxiety and hypervigilance, the brain is unable to differentiate the past trauma with current triggers.  This can cause flashbacks where the person loses contact with time, or location.  Only until the person learns grounding techniques and ways to regulate emotion can he/she find a window of tolerance to experience the event, process it, recreate new neuropathways associated with the memory, and store it long term without unresolved trauma symptoms.

Many counselors utilize exposure therapies such as EMDR, or cognitive therapies such as CBT to help clients and victims revisit and reframe the event in a healthy fashion and learn to process it as well as manage and regulate emotions that can be triggered due to the event.

Conclusion

The purpose of this short article was more so to understand the parts of the brain associated with the stress response and how the brain normally operates to better understand why when it does not operate correctly, one experiences unresolved trauma and PTSD.  An overactive amygdala and underactive prefrontal cortex play off each other and cause the inability for the body to continue the process of fear extinction.  This causes an inability of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex to properly process, understand and store the memory.  While most resolve traumatic experiences within 3 months, some do not.  There are many subjective variables as to why one person and not another may experience unresolved trauma.  Trauma Informed Care specialists understand the neuroscience behind PTSD and help the client or victim find windows of tolerance and teach them emotional regulation and grounding techniques to heal from cope as well as heal from past trauma.

Please also review AIHCP’s many healthcare certification programs and see if they meet your academic and professional goals

Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care Program as well as its many healthcare certification programs.

Reference

Evans, A. & Coccoma, P. (2014).”Trauma Informed Care: How Neuroscience Influences Practice”. Routledge.

Additional Resources

“The Neurobiology of Trauma: Understanding the Brain’s Response to Adverse Experiences 2025”. Kaplan Therapy.  Access here

“How the Brain Reacts to Stress and Trauma” Science News Today.  Access here

Kubala, K. (2021). “The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain”. PsychCentral.  Access here

“Trauma and the Brain: PTSD Brain Diagrams Explained” (2024). NeuroLaunch. Access here

 

 

 

Trauma Informed Care: Vicarious Trauma, Compassion Fatigue, Burnout and Regulating Self

Posted on by Mark Moran

It is only natural for many counselors to become sickened, disgusted, angered, or enraged when discussing trauma with a victim.  The stories of abuse against the innocent cry for justice.  As counselors, or safe guarders, in many ways, these emotions are important in helping the counselor or social worker become instilled with the desire to find justice of the victim and legal punishment for the perpetrator.  Hence, it is natural to feel.  Counselors are not robots and as human beings, they can become influenced and effected by the details of the stories of victims.  These effects can appear in forms of vicarious trauma, compassion burnout, or even loss of emotional control in a counseling session.  As healthcare professionals, it is imperative that counselors, social workers and pastoral caregivers are able to monitor themselves in order to be there for the client/victim.   In this article, we look at vicarious trauma, burnout and regulating self and how it is important to identify these things and utilize the skills of regulation in counseling, but also every day life.

Vicarious trauma is indirect trauma that affects the counselor or caregiver. Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care program

Please also review AIHCP’s Healthcare Certifications as well as its Trauma Informed Care program, as well as AIHCP’s Grief Counseling and Crisis Intervention programs.

Absorption Vulnerability: What is Vicarious Trauma, Compassion Fatigue and Burnout?

It falls under the umbrella of vulnerability absorption.  Counselors can become affected by their clients and the stories told by them. Within these types of absorption, counselors can face compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, or burnout.  Within compassion fatigue, the trauma and stories of the victim wear down the counselor emotionally.  It affects their ability to be empathetic and optimistic in the therapeutic relationship.. Vicarious trauma, on the hand has a different type of reaction to trauma.  Vicarious trauma is when a counselor or mental health professional is indirectly affected by the trauma of the client/victim (Compton, 2024, p. 236) but in this type of trauma, the counselor experiences types of post traumatic stress symptoms.  It goes beyond the emotional wear of compassion fatigue but also affects the beliefs and behavior of the counselor.  Burnout on the other hand does not include the trauma of the victim, but has more to do with large caseload, working long hours and inter stress dynamics at work (Compton, 2024, p. 236).  All symptoms of burnout as well as vicarious trauma and compassion fatigue are detrimental to the therapeutic relationship because it weakens the counselor’s ability to actively listen, employ empathy, help the client heal and remain regulated. Some may overlap and also play on each other.

Compton points out that counselors who are more susceptible to vicarious trauma and absorption vulnerability usually have past trauma that is triggered in counseling through the indirect trauma of the client (2024, p. 238).  Hence indirect exposure to horrible stories of abuse, one’s own past trauma history and the triggers associated with it can engage within the counselor various trauma responses.  Like the client, the counselor can experiences challenges to one’s own beliefs and world views and also cause an existential crisis of faith (Compton, 2024, p. 237).  This can later filter into the counselor’s home life causing counselors to either avoid those in need, or to overcompensate with becoming to involved.  Overinvolvement and lack of professional boundary can lead the counselor into seeing the client as oneself and lead to clouded vision as well as trying to do too much beyond one’s skill level in some cases.

Regulating One’s Emotions

When hearing horrific stories of abuse, it can be difficult during a session for a counselor to be able to maintain the needed co-regulation for a client.  A counselor, like a trauma survivor, can enter into states of hyperarousal or hypoarousal.  In other articles, we discussed the nature of hyper and hypoarousal states of the client, but these same states can also affect the counselor in negative ways.  In regards to hyperarousal, a counselor may become more irritated, anxious, or upset, while also feeling an increased heart rate as the sympathetic nervous system is activated.  Likewise, a counselor may become dissociated, numb or lost due to the reaction of the parasympathetic system.  In both cases, the counselor is losing the ability to regulate.

