Carl Rogers, the famous psychologist and counselor, in the 1950s presented a far different approach than past Freudian psychological views that emphasized psycho-analysis and subconscious treatments. Like others, he wanted to approach counseling and the patient differently. He emphasized a more Humanistic approach that involved patient or client-centered therapies that addressed the feelings that existed now within the client. In an earlier blog, AIHCP discusses in a broader stroke the Humanistic approach to grief and counseling, but in this short blog, we will instead focus more solely on Rogerian concepts in helping individuals express feelings, in particular feelings associated with depression. Please also review AIHCP’s numerous counseling certifications for Human Service professionals.
Rogerian Theory
While Cognitive Behavioral Therapy looks to restructure and reframe illogical and negative emotional schemas with healthy and positive thoughts to alter behavior, Rogerian approaches look to address the the feelings of the client him/herself with unconditional love, genuineness, empathy and support. It looks to transform and strengthen the person. The term “client” is utilized instead of “patient” to remove stigmas that the person is sick or ill but merely needs love and guidance for life altering change. The counselor guides the client but the client ultimately has more control in the sessions and is able to express and discuss his/her feelings within a far less structured environment. Narrative is key. The counselor does not look to confront, but to listen.
Roger’s goal was to help the client reach self-actualization of what the person can become through a process of helping the client see him/herself as he/she is, wishes to be and how to become. Within this, a client learns to discover one’s self worth. The counselor also helps the client distinguish between self image and real image and how to reach the ideal image. When dealing with many individuals suffering with depression, self worth is something that is greatly damaged. Many depressed individuals feel they have very little worth or value. Whether this is due to something that occurred or merely depression without correlation to direct loss, the person feels a blanket of darkness over him/herself. Allowing the client to express these emotions, both positive and negative are key in Rogerian approaches. The counselor listens to these concerns with congruence and empathy, allowing the client to express and discuss the sadness and low self worth. The counselor helps the client direct the session into accurately describing how he/she feels and also views oneself. Many who are depressed also possess a very low self image. In many cases, this self image is not properly balanced with reality. Various distortions will emerge that are tied to the person’s feelings. It is not necessarily the role of the Rogerian approach to reframe these immediate concerns as in CBT, but to help the client understand the feelings and empathetically listen and restate these feelings to help the client re-discover where this false self image and true image lie. The counselor’s ultimate goal is help the client find a genuine understanding of his/her real self despite feelings. The counselor then looks to help the client find the ideal self. In this way, one’s self image and ideal self can become congruent and tied together.
Once congruence is established where the depressed individual is able to find self image and ideal image as a true reality, Rogers speaks of the possibility of self actualization where the person is able to thrive and exist again in an emotionally healthy way. Rogers listed five particular qualities of a fully functioning person who has tied self image and ideal together via self actualization. First, he pointed out that the person is open again to new experiences. Many depressed individuals are afraid to move on or seek out new things. A healthy functioning individual is able to seek out and find new meanings through new experiences. Second, Rogers spoke of existential living, where the person lives in the present and is able to experience the present in new fresh ways without prejudice or fear of the past. Many times, depressed individuals cannot untie themselves from the past and are unable to experience the present. Third, Rogers remarked that those who are functioning at a healthy level trust their feelings. Individuals are able to make decisions with certitude without doubt and not second guess oneself. Depressed individuals usually labor with decisions and fear what others may think or if they may fail. Fourth, Rogers pointed out that individuals should be creative without fear and able to move forward and share thoughts and ideas without fear of fallout from others. Depressed individuals lack the confidence to create or stand out. Finally, Rogers illustrated the idea of a fulfilled life where an individual is able to live life to its fullest. The person is able to find satisfaction in decisions, goals and challenges. Depressed individuals are unable to find joy in little things, much less have the energy for goals or the ability to face challenges.
These five qualities of a fully functional person are critical to overcoming the depressed state. When individuals are able to express these points within life, then they are again functional and free of the dark grip of depression. We will now in the next half of the blog look at how to implement Rogerian concepts and put them into practice. This will involve reviewing and understanding the basics of client-centered attending and responding skills.
Rogerian Practice
It is once congruence occurs and emotions are faced that the client is able to reach this type of fulfillment. The long process of helping the client discover this congruence and self-actualization is the key . While those who study the Rogerian approach understand the theory, it is the practical approach from person to person that is key.
