Within the field of Christian Counseling, a Christian message tied with counseling and morality is shared with those seeking answers and healing. Hence the title and adjective “Christian” clearly distinguishes it from other forms of counseling. If one were to seek merely secular or a non-Christian message, one would not seek this type of pastoral counseling. Some Christian Counselors are only pastoral in nature and not licensed professional counselors with the state, while others may be. For those who are also licensed professional counselors, this can sometimes lead to a conflicting position, especially if working at times in a pastoral setting versus a professional setting that is not Christian based. It is important in counseling ethics, even within pastoral counseling, to respect the autonomy of an individual and to avoid bias infusion. This is especially true for non-pastoral counseling when a client’s moral or faith based beliefs differ from the counselor.
Science vs. Faith?
Yet, even within Christian Counseling, there are different schools of thought regarding the dance between Christian Counseling and psychology. Since the dawn of the scientific revolution, science and theology were unfortunately tossed at odds with one another. The atheistic flavor of the scientific revolution looked at only observable phenomenon and reduced metaphysics to the talk of nonsense. Led by logical positivists, many sought to remove any metaphysical reality from reasonable and rational discussion. The scientific method was designed for the temporal world and fact. It saw faith and metaphysics as an inferior subject that failed its methodology. This is why modern science and theology became seen as two divergent ideals that could never co-exist.
The Christian understood that truth, whether revealed from the scientific method in the temporal realm, or through morality and faith through the metaphysical realm could never be at odds. God is hence the source of all truth. If God is the author of all truth, then when things seem to contradict, it is due to interpretation theologically or miscalculations scientifically. One cannot be sacrificed to the other. Modernists would tend to accommodate theology and Scripture to science but never force accountability to science. This is the imbalance of the Christian who as a modernist enforces science as the superior over faith. The heresy always forces faith to change at the demands of science.
Sometimes perhaps, new interpretation is needed. In the case of Galileo, it was a matter of faith, mistakenly, that the universe revolved around the Earth. It was clearly seen that this was a misconception. When science though denies miracles or the fact that Jesus could not resurrect from the dead, then science must be held accountable. Faith, while dismissed as subjective by modernists or atheists, still none the less can hold equal truths beyond the realm of the scientific method. While faith is subjective in nature because so many faiths exist, faith can still hold an objective fact about reality.
The only weakness of the scientific method is it puts its methodology as an objective measurement for all reality. While observation and testing hypothesis works perfectly for the temporal and physical world, it does not work so great for all of reality that is not observable. As the ancients pointed out, sometimes, the object itself deserves its own consideration prior to concluding what methodology is to be utilized and tested upon it. Phenomenology utilizes experience as its primary element of study of something. So, in essence, using the scientific method to study metaphysics is equal to using a Phillips screw driver when you need a flat screw driver for a home repair job. Different tools of exploration are needed to understand different things. Atheism is what has distorted the scientific method. It is not something that should be distrusted by Christians but is something that should be seen as a tool to understand the physical world, not as a weapon against faith.
It is because of this distrust of secular science, or misuse of it as an all purpose tool for everything, that many Christians within counseling, doubt many elements of psychology. Some Christian Counselors will be far more modernist in their approach of utilizing psychology in Christian Counseling, while others may distrust elements of psychology and turn the Bible as full source of counseling. Others will fall in between and utilize both in an integrative approach.
Views within Christian Counseling and Psychology
Levels of Explanation is a type of approach that looks at a particular issue in psychology or counseling from a multi-layered approach. It looks at a particular issue from a psychological, biological, social and theological standpoint. Different angles present different perspectives upon the issue at hand. David Meyers, a supporter of this approach has no issue reconciling his Christian faith with psychological science. He feels they fit together, support one another and when tension occurs, releases a truth that is reconciled through proper adjustment or interpretation (Johnson, 2000, p. 49-50). Meyers uses the emotion of love as an example of the multi-layered examination of realities between faith and secular science. He points out how love can be seen in psychology as a state of arousal, by the poet an experience, or by the theologian as a God-given goal of human relationships (Johnson, 2000, p. 51). Each perspective supplies a truth to be understood and applied to the reality of love. What is good about this approach is that it utilizes good scientific methods. It delves into multi-disciplined practices to find different perspectives of truth. It allows one to maintain a unbiased and professional relationship with a client. Finally, it pushes one to question possible improper interpretations of faith or miscalculations of science.