Settling oneself without upsetting the client is key.  In the hyperarousal state, the counselor needs to settle and ground oneself by calming the mind through breathing, grounding, or other cognitive exercises that relax the sympathetic nervous system, while in the hypoarousal state, a counselor needs to activate by stimulating the brain or creating movement.  Many times, it is encouraged in these activation or settling techniques to discreetly include the client who may well also be experiencing tension.  Hence any of deep breathing exercises or cognitive grounding techniques, as well as movement, stretching, or even a cold glass of water can help a counselor and client regain emotional regulation.  Many of these grounding techniques and how to utilize them are mentioned in other AIHCP articles.  Please click here to review grounding and containment strategies.

While counselors track clients emotional and physical reactions, counselors can also scan their own body for hyper or hypoarousal.  Compton recommends scanning one’s own body in intense moments to detect these emotional changes within the body.  In addition, Compton recommends evaluating ones subjective unit of distress on a scale of 1 to 10 via the SUDS scale (2024,. p. 249).  It is  important to understand not only the window of tolerance of one’s client but also oneself.  Again, the window of tolerance refers to the optimal time a person is able to discuss trauma in a rational and calm way without triggers activating a fight, flight or freeze response.   In charts, the window of tolerance is colored as a green zone, while hyperarousal is dictated a red zone, while hypoarousal is regarded as the gray zone.  When in the red zone of hyperarousal, a counselor needs to stop and engage in calming activities, while when in the grey zone of hypoarousal, a counselor needs to activate and arouse the mind and body (Compton, 2024, p. 248-249).

Intense emotions of clients can cause vulnerability absorption in counselors. Counselors need a others-orientated empathy to properly help clients heal

Key regulation, a counselor needs to identify triggers that can cause these reactions.  As human beings counselors too have triggers that can cause various reactions to a story or person.  Past trauma, one’s own biases,  and one’s own way of handling things can cause internal division with the client and it is important to identify these triggers.  These triggers can cause issues with providing unconditional positive regard and empathy to the client.  In displaying empathy, sometimes, according to Compton, can fall into two categories- self-orientated empathy and others-orientated empathy.  In regards to self-orientated empathy, one feels the pain of others but it affects the person directly and impacts their ability to help, while others-orientated empathy allows one to feel but gives the necessary space and distance to help others in suffering (2024, p. 254). To review AIHCP’s previous article on unconditional positive regard and empathy, please click here.

Counselors when they do feel emotions should not dismiss the feeling as bad or good.  Emotions, according to Compton, are not dangerous in themselves but a counselor simply needs to allow and notice them but constrain them for the benefit of the client (2024, p. 256-57).  In addition, certain stories may also lead rumination or the inability to shake a certain thought or memory that has invaded the mind during counseling.  Compton suggest focusing such worries and thoughts to goal solving thoughts (2024, p. 258).   Again, emotions and thoughts are natural, but as professionals, one needs to identify them and properly regulate them in counseling.

Self Care

Counselors, like any caregivers or safe guarders, experience many terrible thing through the stories they hear.  The ability to absorb but yet to effectively care is a thin line from falling victim to vicarious traumas.  Hence it is so important for counselors to be skilled in self-regulating, but also skilled in understanding professional and emotional boundaries.  Counselors need to ensure that their brain and body is able to find the necessary time to heal and rest.  Self care is in many ways stewardship of self.  It involves understanding that one is not the ultimate solver of all problems and understanding the value of time and how to utilize it for the greatest good.   Sometimes, it is the mind that needs the most rest.  Allowing the mind freedom from unnecessary trauma or images when away can allow one to find peace at home.  Instead images or stories or movies that may invoke triggers should be avoided. Hence according to Compton, it is important to be a steward of one’s mind, body, time and relationships with others.  This involves boundaries as well as enjoying the good in life.  It can be very difficult to avoid the fog and darkness of abuse and the counselor needs to have balance.  Spirituality, hobbies, time off, boundaries, as well as utilization of grounding techniques and the mastery of them is key.  Deep breathing, relaxation, meditation, and digesting good and wholesome content is important for counselors to be able to continue to give quality care to each hurt soul

Conclusion

Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care program as well as its Healthcare certification programs

Counseling and safe guarding victims of trauma takes a toll on healthy minds.  Positive energy and coregulation of the counselor in the therapeutic relationship can be weakened through vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue or burnout.  Hence it is critical to understand one’s own triggers, as well as the ability to regulate one’s emotional responses.  Self care is essential to maintain a healthy balance to keep counselors up to the large task of helping victims heal.

Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care program, as well as its other Mental and Behavioral Health Certifications.

Resource

Compton, L & Patterson, T (2024). “Skills for Safeguarding: A Guide to Preventing Abuse and Fostering Healing in the Church” Intervarsity Press.

Additional Resources

Compton, L., & Patterson, T. (2024, March 14). Absorption Vulnerability: A New Look at Compassion Fatigue. Traumatology. Advance online publication.  Click here
Vicarious Trauma: “What To Do When Others’ Distress Impacts Your Well-Being”. (2024). Cleveland Clinic: Health Essentials. Access here

Matejko, S. (2022). “What Is Vicarious Trauma?”. PsychCentral. Access here

Luster, R. (2022). “Vicarious Trauma: A Trauma Shared”. Psychology Today. Access here

 

Signs of Trauma and Abuse Video Blog

Posted on by Mark Moran

It is imperative within trauma informed care to be aware of and looking for signs of trauma or abuse in clients.  This video looks at some signs of abuse and trauma.  Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care program, as well as its Crisis Intervention program and Grief Counseling program.  AIHCP offers a variety of healthcare certification programs. Please click here

Emotional Healing Process in Counseling

Posted on by Mark Moran

Emotional Healing Process in Counseling

I. Introduction

The emotional healing process in counseling is a multifaceted journey that necessitates an understanding of both psychological and therapeutic frameworks. Integral to this process is the recognition of how various therapeutic modalities can facilitate the expression of complex emotions. For instance, the use of film and other artistic mediums has been increasingly acknowledged for their capacity to prompt discussions surrounding difficult topics, offering clients a unique lens through which to explore their feelings more safely. As noted in contemporary studies, such interventions, including psychoeducational approaches, can significantly enhance individuals understanding of mental health issues and their symptoms, fostering improved communication and engagement in therapy (Jones B et al., 2017). This foundation sets the stage for a collaborative therapeutic environment where clients feel empowered to confront and navigate their emotional experiences, ultimately aiding in their journey toward recovery (Amann et al., 2010). Understanding this process is pivotal for counselors aiming to adapt their methods to meet the diverse needs of clients.