The counselor within the Rogerian approach utilizes a variety of micro counseling skills discussed in previous AIHCP blogs. Within Rogerian practice, basic attending skills are critical in helping the client discuss emotions and properly relate those emotions back. The counselor attends the client with empathetic listening. Rogers believed that genuine and empathetic listening was the first key in learning the story of the client. This involved active and intense focus on the client. The counselor should not only listen but show intense interest via eye contact, gestures, and physical positioning. In regards to response, the counselor looks not to judge the feelings of the client, but instead to restate or paraphrase them to the client. This helps the client not only understand that the counselor is listening but also to hear these feelings out loud. Sometimes, speaking about negative feelings also needs hearing them back to begin to decipher the false reality of those negative feelings. In essence, the empathetic approach of active listening and responding creates not only trust between client and counselor but also creates a safe zone where the client is able to fully express inner feelings. The counselor helps create this environment through multiple sessions and active and empathetic support for the client. The client feels he/she exists in a safe zone where no judgement or confrontation exists. It allows the client to take center stage and control and with the help of the counselor, unravel the negative emotions and find the real and possible ideal self that depression has hidden from the client. Rogers refers to this type of empathetic environment as one of unconditional love. It is place where feelings are not questioned or given positive or negative value, but only spoken about and understood within the context of the session. The counselor helps foster this environment because the counselor is not judging or giving qualitive value to the feelings. Instead the counselor is allowing the client to direct and discover value to the feelings.
Hence, how the counselor presents him/herself, listens, responds and creates a safe environment is critical to the success of Rogerian approaches. While the practice itself takes more time, seems unstructured, and is more about the now of emotion, it does have success with many patients facing depression and negative emotions. Obviously, sometimes supplemental approaches may be need introduced, as well as pharmaceutical remedies when issues beyond behavior exist such as neurological or hormonal, but overall, Rogerian approaches are very common place in counseling. The humanistic approach is very classical and non evasive for many individuals with already low self esteem issues that feel an abundance of negative emotions.
Those facing loss and depression need an empathetic ear and voice to help them heal. The emotional release and discussion of issues is a key part of grief healing. Through these discussions and release of emotions, the client can begin much of the grief work required that goes through the various emotional stages of denial, emotion, anger, and bargaining. The grief counselor utilizing Rogerian approaches will be able to listen as the person works through his/her grief and also notate any maladaptive emotions such as guilt that may appear. Through a non judgement zone, the counselor will be able to help the person come to grips with these emotions and help the person self-actualize beyond the loss or depression and find new hope.
Conclusion
Rogers client-centered care in the 1950s revolutionized counseling and forever changed how counselors approached clients. Humanistic approaches are in many ways the classical counseling sessions that individuals imagine where one speaks of feelings and the counselor paraphrases and asks how this makes one feel? It directly and openly deals with emotion without judgement and with complete empathy. This is a very important aspect to consider when dealing with depressed populations who may not be ready to deal with confrontations in counseling or face fast changes. Instead, the Rogerian approach gives the client control to discuss feelings and work them out. It slowly helps the client sort out negative feelings and replace them with positive vibes. The key is to help the client move forward in a productive and healthy life style that is congruent and true to self.
The counselor utilizes different micro counseling skills. The counselor refrains from direct reframing, or empathetic confrontations that may upset the client. Instead the counselor becomes more passive in direction and gently moves the client through good attending and responding skills that create a safe and no judgement zone. Depressed individuals, especially, need this type of environment to regain their voice and ability to move forward.
Ultimately, as counseling continues, different techniques may need added to fit particular clients, or maybe even the necessity of medication, but overall, the initial Rogerian approaches will help the client feel safe and help form a strong bond between counselor and client.
If you would like to learn more about grief counseling, then please review the American Academy of Grief Counseling’s certification program in Grief Counseling. The program is online and independent study and open to qualified professionals seeking a four year certification as a grief counselor. AIHCP certified both pastoral counselors as well as clinical counselors. Bear in mind, certified grief counselors who are not licensed or clinical do face restrictions in what therapies they may utilize as well as treating complicated versions of grief that lead down trajectories that include depression.
AIHCP also offers a broad range of other Human Service counseling certifications that revolve around Anger Management, Crisis Intervention, Stress Management and both Spiritual Counseling and Christian Counseling.
References and Additional Resources
Mcleod, S. (2024). “Carl Rogers Humanistic Theory And Contribution To Psychology”. Simple Psychology. Access here
Bottaro, A. (2024). “Everything to Know About Person-Centered Therapy”. Very Well Health. Access here
Joseph, S. (2015). “Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Approach”. Psychology Today. Access here
Hopper, E. (2018). “An Introduction to Rogerian Therapy”. Thoughtco. Access here
Miller, K. (2019). “Carl Rogers’s Actualizing Tendency: Your Ultimate Guide”. Positive Psychology. Access here