The weaknesses of Levels of Explanation though cannot be dismissed. They are modernistic in essence. While it may not be contended by Meyers, faith is many times put second to the cult of science. Meyers discusses the effectiveness of prayer in psychology as well as issues of sexual orientation within the context of faith and psychology but seems to place classical notions of theology second hand to the conclusions of science (Johnson, 2000, p. 67-74). He concludes that the power of prayer is limited to within the realm of natural laws. While he does make excellent points that prayer is also about finding God and having God help us through suffering, instead of turning God into a “genie” that grants wishes, he still nonetheless limits the power of prayer within the confines of nature itself. I do contend most individuals use prayer wrong and see God as a wish granter. Worship with God is not a contract but a covenant. God walks with us, He does not always answer us how we wish. Hence prayer should be utilized in a more sacred way for God’s will and possible healing, but Meyer seems to try to confine prayer to a simply modernist understanding that behaves within the laws of nature, restricting God’s power to intervene. While Meyers creates the perception that the Levels of Explanation as a method is inclusive to faith and that faith guides perspective, but we discover this is usually not the case. Once faith crosses the fire of empirical proof, then it appears that belief must be modified. Levels of Explanation, may point out that certain issues may have complimentary truths, but sometimes, there are concrete differences. Which party concedes when an issue arises between the different sciences? Usually more than most, as seen in Meyers discussion, metaphysics or Scripture finds itself having to redefine or catch up to secular science.
The Integration Approach is middle of the ground approach that incorporates psychology and Christian teaching, but understands that the truth and faith found in Christianity is the primary element. While improper interpretation of faith can cloud the water, it also understands that miscalculations within science are equally to blame in clouding truth itself as well. The Integrative Approach has no issue entering into the counseling arena with a distinct Christian set of values, but it also understands the importance of good science. It does not see Scripture as all answer book for every malady. Scripture is not a science text but a spiritual book for salvation. It does contain core elements to spiritual and emotional health, but Scripture’s intent is not heal us from a psychology standpoint but to save us from a spiritual standpoint. Hence Scripture’s basics values are expanded upon through psychology in a more in-depth and clinical way. When contradictions occur, the Christian core message is not abandoned, but held at a higher esteem than the secular science. The Integrated Approach does not dismiss its Christian identity but keeps it throughout with the expansion of psychology to guide it. I would conclude, most Christian Counselors, including, Gary Collins, utilizes the Integration Approach, that starts with Scripture but expands with psychology and counseling to answer our most human needs. For those who feel, the Integrative Approach is not powerfully enough infused with Christian ideals, then the Christian Approach is a stronger version that views the totality of the Christian person found within Scripture and the Christian tradition with far less emphasis on psychology.
Opposite the spectrum of Levels of Explanation is the pure Biblical Approach. This approach is found in more fundamentalist camps. It does not dismiss science but is far more suspicious of its every motive and finds Scripture as a sufficient source to heal anyone of any issue. Many pastors will use the Biblical Approach as a way to help heal and transform someone in a spiritual way. Sin is seen as the primary culprit of suffering and through the destruction of sin and God’s Word, healing and transformation can occur. Hence everything one needs is within Scripture. As Christians, we all believe sin is the source of suffering. This is not debated. We also believe that spiritual conversion can help many mental issues. However, the main difference between Integration Approach versus the pure Biblical Approach is that Scripture is a spiritual book not a medical or clinical book to help heal mental issues. If looking to help treat a person with a disease, there is no directives in Scripture for proper medical procedures. The same is with mental maladies. Psychology has given humanity a tool set to help diagnosis and treat a variety of diseases. While prayer, transformation and healing are essential aspects, they alone are not enough in this fallen world where physical and mental treatment is required. There definitely exists different extremes within the Biblical Approach. It’s primary proclamation of God’s healing power over sin and suffering is critical to any Christian Counseling ministry, but when isolated as a fix all, it misses other aspects of our existence in a fallen. It equates spiritual salvation as healing of every aspect of human life.
Conclusion
While atheism and fundamentalism may be at odds due to their own biases, whether it be literal interpretations of Scripture, or complete denial of the metaphysical, many within Christian Counseling are able to bridge the two together in counseling. There are extremes that exist in Christian Counseling and Psychology as seen in the three different highlighted approaches, but each one attempts to find some common ground and utilization of both. One may lean more towards science or faith, while another finds an equal balance, but each has its own particular strength and also weakness. I myself prefer the Integration Approach. What do you prefer and why?
Please also review AIHCP’s Christian Counseling Certification. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a Christian Counseling Certification.
References
Johnson, E., Ed. (2000). Psychology and Christianity: Five Views. InterVarsity Press
Collins, Gary. (2007). Christian Counseling: A Comprehensive Guide. Thomas Nelson
Additional Resources
Greggo, S. & Sisemore, T. (2012). “Counseling and Christianity: Five Approaches”. Denver Journal. Access here
Blain, T. (2023). “What Is Christian Counseling?”. VeryWellMind. Access here
Loosemore, P. “Measuring Christian Integration in Professional Counseling Practice and the Contributions of Spiritual Formation and Mentoring”. Sage Journals. Access here