Finding emotional healing through counseling. Please also review AIHCP’s Healthcare Certifications

Please also review AIHCP’s healthcare certifications for healthcare professionals and also mental and behavioral health professionals.

A. Definition of emotional healing

Emotional healing can be defined as the process through which individuals address and work through their emotional wounds, ultimately leading to a state of psychological well-being and resilience. This journey involves recognizing one’s emotions, understanding their impacts, and developing coping mechanisms to manage them effectively. Within the counseling context, emotional healing is not merely about alleviating symptoms of distress but encompasses a holistic approach that integrates various therapeutic modalities. Such modalities may include cognitive-behavioral techniques, mindfulness practices, and interpersonal therapies, all of which aim to foster self-awareness and facilitate deeper emotional understanding. As highlighted in recent discussions about counseling psychology, integrating social justice and multicultural competencies into therapeutic practices can enhance emotional healing by acknowledging the diverse backgrounds and experiences of clients (Butler-Byrd et al., 2008). This comprehensive approach ultimately allows individuals to reclaim their emotional health and navigate their lives with renewed strength and perspective (Nurmalia (Editor) et al., 2015).

B. Importance of counseling in the healing process

In the realm of emotional healing, counseling serves as a pivotal component that facilitates recovery and resilience. Through structured dialogue and therapeutic interventions, individuals can explore their feelings and confront unresolved traumas, ultimately leading to greater self-awareness and personal growth. For instance, the psychosocial support provided by organizations like Save the Children underscores the importance of addressing emotional needs in the aftermath of traumatic events, such as natural disasters, where emotional turmoil is prevalent (Prewitt DD et al., 2019). Furthermore, traditional healing practices, as highlighted in recent studies, demonstrate that culturally sensitive approaches can enhance the effectiveness of counseling by integrating familiar rites and community support mechanisms (Hill et al., 2016). This synergy between clinical and traditional methods not only enriches the therapeutic experience but also fosters a sense of belonging and identity, essential elements in the healing journey. Thus, the role of counseling extends beyond mere symptom relief, embodying a holistic approach to emotional recovery.

C. Overview of the essay structure

To effectively convey the complexities of the emotional healing process in counseling, the structure of the essay is pivotal in guiding the reader through the central themes and arguments. Each section serves a distinct purpose: beginning with an introduction that outlines the importance of emotional healing, followed by a literature review that situates current theories within a pluralistic framework, as suggested by the belief that psychological difficulties may arise from multiple causes and thus require diverse therapeutic methods (Cooper et al., 2007). The subsequent analysis of different counseling techniques showcases the practical implications of these frameworks, while the conclusion reflects on the collaborative nature of the counseling relationship, emphasizing the synergy between therapist and client. Such an organized structure not only aids comprehension but also allows for a critical examination of the evolving discourse surrounding emotional healing as a dynamic process within the therapeutic setting (Siegel et al., 2007).

II. Understanding Emotional Healing

Emotional healing is a complex process that encompasses not only the alleviation of psychological distress but also the restoration of internal balance and self-awareness. This involves a multifaceted exploration of the individual’s emotional landscape, recognizing how feelings can manifest in both psychological and physical ailments, as highlighted in the discussion of holistic health approaches in cancer counseling (Miller et al., 1976). Therapists play a vital role by guiding clients through their feelings, yet they must respect the nuances of each persons belief system and expectations in therapy, as seen in the example of Len, who sought counseling within a Christian context (McMinn et al., 1991). This illustrates the importance of tailoring therapeutic interventions to the clients worldview, ultimately paving the way for a truly integrated healing experience. By fostering an environment that promotes self-reflection and personal responsibility, counselors can significantly facilitate the emotional healing journey for their clients.

Emotional healing is a process like any form of healing that takes time and also recognition of the emotions.

A. The psychological basis of emotional healing

The psychological basis of emotional healing centers on the interplay between emotional awareness and therapeutic processes, which are crucial in counseling. Acknowledging emotions is a foundational step in promoting psychological well-being, as it allows individuals to confront and process their feelings rather than suppress them. Techniques derived from emotion-focused therapy (EFT), for instance, advocate for the integration of emotional experiences into the therapeutic dialogue, enhancing clients emotional regulation and fostering insights into their behavioral patterns (Elliott et al., 2012). The importance of holistic approaches, which encompass various therapeutic modalities, is also emphasized in contemporary discussions surrounding emotional healing. These practices facilitate the acknowledgment of mind-body connections, reinforcing the notion that psychological healing transcends mere cognitive restructuring and includes bodily sensations and physiological responses (Nurmalia (Editor) et al., 2015). Ultimately, understanding the psychological mechanisms underlying emotional healing is imperative for effectively guiding individuals through their recovery journeys in counseling settings.

B. Stages of emotional healing

The stages of emotional healing are crucial in understanding the complexities of the counseling process and the individuals journey toward recovery. Initially, individuals often experience a profound sense of shock and denial, which can obstruct the path to acceptance and integration of their emotional wounds. As clients progress through the stages, they may encounter feelings of anger or guilt, which need to be processed to promote healing. This emotional turbulence is matched by the emerging realization of personal agency in the healing process, aligning with recent findings that underscore the clients role in therapy. For instance, qualitative studies suggest that clients are actively involved in their therapeutic journey, contributing significantly to the outcome, even in the face of challenges presented by their counselors (Bergin A E et al., 2003). Additionally, modalities like music therapy have proven beneficial, enhancing emotional expression and remembrance, ultimately facilitating deeper healing (Shotts et al., 2018). Understanding these stages allows counselors to tailor interventions that resonate with each unique emotional experience.

C. Factors influencing the healing process

The emotional healing process is profoundly impacted by a multitude of factors that inform both the individual’s psychological state and the counseling environment. One critical element is the quality of therapeutic relationships, as strong, trusting connections between counselor and client can significantly enhance the therapeutic experience and promote healing. Furthermore, individual characteristics such as personality traits, resilience, and prior experiences play an essential role in how clients navigate their emotional struggles. External influences, such as socio-cultural dynamics and access to supportive resources, including peer networks and community engagement, also shape recovery pathways. For instance, a study highlights that students’ consumption behaviors reflect social norms and accessibility, indicating that communal factors can influence personal choices, including those related to emotional well-being (Nurmalia (Editor) et al., 2015), (Nurrahima et al., 2015). Thus, understanding these multifaceted influences can provide counselors with a comprehensive framework for fostering healing and growth in their clients.

III. Role of the Counselor in Emotional Healing

The role of the counselor in emotional healing is multifaceted, encompassing various therapeutic strategies that facilitate recovery and personal growth. Counselors serve as supportive guides, creating a safe environment where clients can express their feelings and confront emotional turmoil. In this therapeutic setting, engagement and adherence to ongoing treatment processes are critical, as evidenced by studies indicating that successful recovery often hinges on participation in structured care programs (Foote et al., 2014). Furthermore, integrative therapies, such as family and storytelling approaches, can significantly enhance emotional healing by fostering a sense of belonging and understanding within familial units, particularly in children facing trauma (Desiningrum et al., 2016). Through these methods, counselors not only help individuals navigate their emotional landscapes but also cultivate resilience and coping mechanisms essential for long-term healing. Ultimately, the counselor’s role is pivotal in guiding clients toward achieving a healthier emotional state and improved life satisfaction.

Counselors play a large role in helping healing through the therapeutic relationship

A. Establishing a therapeutic relationship

The establishment of a therapeutic relationship serves as a foundational pillar in the emotional healing process within counseling environments. This relationship is a delicate interplay of trust, compassion, and mutual understanding, fostering an atmosphere where clients feel safe to explore their innermost feelings. The therapist’s role extends beyond mere guidance; it involves creating a setting where clients can articulate their struggles, as exemplified by Len, who revealed critical personal information early in his session due to the perceived shared values of his Christian counselor (McMinn et al., 1991). Furthermore, therapeutic tools such as film have shown potential in aiding this process by offering clients a way to confront and discuss difficult topics more comfortably, thus bridging gaps in communication (Amann et al., 2010). Ultimately, the quality of the therapeutic relationship significantly influences treatment outcomes, helping clients navigate their emotional landscapes effectively.

B. Techniques and approaches used in counseling

Counseling success hinges quite a bit on the techniques and methods used; these are very important for helping people heal emotionally. Integrating film into therapy is one approach gaining traction, acting like a bridge to tough emotional subjects. Counselors use movies to create a secure space, allowing clients to address sensitive issues more freely, which they might otherwise avoid. (Amann et al., 2010). This helps improve communication and offers a reflective outlet, making it easier for clients to look at their experiences. Research also highlights how important active client involvement is these days. Studies show that how well counseling works isn’t just about the therapist’s skill; the client’s engagement and how they see the therapy matter a lot, suggesting a need to rethink what “success” means in this context (Bergin A E et al., 2003). Generally speaking, these components show just how varied and important counseling techniques are for promoting emotional healing.

C. Ethical considerations in the counseling process

Ethical considerations, within counseling’s complex field, are key for emotional healing to occur. Counselors need to put client well-being and independence first. They have to make sure the client feels secure and valued throughout the therapy. This means knowing how much cultural diversity matters, especially when it comes to religion and spirituality, and understanding how these things shape who a person is and what they’ve gone through. Ethical guidelines push counselors to change how they do things. Think about assimilative, accommodative, and collaborative methods that bring spirituality into therapy (McMinn et al., 2012). And, tools such as movies can be a healing method enabling clients to participate in difficult topics; encouraging reflection (Amann et al., 2010). Navigating these complexities, counselors boost their professional image and add significantly to a clients emotional road to recovery.

IV. Challenges in the Emotional Healing Process

Embarking on the emotional healing journey presents real hurdles, doesn’t it? It’s tough for both clients and counselors in therapy. Clients, you see, often come in carrying a lot of emotional baggage, really wanting to get better but also feeling pretty vulnerable and worried about what’s going to happen. Take Len, for example. He was really nervous about talking about his feelings in counseling and felt more comfortable with a Christian counselor. This shows that clients sometimes have fixed ideas about what kind of help they need. These kinds of assumptions? Well, they can actually get in the way of therapy by making it harder to open up and really dig into those emotions (McMinn et al., 1991). Counselors, on the other hand, are trying to juggle integrating social justice and multicultural awareness into what they do. It’s not easy; it means they have to keep learning and working with all kinds of different people (Butler-Byrd et al., 2008). This back-and-forth between what clients are going through personally and what counselors need to do professionally really shows how complicated emotional healing is, highlighting that a really thoughtful approach is necessary in counseling.

Many individuals resist healing due to obstacles they must overcome emotionally and mentally. Please also review AIHCP’s Healthcare certifications

A. Common obstacles faced by clients

Those seeking counseling frequently run into hurdles that might actually slow down their emotional recovery. A big one? Sometimes it’s simply not understanding what therapy is all about. Like Len, many show up with ideas already set in their minds about what counseling should be, especially if their faith plays a significant role (McMinn et al., 1991). Plus, it’s common to feel anxious and exposed, and that feeling makes it hard to really open up to the counselor. Societal stigmas definitely don’t help, making it tough for people to dive fully into therapy. Work stress, rocky relationships — these outside factors can also pull focus away from the therapy itself, showing just how crucial a supportive environment is for feeling better. Addressing these obstacles, and building trust through good communication, is vital for making progress in therapy (Lawson et al., 2019).

B. The impact of trauma on healing

Counseling presents significant hurdles, largely due to the complex dance between trauma and the journey to heal. Trauma, be it from natural disasters, violence between people, or overarching systemic conflicts, doesn’t just upset emotional stability, it also weakens one’s ability to bounce back. Take, for example, events such as Hurricanes Harvey and Maria; psychosocial support is extremely important in helping people, especially kids, deal with emotional chaos and start over (Prewitt DD et al., 2019). In similar fashion, the experience of young people involved in intergroup conflicts creates specific vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities can impede their ability to participate in healing and peacebuilding activities, thus underscoring how necessary trauma-aware strategies are in therapeutic environments (Hester et al., 2016). In helping their clients find emotional healing, therapists need to recognize and address the lasting marks of trauma. Only then can they establish a safe and encouraging space for recovery. To put it another way, trauma’s impact isn’t a minor issue; instead, it’s a major factor that deserves close attention in counseling.

C. Strategies for overcoming challenges

When individuals seek counseling, the path to emotional healing usually involves utilizing diverse methods designed to help them conquer individual hurdles, thereby sparking profound change. A particularly important method is nurturing supportive connections, which can encourage feelings of acceptance and empathy. In fact, peer support, as seen in several studies, shows that engaging with people who’ve gone through similar situations can boost confidence and aid recovery (Murti et al., 2016). Additionally, factoring in a client’s values and belief system within the therapeutic process, especially in Christian counseling, can be essential in building trust and opening the door to self-discovery. Clients such as Len, for instance, have noted how crucial it is that therapy aligns with their faith, demonstrating their need for specialized support that’s in sync with their beliefs (McMinn et al., 1991). Therefore, combining both strong support systems and customized techniques serves as a vital element in successfully handling the emotional struggles involved in a client’s therapeutic journey.

V. Conclusion

To wrap things up, emotional healing through counseling proves to be intricate, yet essential, calling for understanding and a collaborative spirit from both the counselor and the client. It’s been suggested that clients sometimes come to therapy with established ideas on what it should be like, often looking for something that matches their values. Take, for instance, religious clients, such as Len, who came seeking specific emotional support and a counselor whose beliefs were in sync with his (McMinn et al., 1991). Furthermore, peer support highlights the significance of shared experiences in healing. This underscores individual counseling methods, as well as community and relationships, which can really boost a person’s confidence during their journey (Murti et al., 2016). Recognizing these different aspects is what helps counselors offer better support, encouraging emotional growth and the ability to bounce back in a healing setting.

Please also review AIHCP’s healthcare certifications as well as its mental and behavioral health certifications.

Please also review AIHCP’s Mental and Behavioral Health certifications

A. Summary of key points

To recap, when looking at emotional healing during counseling, what really stands out is how helpful therapy can be in letting people express and understand their feelings. Take Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT), for example. It blends ideas from gestalt and humanistic therapies to build a strong, client-focused relationship that values emotional awareness (Elliott, Watson, Goldman & Greenberg, 2004) (Elliott et al., 2012). This approach uses modern ideas about emotion and attachment, which are so important for helping clients heal as they look into and accept their feelings. Then there are influences, like that from Counseling and the Demonic, that really show the tricky parts of emotional healing, making it clear that dealing with the real root of problems can really change how therapy goes (Bufford et al., 1988). Basically, these ideas emphasize how emotional exploration is needed during counseling, and this exploration can really help people change and heal in a big way.

B. The significance of emotional healing in overall well-being

Within the realm of counseling, attending to emotional healing is quite important for boosting general well-being. During therapy, clients can work through their feelings, which could build personal growth and toughness. Studies show that when clients really put effort into their therapy, it’s usually more helpful (Bergin A E et al., 2003). This effort can cause huge changes in how they handle their feelings. Digging deeper into who you are really helps with coping and fixing your relationships. Also, things like movies and art can really help people show and think about their emotions, which in turn helps them heal (Amann et al., 2010). By looking at emotional hurts, people can get mentally healthier and maybe even feel more connected and happy.

C. Future directions for research and practice in counseling

Looking ahead, as counseling changes, we need to focus on new types of therapy that help people heal emotionally. Adventure therapy is one idea that seems to hold promise, with studies indicating it may significantly help people cope better while also fostering improved relationships with their counselors. Evidence suggests these hands-on approaches don’t just lessen stress; they also support the development of good coping mechanisms, really enhancing what counseling offers (Gass et al., 2015). Additionally, working with professionals from other fields — something discussed at recent conferences — may help us see holistic methods in new ways, giving counselors more techniques to use (Nurmalia (Editor) et al., 2015). Exploring this area allows us to build improved frameworks for deeper emotional healing, leading to life-changing results for people facing emotional difficulties.

Additional AIHCP BLOGS

Coping vs Healing. Access here

Additional Resources

“The 7 Stages of Emotional Healing: A Roadmap to Peace”. Growing Self. Access here

“The Stages of Emotional Healing: Understanding the Journey” (2023). A Beautiful Soul. Access here

“Therapy Explained: Exploring The Therapeutic Process Steps” (2025). Better Help. Access here

Blanchfield, T. (2025). “How to Find Emotional Healing”. Very Well Mind. Access here

Trauma Counseling: Regulating Trauma and Emotion During Counseling

Posted on by Mark Moran

Many times in counseling when discussing trauma, emotions can emerge tied to the unresolved trauma that can de-regulate a client/victim/survivor.  Discussing issues of abuse, or loss, or traumatic memories whether current or in the past can cause individuals suffering from unresolved trauma to dissociate from the present, flashback to the past, or enter into states of emotional dysregulation.  Licensed counselors who specialize in trauma care and crisis intervention have strong understandings to utilize techniques to help ground and contain negative emotions associated with trauma.  Unlicensed mental health professionals in crisis response or even pastoral care may sometimes come across individuals who also need these same techniques due to acute crisis or trauma.  It is hence important to understand how to help individuals suffering from PTSD, acute trauma, or unresolved trauma with the appropriate techniques to help victims or survivors find stabilization.  This article will focus more on in session counseling and long term trauma care than immediate psychological first aid which is addressed in other blogs.  Primarily, we will discuss the therapeutic relationship’s window of tolerance with a victim/survivor, how to expand this window, and review various techniques found in grounding and containment to help others find calm and peace.

Many clients/survivors/victims need aid in regulating emotion after trauma. Please review AIHCP’s healthcare certifications

Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care Program, as well as its Crisis Intervention program and also all of AIHCP’s Healthcare Certifications.

Window of Tolerance

In counseling, individuals can experience emotional dysregulation due to unresolved past trauma.  Simple triggers of retelling the story, to similar images in a room, or a familiar scent can reset a person and dissociate, flashback, or cause intense states of hyperarousal or hypoarousal.   Compton explains that individuals can experience two types of dysregulation.  In hyperarousal, the person becomes angry, anxious, hypervigilant, or impulsive (2024, p. 208).  Compton points out that with hypoarousal the opposite occurs when the person experiences withdraw, numbness and lack of emotion even in some cases to a state of dissociation (2024. p. 209).  In the fight or flight response, counselors will see anger and anxiety, but during the freeze response, counselors will see the shutdown.  These are natural ways the body and brain responds to past trauma.  The key is how easily can one’s system return to a state or emotional regulation when dealing with these triggers or reminders that cause emotions to emerge.  Individuals in trauma can be stuck in a variety of phases, some may exist in a state where they feel no safety anywhere, others may exist in a state where safety may not be an issue but trust is totally lacking.  It is the goal of the counselor through the therapeutic relationship to help victims again find phases of regained power, regained self esteem and eventually the phase where they can again reintegrate with society and form healthy relationships.  It is within the Window of Tolerance of a person’s emotional state where this healing can occur.

The Window of Tolerance is term phrased by Ogden, Minton and Pain that refers to the optimal window of time between hyper and hypoarousal states in which a person can experience balance (Compton, 2024, p. 209).  Within this period of time, therapeutic counseling can occur where the trauma can be discussed and better ways to cope can learned by the client.  During this time as well, the reasoning part of the brain as opposed to the emotional part has more awareness to communicate, reason, learn and grow (Compton, 2024, p. 209).   Counselors can help clients learn how to operate and heal within the window but also learn ways to expand this window in real world settings through a variety of skills.   Counselors can help clients co-regulate their emotions within the window and expand it through supplying empathy, support, a safe and secure environment and also preventing re-trauma by limiting or eliminating potential triggers.

Counselors during this time through the therapeutic relationship can help with focusing on the needs of the client and being aware of discomfort or physical manifestations associated with mental discomfort.  Compton points out that the term “interoception” best describes the ability of a counselor to have this type of awareness of what is happening inside someone based on what the body is displaying or doing in the moment (2024, p. 196).  this is why watching for non-verbal cues is key in counseling during the selective attention skill of focusing.   During this important window, counselors should engage their clients.  By focusing, reflecting and providing context, counselors can help survivors understand their trauma better (2024, p. 197).   In addition to engaging, counselors need to help clients process emotion and then help them reflect on it.  The biggest part of processing is not only discussing it, understanding it,  and reframing it but to also learn how to manage it.

Tracking and Identifying Emotional States

Within trauma counseling, it is important to utilize the window of tolerance but it is also equally important to track the client’s body and behavior for signs of either hyperarousal or hypoarousal.  It is also important to track oneself, since sometimes the stories and events relayed can even shock a counselor and cause deregulation within.  It is important to note that most individuals exist within a normal operating existence of balance when viewing safety and conditions.  The securing of safe environments and the scanning by the brain to ensure safety within a environment is referred to as neuroception.  A person in a calm and secure state is not activating the sympathetic nervous system but is existing in normal state where the cognitive functions of the brain are operating.  When the sympathetic nervous system strikes it can close down cognitive functioning and increase emotional responses.  Fight, flight or freeze, or even fawn can emerge as reactions to this.  Interesting enough in cases of hypoarousal, the parasympathetic system, the calming aspect of our nervous system, can deactivate an individual due to the intensity of the trauma or recalling the trauma.  When working with survivors or victims, merely recalling traumatic events can cause a hyper or hypoarousal response.  This can affect healing and reduce the window time tolerance to discuss the trauma with the cognitive functions operating.

Tracking emotions and signs is hence an important skill for a counselor in any session but even more so when helping individuals in intense grief, loss, crisis or intense trauma.  In states of hyperarousal a person will display various physical and also behavioral symptoms. In essence the person cannot calm down.   Clients in hyperarousal can display anxiety, irritability, panic or rage.  They may have racing thoughts, or an inability to concentrate and may display signs of hypervigilance during the session.  Physically they have increased heartrate, muscle tension, clenched jaw, closed fists, display sweating or have a racing heart rate.  Behaviorally, they can display an overall restlessness which may be affecting their sleep and impulse control.  They may fidget and move and express emotions easily during the session.  This can lead outside the counseling room to regular life in feelings of being on edge, easily irritated, over-thinking social interactions, and feeling uneasy in social settings (Mindset Explained, 2025).

When tracking, a counselor also needs to track possible signs of hypoarousal.  Hypoarousal can be induced by either the sympathetic or parasympathetic.  It is usually tied to parasympathetic functions that relax the body but in these cases it shuts the body down as a self defense mechanism to the trauma or even thought of the past event.  A person experiencing hypoarousal will display detachment, numbness and seem withdrawn and lacking motivation.  Cognitively, they may be slow to speak and appear confused and lacking details about events.  Physically they will seem lethargic and have a slower heart rate, display fatigue, or over relaxed muscle state.  During a session, they may zone out or seem distracted.  Behaviorally this can lead to intense isolation outside the counseling room. Many may have a hard time getting out of bed, or detach from loved ones, feel powerless and lose interest in things they like to do (Mindset Explained, 2025).

In both cases, counselors need to be aware of these signs but also know when to utilize activation strategies for hypoarousal or settling techniques for hyperarousal.    In these cases, settling or activating becomes the choice a counselor needs to make.  In states of hypoarousal activities that help the person activate the nervous system include helping the client begin to move, via stretching, or walking around can be a first good start.  Other ways to activate include grounding techniques that are tied to touch and sense, such a the feeling of a cold object or ice cube, or the splash of water on the face.   Other forms of breathwork, as well as cognitive activation through counting or labeling things in the room can also aid the client. Sometimes music can be helpful, or even the scent of a candle (Mindset Explained, 2025).

With hyperarousal, the concern is to settle, not activate.  Hence, breathing exercises, ground techniques such as holding something, or touching something, as well as sensory and cognitive ways to help the person remain in the present.   Progressive muscle relation techniques as well as guided meditation and visualization can help a person induce the parasympathetic system as well.  We will discuss more types of ground and containment strategies later in this article.  What is optimal is a stable state of being.  Stable and emotionally regulated states allow the window of tolerance to be utilized in therapeutic sessions.  Healthy states permit better focus, cognitive functions, stronger relationships, better sleep and better energy levels to cope with stressors and potential triggers (Mindset Explained, 2025).

One thing to consider and be aware of is that while helping others, counselors can also enter into various states of hyperarousal or hypoarousal.  The term reciprocal defense mobilization is the mirroring of emotional states.  While ideally the counselor is the co-regulator in a session providing energy, trust and security to the person, sometimes horrible stories or emotional breakdowns can affect the counselor.  In fact, past trauma of the counselor can also be triggered in counseling.  This type of vicarious trauma can have acute affects on the session but also long term affects and burnout for the counselor.  If a counselor is affected via hyper or hypoarousal, the ability to listen, exercise empathy, or help the person heal can be at risk.  Hence counselors may sometimes need to activate or settle themselves.  It is harder though for a counselor to express these feelings or exhibit certain strategies while counseling and because of this counselors need to be able to subtly activate or settle themselves.  In cases of hypoarousal, a counselor may notice one’s own signs of shutting down and look to activate by clenching one’s fist or hand or shifting or tapping one’s foot.  A counselor can also discuss both parties standing up and stretching as a ploy to not only help the client but oneself.  A break or a pause can be helpful for both client and counselor in these cases.  During hyperarousal, a counselor can label, or count, or focus on one’s own breathing.

One should consider basic strategies to manage both hyperarousal and hypoarousal in daily life.  In regards to hypo, utilize frequent exercise if possible, alone, if public gyms are unsettling.  Utilize breathing and mindfulness, and create and stick to routines that give a sense of accomplishment and work on connecting with others, especially those who are closest.  Even if a short phone call or text!  For hyperarousal, one will utilize more grounding techniques in daily life which will be discussed below and also employ relaxation and meditation, as well as with creating a calmer environment with music, or scented candles (Echowave, 2025).

 

Grounding and Containment

A person during counseling who becomes hyperarousal needs various help to manage his or her emotions within the session.  These skills and techniques can help not only help them regulate and expand the window of tolerance in session but also be applied later to out of session in the world experiences.  The two most common types of skills taught in counseling for individuals with unresolved trauma and PTSD are grounding and containment.

Grounding a way to help survivors stay in the present moment when hyperarousal or hypoarousal overtake them in life or in a counseling session. Please review AIHCP’s healthcare certifications as well as its Trauma Informed Care Program

Grounding techniques can be sensory, cognitive or somatic in nature.   In sensory grounding, the counselor utilizes the five senses to help a survivor find placement in the present.  In regards to the sense of touch, it can be as a simple as feeling the feet on the ground or the soft touch of the couch on the finger tips.  A counselor should help the survivor with calming words describing the sensation one feels as the fingers sway across the texture of the couch, or the firm feel of the foot against the hard floor.  In some extreme cases, ice in a person’s hand can be used to help a person find the present.  In all cases, the sense of touch should be used especially carefully when counselor or client come into contract via a tap on the shoulder or a hug because these things could possibly be a trigger to the prior abuse (Compton, 2024, p. 214).   With sight, the counselor can direct the client to note anything in the room they see and what color it may be or details one may not have noticed before.  The scent of smell can help calm through oils, incense or candles that can help a person find calm but again be aware of your client’s history and scents that could trigger him or her.  With taste, sometimes, one can focus on a piece of candy available and the taste of it, or imagine a particular dessert.  The counselor gently inputs into the mind these scenes to help the client find regulation (Compton, 2024, p. 212).  From a cognitive approach, a counselor can have a client count from a higher number down to zero to exert awareness of the now or have the client name things within the room to help the person find connection to the present.   From a somatic approach, breathing exercises can be employed to help grounding.  In fact, breathing exercises are sometimes the first utilized to help a person calm.  Deep breathing initiate the parasympathetic nervous system which reverses the affects of the fight or flight response.  The deep inhale and exhaling can lower the heart rate and help a person find calmness.  Usually the breathing is done with some type of visualization.   One common theme is balloon breathing where the client is told to imagine a balloon inside oneself and as one inhales to imagine the balloon inflating and while exhaling to imagine the balloon deflating (Compton, 2024. p. 212).   The breathing should be coming from the abdomen and not the chest since chest breathing is usually associated with anxiety.  To ensure proper breathing, one can tell the client to put his or her hand on ones chest and stomach and see which part of the body is moving more.  One can also utilize touching the shoulders to see if the shoulders are rising which is indicator of chest breathing.

While grounding helps a survivor find the present and remain engaged, containment skills can help clients learn to control uneasy emotions.    The tool of containment helps clients break away from traumatic memories and feelings (Compton, 2024, p. 215).   Containment tools include visualization and various expressive arts.  Most of these tools are also utilized with breathing techniques and can be used in session as well as in the real world.   When working with clients expressive arts are similar to play therapy with children.  They can help a person find calm when discussing difficult issues.  Compton references vertical regulation as way for the survivor to draw lines of different colors up and down a page while deep breathing.  Other expressive arts include dance and music to help with hypoarousal to push energy into the person.  Liturgical or spiritual music can be utilized if it provides the necessary calm, or secular music that the client enjoys (2024, p. 211).  Creative writing is another expressive art used to contain emotion.  In expressive writing, one can write a note to oneself, or a parent, or God, or anyone the client freely wishes to write too.  The message can be a positive one that employs safety and security (2024, p. 212).   Visualization and breathing remain one of the most used containment practices in sessions.  With guided breathing and the visual scripts from the counselor, the client can visualize safe and secure places when facing trauma memories or uncontrolled emotions.   One classic visualization technique is imagining the a container in which the client can put all the unwanted emotions into and cover with a lid.  The counselor guides the client to understand that any intrusive thoughts at any time can be stored in this container, box, or chest when needed (Compton, 2024, p.216).   The key is to discover a safe, secure and calm place.  Many times counselors will lead a guided visualization of a place the client finds peaceful.  Whether a cabin in the mountains, or a spot on the beach, the counselor can take the client back to that place or peaceful place in time.  During which the client will close his or her eyes, breath deeply and follow the voice of the counselor describing the calm associated with these places and times.   Butterfly hugs are also a tool that can be utilized during visualization in which the client is taught to hug oneself and allow their hands to tap their back in assurance and calmness (Compton, 2024, p. 217).

In all of these exercises, if the person is spiritual or religious, spiritual aspects and words can be utilized on a case by case basis to help the person find calm.  For some, spirituality may be beneficial but for others who were exposed to spiritual abuse, it may not be warranted.  If spirituality is accepted and desired, sometimes clients can breathe in with a statement about God and breathe out with a statement of safety, such as “God is good” and “I am safe”.  In other cases, scriptural references that the client enjoys can be utilized from whatever sacred book he or she adheres to (Compton, 2024, p. 218).

In all cases, help the client be in control.  The purpose it to help the client learn to regulate and being in control is key, especially when the survivor is not in session.  In such cases, when introducing breathing techniques or new tools, instead of dictating, or saying “do this”, utilize phrases such as “would this be helpful to do this?”.  This reduces distress and gives autonomy to the survivor who in many cases, if abused, was told what to do numerous times.

Conclusion

Please also review AIHCP’s Healthcare Certifications as well as AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care Certification

Many situations in counseling trauma victims/survivors require helping them to learn to regulate emotions.  These skills are important both in session and out in the real world.  In session, it helps extend the window of tolerance which then can be applied to real world situations.  Skills in grounding and containment help clients with hyper/hypoarousal and maintain control and learn to deal with the symptoms of trauma in a positive fashion.  These tools in counseling also allow for the discussion, reflection and processing of the unresolved trauma.  It is important to remember that when treating trauma, it is a marathon not a sprint.  These skills take time to implement and the body and mind need time to heal.

Please also review AIHCP’s Trauma Informed Care Program, as well as its many healthcare certifications in crisis intervention, grief counseling, stress management and Christian spiritual counseling.  All programs are open to qualified healthcare and mental health professionals seeking four year certifications to utilize within the scope of their practice.  The healthcare programs are online and independent study and have mentorship as needed.

Resource

Compton, L & Patterson, T (2024). “Skills for Safeguarding: A Guide to Preventing Abuse and Fostering Healing

“Hypo-Arousal and Hyper-Arousal: Nervous System Dysregulation”. (2025). Mindset Explained.  Access here

“Feeling Hypo or Hyper Aroused How to Spot the Subtle Signs”. (2025). Echowave. Access here

 

Additional Blogs from AIHCP

PTSD-click here

Counseling Clients through Crisis, Danger and Harm-click

Additional Resources

“13 Grounding Techniques for When You Feel Overwhelmed”. Cleveland Clinic.  Access here

Schuldt, W. “Grounding Techniques”. Therapist Aid.  Access here

Sutton, J. (2022). “7 Best Grounding Tools and Techniques to Manage Anxiety”. PositivePsychology.com. Access here

Caporuscio, J. (2024). “Step-by-step guide on grounding techniques”. Medical News Today.  Access here

Gale, A. (2025). “Hyperarousal vs. Hypoarousal”. Carepatron. Access here

Alpern, P. (2025). “Is the freeze response a form of hyperarousal or hypoarousal?”.  The Trauma Journal. Access here

“Feeling Hypo or Hyper Aroused How to Spot the Subtle Signs”.